An Oxford University DPhil in full academic dress. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation.

PhDs in the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Academic dress or academical dress (also known in the United States as academic regalia and sometimes as academicals) is traditional clothing worn specifically in academic settings - primarily tertiary but also, to a lesser extent, secondary education. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes Contemporarily, it is more commonly seen only at graduation ceremonies, but formerly academic dress was, and to a lesser degree in many ancient universities still is, worn on a daily basis. Graduation is the action of receiving or conferring an Academic degree or the associated ceremony Ancient university is a term used to describe the medieval and renaissance universities of England, Scotland and Ireland that have Today the ensemble generally consists of a gown (also known as a "robe") with a separate hood, and usually a cap (generally either a mortarboard, a tam, or a bonnet). A gown ( Medieval Latin gunna) is a (usually loose outer Garment from knee- to full-length worn by men and women in Europe from A robe is a loose-fitting outer garment. A robe is distinguished from a Cape or Cloak by the fact that it usually has Sleeves The English The tam is a tall round knitted cap which is often brightly coloured A tudor bonnet (also referred to as a "round cap" is a soft round black Academic cap with a tassel hanging from a cord (both often Gold in colour Academic dress is also worn by members of certain learned societies and institutions as official dress. A learned society is an Organization that exists to promote an Academic discipline or group of disciplines

Overview

The academic dress found in most universities in the British Commonwealth and the United States is derived from that of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which was a development of academic and clerical dress common throughout the medieval universities of Europe, itself a development of the academic robes worn in the medieval Madrasahs of the Middle East. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the This article is about Western European institutions See also Medieval university (Asia and Byzantine university Medieval university "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. ^[1]

Formal or sober clothing is typically worn beneath the gown so, for example, men would often wear a dark suit with a white shirt and tie, or clerical clothing, military or civil uniform, or national dress, and women would wear equivalent attire. The man's suit of clothes is a set of garments which are crafted from the same cloth A shirt is a cloth garment for the upper body Originally an item of underwear worn exclusively by men it has become in American English a catch-all term for The necktie (or tie) is a long piece of cloth worn around the neck resting under the shirt collar and knotted at the throat Clerical clothing is non- liturgical Clothing worn exclusively by Clergy. Military uniforms comprises standardised Dress worn by members of the Armed forces of various nations A uniform is a set of standard Clothing worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity National costume, also known as national dress, regional costume or folk dress, expresses an identity through Costume which usually Some older universities, particularly Oxford and Cambridge, have a prescribed set of dress (known as subfusc) to be worn under the gown. Though some universities are relaxed about what people wear under their gowns, it is nevertheless considered bad form to be in casual wear or the like during graduation, but a number of universities may bar finishing students from joining the procession or the ceremony itself if not appropriately dressed (though this may often only refer to the academic dress and not what is worn beneath it, if unseen). In the European tradition casual is the Dress code which emphasizes comfort and personal expression over presentation and uniformity

British academic dress

There is a distinction between different types of academical dress. Most recently, gowns, hoods and caps are categorised into their shape and patterns by what may be known as the Groves Classification of Academic Dress, which is based on Nicholas Groves's document, Hood and Gown Patterns ^[2]. This lists the various styles or patterns of academic dress and assigns them a code or a Groves Classification Number. For example, the Cambridge BA style gown is designated [b2] and a hood in the Cambridge full-shape is designated [f1], etc.

Gown

The modern gown is derived from the roba worn under the cappa clausa, a garment resembling a long black cape. In early medieval times, all students at the universities were in at least minor orders, and were required to wear the cappa or other clerical dress, and restricted to clothes of black or other dark colour. The minor orders are the lowest ranks in the Christian clergy.

An alternative coloured gown, Open University, MEd. Open University is also the name of other institutions See Distance education or the Open Universities category for a list

Bachelor's gown, with hood and cap of the University of Canterbury (New Zealand). This page discusses the New Zealand university For universities in Canterbury England see the University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University

The gowns most commonly worn, that of the clerical type gowns of Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Master of Arts (MA), are substantially the same throughout the English-speaking world. A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large Both are traditionally made of black cloth, (although occasionally the gown is dyed in one of the college's colours) and have the material at the back of the gown gathered into a yoke. The BA gown has bell-shaped sleeves, while the MA gown has long sleeves closed at the end, with the arm passing through a slit above the elbow.

There are two types of yokes which are used for gowns. The more traditional is the curved yoke, whilst the square or straight yoke is used more in modern times.

Another type of gown is called the lay type gown, which is similar to the MA gown in that it has long closed sleeves, but does not have a yoke. Instead, there is a flap collar with the gathers underneath it. Thus it is less voluminous than the clerical type gown. This gown is often used for the dress of officers and graduates of some degrees (especially at Oxford).

In the Commonwealth, gowns are worn open, while in the United States it has become common for gowns to close at the front, as did the original roba.

Dress and undress gowns

An Anglican priest in choir dress. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Choir dress is the vesture of the Clerics seminarians and religious of traditional churches worn for public prayer either apart from the The dark red of his divinity hood can be seen on his shoulders.

Since medieval times, doctors, like bishops and cardinals, have been authorised to wear garments of brighter colours such as scarlet, purple or red. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. In many older universities, doctors have scarlet dress gowns or robes (sometimes called "festal robes") which are worn on special occasions. There are two distinctive shapes used in the UK for doctor's gown; the Oxford doctor's shape and the Cambridge doctor's shape. The former has bell-shaped sleeves, the latter has long open sleeves. Another rarer form is the Cambridge MusD dress gown which is a pattern between the two. At St Andrews, they prescribe a cassock-like gown with a row of buttons running down the front and is meant to be worn closed. The cassock, an item of Clerical clothing, is a long close-fitting ankle-length Robe worn by clerics of the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox This gown is worn as the full dress gown for honorary doctorates.

The other form of doctor's gown is the undress gown. This is a black gown (which may or may not be distinct from the master's gown depending on the university; if it is, it usually is trimmed with lace, braid or other subtle indicators of rank) worn for less formal occasions such as lectures. This type of gown is rarely seen or worn nowadays as many wear the dress gown instead; there are fewer applications for the undress gown in normal university life. However, the undress gown still plays a part in the older universities where academic dress is usually worn. At Cambridge, each doctor has its own undress gown, each trimmed differently, meaning one can identify the degree of the wearer without the hood (the same is also for bachelors and masters gowns at Cambridge).

In the universities of the UK there are days called scarlet days or red letter days. Scarlet day is the term used in the University of Cambridge to designate those days on which Doctors are required to wear the festal form of academic dress See also Red letter day (disambiguation A red letter day (sometimes Hyphenated as red-letter day or called Scarlet day in academia On such days, doctors of the university may wear their scarlet 'festal' or full dress gowns instead of their undress ('black') gown. This is more significant for the ancient universities such as Oxford and Cambridge where academic dress is worn almost daily; the black undress gown being worn on normal occasions as opposed to the bright red gowns. Since most universities have abandoned academic dress to the graduation ceremony (where doctors wear always scarlet), the significance of scarlet days have all but disappeared.

A third form of dress, now rarely seen, is the Convocation habit. A Convocation ( Latin 'calling together' translating the Greek Ecclesia) is a group of people formally assembled for a special purpose This is a scarlet sleeveless garment worn over the black gown, with the sleeves of the gown pulled through the armholes. It is similar to a bishop's chimere. A chimere is a Garment that is formally worn as part of Academic regalia, or by Anglican Bishops in Choir dress. It is worn at meetings of Convocation or Congregation by those presenting candidates for degrees. A congregation is a formal meeting of senior members of a University, especially in the United Kingdom.

Undergraduate gowns

Undergraduates at many older universities also wear gowns; the most common essentially a smaller knee-length version of the BA gown, or the Oxford Commoners gown which is sleeveless lay type gown and has two streamers at the back. At Cambridge, most colleges have their own distinctive design of gown. This is not the case at the Ancient Scottish universities, such as the University of St Andrews, where the undergraduate gown is scarlet and typically features a velveteen collar. The University of St Andrews is the oldest University in Scotland and third oldest in the English-speaking world, having been founded between Undergraduate gowns are seldom worn (even in institutions that prescribe them) nowadays except in the older universities. Most new universities do not prescribe them since it is felt that it is very unlikely students will wear them.

In the past, undergraduates wore gowns according to their rank; for noblemen they wore coloured gowns with gold gimp lace, buttons and other decorations whilst fellow-commoners, gentleman-commoners, scholars, commoners, pensioners, sizars/battelors and servitors wore black gowns of decreasing flamboyance based on their standing in the universities ^[3].

See also: Undergraduate gowns in Scotland

Hood

The traditional BA fur lined hood worn with an undergraduate gown for graduation from the University of Cambridge. Undergraduate gowns are a notable feature of Academic dress for students at the Ancient universities in Scotland. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the

The hood was originally a functional garment, worn to shield the head from the elements. In the English tradition, it has developed to an often bright and decorative garment worn only on special occasions. It is also worn by clergy of the Anglican Communion in choir dress, over the surplice, and it is common in cathedrals, churches, and chapels for the choirmaster and/or members of the choir to wear an academic hood to which they are entitled during services, over their cassock and surplice, although only for the choir offices - Mattins and Evensong - but not for Eucharist. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches Priest or seminarian with censorjpg|thumb|Seminarian vested in a pleated Roman-style surplice with lace inserts holding a Thurible. The cassock, an item of Clerical clothing, is a long close-fitting ankle-length Robe worn by clerics of the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Priest or seminarian with censorjpg|thumb|Seminarian vested in a pleated Roman-style surplice with lace inserts holding a Thurible. Morning Prayer (also Mattins or Matins) in the various editions of the Book of Common Prayer and other Anglican liturgical texts The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those

Hoods comprise two basic patterns, 'full shape' or 'simple shape'. The traditional "full-shape" hood consists of a cape, cowl and liripipe, as is used at Cambridge. This article is about the garment used by monks For other uses see Cowl (disambiguation or Cowling (disambiguation. liripipe (also liripoop liripipion liripion) is a historical part of Clothing, the tail of a hood or Cloak, or a long-tailed hood in particular At Oxford, the bachelors' and masters' hoods use "simple" hoods which have lost their cape, and retain only the cowl and liripipe. Some universities only have a cape and cowl and no liripipe; these are referred to as the "Aberdeen shape". Various other universities have different shapes and patterns of hoods, in some cases corresponding to the pattern current at the ancient universities at the time when they were founded, and in others representing a completely new design.

The colour and lining of hoods in academic dress represents the rank and faculty of the wearer. In many Commonwealth universities bachelors wear hoods edged or lined with white rabbit fur, while masters wear hoods lined with coloured silk (originally ermine or other expensive fur). Doctors' hoods are normally made of scarlet cloth and lined with coloured silk.

The hood is nearly always worn with a gown though there are some exceptions such as Oxford doctors who do not wear a hood in their festal robes (though this regulation is often ignored at graduation ceremonies at other universities when Oxford doctors are sitting in the faculty).

Cap

The academic cap or square, commonly known as the "mortarboard", has come to be symbolic of academia. In some universities it can be worn by graduates and undergraduates alike. It is a flat square hat with a tassel suspended from a button in the top center of the board. Properly worn, the cap is parallel to the ground, though some people, especially women, wear it angled back.

The mortarboard may also be referred to as a trencher cap (or simply trencher). In many universities, holders of doctorates wear a soft rounded headpiece known as a Tudor bonnet or tam, rather than a trencher. A tudor bonnet (also referred to as a "round cap" is a soft round black Academic cap with a tassel hanging from a cord (both often Gold in colour The tam is a tall round knitted cap which is often brightly coloured Other types of hats used, especially in some universities in the UK, are the John Knox cap (mostly at Scottish universities), the Bishop Andrewes cap (Cambridge DDs) and the pileus (at Sussex). In some universities, such as Oxford, women may wear an Oxford ladies' cap.

For Catholic — and some Anglican — clergy, the traditional black biretta may be worn in some circumstances instead of the mortarboard. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs The biretta is a square Cap with three or four ridges or peaks sometimes surmounted by a tuft traditionally worn by Roman Catholic clergy and some Anglican Those clerics who possess a doctorate wear the black biretta with four ridges — instead of the usual three — and with piping and pom of the color of the discipline, thus, e. g. , emerald for canon law, scarlet for sacred theology, etc.

As with other forms of headgear, in the Commonwealth, academic caps are not generally worn indoors by men (other than by the Chancellor or other high officials), but are usually carried. In some graduation ceremonies caps have been dispensed with for men, being issued only to women, who do wear them indoors, or have been abandoned altogether. This has led to urban legends in a number of universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland which have as a common theme that idea that the wearing of the cap was abandoned in protest at the admission of women to the university. An urban legend or urban myth is a form of modern Folklore consisting of stories thought to be factual by those circulating them This story is told at the University of Cambridge, Durham University, the University of Bristol, the University of St Andrews and Trinity College, Dublin among others. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Durham University is a University in Durham, England. It was founded as the University of Durham (which remains its official and legal name the University (or derivatives but lower-case when referring to many universitiesor universities The University of St Andrews is the oldest University in Scotland and third oldest in the English-speaking world, having been founded between Trinity College Dublin ( TCD; Irish Coláiste na Tríonóide Baile Átha Cliath; Latin: Collegium Sacrosanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae

The tassel comprises a cluster of silk threads which are fixed together and fastened by a button at one end, and fixed at the centre of the headpiece. For other uses see Hilt and Maize. A tassel is a binding of Plaited or otherwise gathered threads from which at one The loose strands are allowed to fall freely over the board edge. Often the stands are plaited together to form a cord with the end threads left untied.

Dress for university officials

Lord Patten, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, wearing his official academic dress for the university Chancellor. Christopher Francis Patten Baron Patten of Barnes, CH, PC (born 12 May 1944 in Cleveleys, Lancashire) is a prominent British Conservative The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the

The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, led by a bedel or mace-bearer. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the

Officers of the universities generally wear distinctive and more elaborate dress. The Chancellor and the Vice-Chancellor may wear a black damask lay type gown (sometimes with a long train) trimmed with gold or silver lace and frogs. A Chancellor is the head of a University. Other titles are sometimes used such as President or Rector. A Vice-Chancellor (commonly called the VC) of a University in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, New Zealand, A frog (sometimes referred to as a Chinese frog) is an Ornamental Braiding for fastening the front of a garment that consists of a Button and They wear a velvet mortarboard, similarly trimmed with gold braid and tassel. This form of dress is not strictly 'academical' but it is typical dress for those in high positions. Other than this gown, they may have other distinct forms of dress, such as the scarlet cope worn in certain circumstances by the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge or his/her deputy, which was once worn by Doctors of Divinity. The cope (Known in Latin as pluviale 'rain coat' or cappa 'cape' is a liturgical Vestment, which may conveniently be described as a very long mantle

Officers of lower rank may wear plain black lay type gowns, sometimes with gold or silver trim, or ordinary gowns in university colours. In general, officials do not wear hoods with their gowns.

Marshals and bedels often wear black lay-type gowns with bands and a black bonnet. Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches The bedel (from Medieval Latin pedellus or bidellus, occasionally bidellus generalis, from OHG bital, pital, Bands are a form of formal neckwear worn by some Clergy and Lawyers, and with some forms of Academic dress.

British customs

At degree ceremonies, graduands often dress in the academic dress of the degree they are about to be admitted to prior to the actual graduation ceremony. This is not the case at several of the older universities in the UK, most notably, Oxford, Cambridge and St Andrews which have their own distinct traditions.

Oxford: Prior to admission to the degree, the graduand will normally wear either the undergraduate Commoners' gown (if being admitted to the BA), the gown and hood of their previous Oxford/external university degree or the Graduate Student's gown (if being admitted to a higher degree). After being formally admitted during the ceremony, they exit the Theatre and assume the gowns and hoods of their new degrees and then return to the Theatre later on in their new gowns. The Sheldonian Theatre, located in Oxford, England, was built from 1664 to 1668 after a design by Christopher Wren for the

Cambridge: Prior to admission, the graduand wears the College undergraduate gown (if being admitted to the BA); the BA/MA status gown, or the gown of their previous Cambridge degree (if being admitted to a higher degree), plus the hood of the degree they are about to receive. After the ceremony day, they would wear the correct gown for their new degree.

St. Andrews: Prior to admission, graduands wear only the gown of the degree they are about to be admitted to. During the ceremony, they kneel in front of the Chancellor who formally admits them whilst a steward puts the hood of their new degree on them.

Due to the growing numbers of graduates at universities, most universities do not follow these ancient practices as the ceremony would become too long.

Academic regalia in the United States of America

Professors and graduating PhDs posing at a Worcester Polytechnic Institute graduation

Academic regalia in the United States has been influenced by the academic dress traditions of Europe. There is an Inter-Collegiate code which sets out a detailed uniform scheme of academic regalia, but not all colleges follow it.

History

Students and faculty of Kings College, New York (earlier name of Columbia University) in academic regalia, circa 1755. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League.

The practice of wearing academic regalia in what is now the United States dates to the Colonial Colleges period, and was heavily influenced by European practices and styles. The Colonial Colleges are nine institutions of Higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the American Revolution (1775&ndash1783 There was not, however, any standardization among the meanings behind the various costumes. In 1893 an Intercollegiate Commission made up of representatives from leading institutions was created to establish an acceptable system of academic dress. The Commission met at Columbia College (now Columbia University) in 1895 and adopted a code of academic regalia, which prescribed the cut and style and materials of the gowns, as well as determined the colors which were to represent the different fields of learning. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. In 1932 the American Council on Education (ACE) authorized the appointment of a committee "to determine whether revision and completion of the academic code adopted by the conference of the colleges and universities in 1895 is desirable at this time, and, if so, to draft a revised code and present a plan for submitting the code to the consideration of the institutional members of the Council. Established in 1918 the American Council on Education (ACE is a United States organization comprising over 1800 accredited, degree-granting Colleges " The committee reviewed the situation and approved a code for academic costumes that has been in effect since that year. A Committee on Academic Costumes and Ceremonies, appointed by the American Council on Education in 1959, again reviewed the academic dress code and made several changes.

Academic robes (gowns)

Yale University President Richard Levin and Yale College Dean Peter Salovey in portions of their academic garb. Richard Charles Levin (born 1947 is a Professor and American economist, who has served as president of Yale University since 1993 Yale College was the official name of Yale University from 1718 to 1887 Peter Salovey is Provost and the Chris Argyris Professor of Psychology at Yale University. (Head coverings, for example, are notably absent).

Bachelors' and masters' gowns in the United States are similar to their counterparts in the United Kingdom, but bachelor's gowns are designed to be worn closed and all are at least mid-calf length to ankle-length. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and Like their UK counterparts, the masters' gown sleeve is oblong and, though the base of the sleeve hangs down in the typical manner, it is "square cut" at the rear part of the oblong shape. The front part has an arc cut away, and there is a slit for the wrist opening, but the rest of the arc is closed. The shape is evocative of the square-cut liripipe incorporated into many academic hoods (see, below). liripipe (also liripoop liripipion liripion) is a historical part of Clothing, the tail of a hood or Cloak, or a long-tailed hood in particular The master's gown is designed to be worn open or closed.

Doctoral robes are typically black, although some schools use robes in the school's colors. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement School colors are the Colors chosen by a School to represent it on uniforms and other items of identification The Code calls for the outside shell of the hood (see, below) to remain black in this case, however. In general, doctoral gowns are similar to the gowns worn by bachelor's graduates, with the addition of three velvet bands on the sleeves and velvet facing running down the front of the gown, tinted with the color designated for the field of study in which the doctorate was earned (see Inter-Collegiate colors, below). The robes have full sleeves, instead of the bell sleeves of the bachelor's gown. Some gowns expose a tie or cravat when closed, while others take an almost cape-like form. The cravat is a neckband the forerunner of the modern tailored Necktie and Bow tie. It is designed to be worn open or closed in the front.

Members of the Board of Trustees or other governing body officers of a college or university, regardless of their degrees, are entitled to wear doctor's gowns, faced only with black velvet and black velvet bars on the sleeves. However, their hoods (see, below) may be only that of a degree actually held by the wearer, or one specially prescribed for them by the institution.

In the U. S. , academic dress is rarely worn outside commencement ceremonies or other academic rituals such as encaenia. Graduation is the action of receiving or conferring an Academic degree or the associated ceremony Encaenia is an Academic Ceremony usually performed at Colleges or Universities. A notable exception can be seen at The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. The University of the South is a private Coeducational liberal arts college located in Sewanee, Tennessee. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Since 1873, the plain, black academic gown is worn everyday by members of the local honor society and branch of student government, the Order of Gownsmen, and by all faculty members. To receive membership in the Order, undergraduates and members of the School of Theology must obtain and maintain a prescribed grade point average (GPA) and meet other requirements. In Education, a grade (or mark is a teacher's standardized Evaluation of a Student 's work ^[4]

The hood

Doctoral hoods of different colleges on display during graduation in the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

The Code calls for the shell material of the hood to match the robe, and for the color to be black regardless of the color of the robe being worn. The interior lining - generally silk - displays the colors of the institution from which the wearer received the degree, in a pattern prescribed by it (usually, if more than one color is used, chevrons or equal divisions). The opening of the hood is trimmed in velvet or velveteen. Trim or trimming in Clothing and Home decorating is applied ornament such as gimp, passementerie, Ribbon, Ruffles Velvet is a type of tufted fabric in which the cut threads are very evenly distributed with a short dense pile giving it a distinct feel Velveteen is a Cotton cloth made in imitation of Velvet. The term is sometimes applied to a mixture of Silk and cotton

The width of the velvet is 2 inches, 3 inches, and 5 inches for the bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees, respectively. The length of the hood will vary with the level of academic achievement as well: bachelor's wear a 3 foot length, master's a 3. 5 foot length, and doctors a 4 foot length. Only the doctoral hood will have "panels" at the sides of the hood that lie cape-like across the back. A cape is a type of Clothing, and can be used to describe any sleeveless outer garment such as a Poncho, but usually it is a long garment that covers only the back

In most American colleges and universities, the color of the velvet hood trimming is distinctive of the academic field—or as closely related as possible—to which the degree earned pertains (see Inter-Collegiate colors. below). For instance, one who has earned a Master of Arts in Journalism would wear velvet trim of crimson to signify "journalism", rather than white to represent "arts"

Candidates may have the hood ceremoniously placed upon them, as is done at some British universities, or a college/school may 'self-hood' en masse at the appropriate time during the ceremony as has been the practice at Fordham University in the United States. A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. Fordham University is a private University in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City. Additionally, the Code allows for the wearing of the hood into the commencement ceremony as part of the academic procession, but only if neither of the two procedures above are being employed. The Code also states: "It is quite appropriate for the bachelor's gown to be worn without a hood. " Many institutions, particularly larger ones, have therefore dispensed with the bachelor's hood at commencement ceremonies altogether, though a graduate is still entitled to wear one once the degree is conferred. Honorary doctoral degrees are very often conferred by the highest academic officer of an institution bestowing the appropriate hood, regardless of the procedure being followed for other candidates at the ceremony.

Only one hood may be worn at any given time. Trim colors may not be combined or displayed together in any way to attempt to indicate more than one academic field. The discipline associated with the highest degree attained is generally displayed, though the Code seems to allow for a graduate to revert for some occasion to the entire academic costume (i. e. robe style, trim width, hood length, etc. ) of a lesser degree earned. Those who hold multiple degrees of the same level (i. e. more than one master's or doctorate degree) may wear the regalia of any degree earned. However, holders of multiple degrees will wear the trim color of the discipline associated with the degree earned from the institution denoted by the lining of the hood being worn, and wear that university's entire prescribed academic costume. The one exception is for officers of the academic institution, who may display one hood from any degree earned from any institution while wearing a doctoral gown of the University being served (see Academic robes, above).

Mortarboard, tams and other headwear

Headwear is an important component of "cap and gown", and the academic costume is not complete without it. The headwear will vary with the level of academic achievement and, to some extent, on the individual academic institution's specifications.

• Caps - The mortarboard is recommended in the Code, and the material required to match the gown. The exception - velvet - is reserved "for the doctor's degree only", seen in the form of a multiple-sided (4, 6, or 8) tam, but the four-sided mortarboard-shaped tam in velvet is what the Code seems to recommend here. The tam is a tall round knitted cap which is often brightly coloured The only color called for is black, in all cases.
  • During graduation ceremonies in the United States, both women and men wear caps, and both women and men wear their caps indoors throughout most of the ceremony. The exceptions are for men during a baccalaureate service, the National Anthem, any benediction that may be offered by a chaplain or other authority, and sometimes the singing of the Alma Mater if the local custom requires it. A Baccalaureate service is an American event which features a speech or series of speeches given to a graduating senior class from a College or High A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's A benediction ( Latin: bene, well + dicere, to speak is a short Invocation for divine help Blessing and guidance usually at the A chaplain is typically a Priest, Pastor, ordained Deacon, Rabbi, Imam or other member of the Clergy serving a group of Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Although military and civil uniform, national costume, and clerical garb etc. are worn beneath the academic robe, traditionally only the biretta in conjunction with clerical garb will replace the academic cap. The biretta is a square Cap with three or four ridges or peaks sometimes surmounted by a tuft traditionally worn by Roman Catholic clergy and some Anglican All other costumes forgo the normal headwear in favor of the appropriate academic version.

• Tassel - The tassel worn on the mortarboard or a tam seems to provide, by tradition, the greatest opportunity for latitude in American academic dress. It has been black, or represented the university's colors, or the colors of the specific college, or the discipline. The tassel has also been used to indicate membership in national honor societies or other awards. In the United States, an honor society is an organization of rank the induction into which recognizes excellence among one's peers However, strictly speaking, the ACE code states that "The tassel should be black or the color appropriate to the subject", and only makes an exception for the gold tassel. The gold metallic tassel is reserved for those entitled to wear the doctoral gown, as is the use of velvet for headwear. Only one tassel is worn at a time.
  • There is in some colleges and universities a practice of moving the tassel from one side to the other on graduating, but this is a modern innovation which would be impractical out of doors due to the vagaries of the wind. However, this mark of transition to graduate status has the benefit of taking less time than more traditional indicators such as the individual conferring of the hood, or a complete change of dress part-way through the ceremony (as at Oxford in the United Kingdom). In such universities it is common for undergraduates to begin the commencement ceremony with their tassels on the right. Switching the tassel to the left may be done individually or as a group. For doctoral and masters students, the tassel commonly begins and remains on the left.

Adornments

American academic dress is typically closed at the front and properly worn with the prescribed cap, as well as the hood. On the baccalaureate dress shown other items such as scarves, stoles or cords may be seen.

A number of other items such as cords, stoles, aiguillettes, etc. Honor cords is a token consisting of twisted cords with Tassels on either end awarded to members of honor societies or for various academic and non-academic achievements An academic stole is a vestment used by various organisations to denote academic achievement An aiguillette is an ornamental braided cord most often worn on Uniforms but may also be observed on other costumes such as Academic dress, where it will representing various academic achievements or other honors are also worn at the discretion of the degree-granting institution. Technically, however, the ACE code does not allow their use on or over academic regalia:

"Other Apparel - Shoes and other articles of visible apparel worn by graduates should be of dark colors that harmonize with the academic costume. Nothing else should be worn on the academic gown. " (emphasis added)

Medals/medallions, when worn about the neck, may not be in conflict with the Code if worn beneath the hood and visible with the gown open, if appropriate (see Academic robes (gowns), above). A medal is usually a Coin -like sculpted object of metal or other material that has been engraved with an Insignia, Portrait or other artistic rendering

Apparel and tokens representing awards and honors are not considered a component of academic dress, not only because the ACE code does not allow it, but also because (a) they are often worn without the defining cap and gown, and (b) they are usually not worn by a graduate with academic robes after the Commencement year in which the honor was awarded. Nevertheless, they are often seen with academic regalia in the United States, and are therefore mentioned here.

Honor cord

Honor cords usually consist of twisted cords with tassels on either end. Honor cords is a token consisting of twisted cords with Tassels on either end awarded to members of honor societies or for various academic and non-academic achievements They are sometimes given for various academic achievements, or to members of honor societies. In the United States, an honor society is an organization of rank the induction into which recognizes excellence among one's peers Often, cords come in pairs with a knot in the middle to hold them together. Sashes, stoles, or medallions are also given in place of cords. Any of these items may be worn with non-academic attire. With cap and gown, and (sometimes) the hood, educational institutions have permitted these cords to complement the regalia of a high school or university candidate. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Unlike hoods and stoles, tradition allows more than one cord to be worn at the same time.

Opposition to academic attire

As part of the socio-political upheaval of the 1960s in many western cultures, eschewing academic regalia became a popular means of protest, particularly in response to the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia See also Protests of 1968 Historically the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately twenty years (1960-1980 in Student protests, which had the effect of cancelling graduation ceremonies at some American universities, led to a general relaxing of protocols on academic attire and ceremonial pageantry. Opposition to US involvement in the Vietnam War is significant because domestic protest in the U After the war, academic regalia continued to be shunned by some who considered it a symbol of elitism. Elitism is the belief or attitude that those individuals who are considered members of the Elite &mdash a select group of people with outstanding personal abilities intellect However, since the 1980s, academic regalia has been in resurgence. Some colleges or academic departments allow graduating students to vote on whether or not to wear academic regalia at graduation ceremonies.

Since the 1970s, school uniforms have gained popularity among administrators of American secondary schools. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. School uniforms are common in primary and Secondary schools in many nations Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes This has been particularly notable at socio-economically diverse public schools where the use of uniform academic attire is considered preferable to individual displays of wealth and fashion. Socioeconomics or socio-economics is the study of the relationship between economic activity and Social life. The term public school has two distinct (and virtually opposite meanings depending on the location of usage in the United States, Australia and This position supports the use of academic regalia during graduation ceremonies, in order to achieve similar ends. Others have argued that academic uniforms are inappropriate in the context of secondary education and that such uniformity stifles freedom of expression. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation.

Inter-Collegiate colors

The colors allocated to the various fields of learning have been largely standardized in the United States by the American Council on Education in their Academic Costume Code. ^[5] The codified colors associated with the different academic disciplines are as shown below :

A distinction is made in the code which calls for a graduate to display the color of the subject of the degree obtained, not the degree itself, which is otherwise indicated by the cut of the robe, the length of the hood, and the width of the trim. An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Flax (also known as Light Goldenrod) is a pale yellowish-gray color named after Flax seeds The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative White is a Color, the perception which is evoked by Light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive Cone cells in the Human eye Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Accountancy or accounting is the measurement statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by Lenders managers, A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Taupe refers to a dark grayish - Brown color The word "taupe" derives from the French name for the European Mole Talpa europaea Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity About the plant lilac see Syringa. Lilac is a color that is a pale shade of violet. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Copper is a Reddish Brown Color that resembles the actual Metal Copper. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Azure is a Blue Color on the HSV color wheel at 210 degrees Azure is the Hue that is halfway between Blue and Cyan Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and The colour orange occurs Fine art is any Art form developed primarily for Aesthetics rather than Utility. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Black, when used as a general term is a color that is a Very dark Black, black, or Black, of low Luminance relative to Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. Environmental studies is the systematic study of human interaction with their environment Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present Russet is a brown color with a reddish tinge See also List of colors Russet potato Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people Crimson is a strong bright deep Red color combined with some Blue, resulting in a tiny degree of Purple. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Purple is a general term for the range of shades of Color occurring between Red and Blue. Library science is an Interdisciplinary Science incorporating the Humanities, Law and Applied science to study topics related to Yellow is the Color evoked by light that stimulates both the L and M (long and medium wavelength Cone cells of the Retina about equally Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the See also Green This article is about notable Tints and shades of the Color Green. Musicology ( Greek: μουσική = "music" and λόγος = "word" or "reason" is the scholarly study of Music Pink is a pale Red Color that was first recorded in the 17th century to describe the pale red Flowers of pinks, Flowering plants Nursing is a Profession focused on assisting individuals families, and communities in attaining maintaining and recovering optimal Health Apricot is a light yellowish - orangeish color that attempts to represent the color of Apricots Actually it is somewhat paler than actual apricots and like Oratory is the art of (public speaking In ancient Greece and Rome, oratory was studied as a component of Rhetoric (that is composition and delivery Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured deliberate manner intended to inform influence or entertain the listeners Silver is the metallic shade resembling Gray, closest to that of polished Silver. Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences The Myrtle ( Myrtus) is a genus of one or two species of Flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae, native to southern Europe and north Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Blue is a Colour, the Perception of which is evoked by Public administration can be broadly described as the development implementation and study of branches of government Policy. The United States Foreign Service is the diplomatic service of the United States government under the aegis of the Department of State. Teal, also called teal blue, is a medium to dark Blueish Green Color of low saturation; a dark Cyan. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations The color salmon pink comes in two shades light salmon pink and salmon pink. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Gold, also called golden, is a Yellowish orange Color which is a representation of the color of the element Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies Sandy brown is a shade of brown As its name suggests it is a shade of brown which is similar to the color of some sands Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Divinity is the study of Christian and other Theology and Religious ministry at a School, Divinity school, University Scarlet (from the Persian säqirlāt) is a Red Color with a hue that is somewhat toward the orange. Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife For example: if a graduate is awarded a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree specifically in "business" the trimming should be drab, representing "commerce/accountancy/business", rather than white, representing the broader "arts/letters/humanities"; if the BA had been in "economics" the trim should be copper; if in "environmental studies" it should be russet, etc. [1] If the BA were in "literature", a subject not represented by its own color and within the "humanities" (as well as the very definition of "letters"), the velvet should indeed be white. Similarly, if a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree were awarded for "physics", the velvet trim should be golden yellow representing physics as one of the "natural sciences"; however, if the BS were in "engineering" the trim should be orange, or if it were in "education" the trim should be light blue, etc. A Bachelor of Science ( BS, BSc or BSc in the UK; less commonly S In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of The same method is true of master's degrees and doctorates. A Master of Public Administration in Science and Technology should show trim of golden yellow for "science", not peacock blue for "public administration"; conversely a Master of Science in Public Administration should display peacock blue trim for "public administration" and not golden yellow for "science". The Master of Public Administration ( MPA or MPA) degree is one of several Master's level professional public affairs degrees that A Master of Science ( Latin: Magister Scientiæ; abbreviated MSc, M

In the case where a color is specified for a field that may be included in another, broader, discipline, and that broader discipline is represented by its own color (e. g. : "oratory", assigned silver gray trim, is generally regarded as among the "liberal arts" [arts], represented by white trim), the graduate should wear the color of the more specific field (in this case, silver gray for a degree in "oratory", rather than white for "liberal arts"). The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education.

Conversely, it is problematic when a field of study that does not have its own color assigned to it has been considered to be included in more than one discipline which are represented by different colors, e. g. : "history" has traditionally been considered as among the "humanities", represented by white, while also considered a "social science", which can be represented by golden yellow. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies This is often addressed by an academic institution allowing the degree earned to influence (but not determine) color assignment. For instance: a Bachelor of Arts graduate in "history" might display white while a Bachelor of Science graduate in "history" at the same institution could properly display golden yellow (or, theoretically, vice-versa), thereby creating confusion in appearing to display colors based on degree earned rather than - as stipulated in the Code - academic field studied.

In 1986, the American Council on Education updated the Code and added the following sentence clarifying the use of the color dark blue for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is awarded in any number of fields:

The doctorate other than the Ph. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement D. will be represented by the colors indicated above. For example: the Doctor of Education (Ed. The Doctor of Education degree ( EdD or DEd) is a discipline-based doctorate that prepares the student for academic administrative clinical or research positions D. ) in Public Health should display salmon pink for "public health" not light blue for "education", and the Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) in Public Administration should display peacock blue for "public administration" not salmon pink for "public health. The Doctor of Public Health ( DrPH) is an advanced Professional degree for those who intend to pursue or advance a professional practice career in Public " The Doctor of Engineering (D. The Doctor of Engineering ( DEng or EngD or Dr Eng) is an Academic degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and Research in Eng. ) degree, if no further specialization was made, should be represented by orange, and the Doctor of Divinity (Div. D. ) by scarlet if no further specialization, etc.

Academic dress in France

In France, academic dress, also called the toge (toga) is similar to French judges' court dress, except for its colour, which depends on the academic field in which the owner graduated. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It is nowadays little worn, except by doctors during the opening of the university year or the ceremony for a doctorate honoris causa. An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding For doctors, it consists of:

• a long gown (a bit similar to a cassock) with a long row of buttons in front and a train at the back (which in the current costume is not visible but attached with a button in the inner side of the gown). The gown is in two colours: black and the colour of the academic field in which they graduated, with black simarras (two vertical bands in the front of the gown). The buttons are generally of the colour of the academic field, but may also be black.
• an épitoge (epitoga): a piece of cloth with white fur stripes (three for doctors) attached by a button on the left shoulder, with a rectangular long, thin tail in the front and a triangular shorter, broad tail in the back (both tails carry the fur stripes); its colour is that of the relevant academic field. The epitoga has evolved from the academic hood, which explains why the French academic dress does not include a hood.
• a long, wide belt of the colour of the relevant academic field, ended by fringes (either gold or the same colour as the belt), and attached with a broad ornamental knot.
• a white rabat (jabot), over which a white tie may be worn for ceremonial occasions. Il is made of lace for the Dean of the Faculty, the President of the University, and a few other officials.
• a mortarboard of the colour of the relevant academic field with a golden stripe, which is usually not worn but carried.
• theoretically, white gloves, which are not worn anymore.

The colours of the various academic fields are daffodil (yellow) for literature and arts, amaranth (purplish red) for science, redcurrant (reddish pink) for medicine, scarlet red for law, and violet (purple) for theology. University rectors, chancellors or presidents wear also specific costumes, which are violet regardless of the academic field in which they graduated.

The Portuguese traje

In most Portuguese universities and higher education institutions, usage of academic dress for undergraduates, or traje académico is still widespread and has even gained popularity in recent decades. The traje is composed of black trousers (or skirt, for female students), white shirt, black tie, a black overcoat, known as batina (in the case of male students, the classical traje also includes a black vest) and a black cloak which, according to tradition, should never be cleaned or washed.

Usage is generally restricted to the first weeks of the semester, during the introductory and reception activities collectively known as Praxe. The Portuguese term praxe (from the Greek praxis (πρᾱξις describes the whole of Student Traditions in universities or more In some older institutions, where traditions are better implemented, one can see students trajados during the entire year, though.

Materials

In general, the materials used for academic dress are heavily influenced by the climate where the academic institution is located, or the climate where the graduate will usually be wearing the costume (as a faculty member at another institution, for example). In either case, the ACE allows for the comfort of the wearer, and concedes that lighter materials be used in tropical climates, and heavier materials elsewhere.

The materials used for academic dress varies and range from the extremely economical to the very expensive. In the United States, most Bachelor and Master degree candidates are often only presented the "souvenir" version of regalia by their institutions or authorized vendor, which are generally intended for very few wearings and are comparatively very inexpensive. A souvenir (from French, for memory) memento or keepsake is an object a traveler brings home for the memories associated with For some doctoral graduates commencement will be the only time they wear academic regalia, and so they rent their gowns instead of buying them. These rented (or hired ^[7]) gowns are often made of inexpensive polyester or other man-made synthetic fibre. Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain In Britain, rented gowns are almost always polyester whilst Russell cord, silk or artificial silk gowns are only available when bought. Undergraduate gowns are usually made from cotton or cotton and polyester mix and are relatively inexpensive to encourage students to own them.

People who choose to buy their dress may opt for finer fabrics, such as princetta, poplin, crosgrain, Percale, cotton, wool, cassimere, broadcloth, bengaline, Russell cord or corded/ribbed material. Poplin Poland Poplin, also called tabinet (or tabbinet is a fabric consisting of a Silk warp with a Weft of Worsted yarn Percale is a closely woven plain-weave fabric often used for bed linens Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Broadcloth is a dense Woolen cloth. Modern broadcloth can be composed of Cotton, Silk, or Polyester, but traditionally broadcloth Russell cord is a corded fabric made with a cotton warp and worsted filling two warp ends are woven together to form the cord For silk, there are a range of types including artificial silk/rayon, ottoman (i. Artificial silk or (as the term is used in the Textile industry Art silk is a synthetic manufactured Fiber which resembles Silk but Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic Fiber. Rayon is produced from naturally occurring Polymers and therefore it is not a truly Ottoman is a fabric with a pronounced ribbed or corded effect often made of silk or a mixture of cotton and other silk like yarns e. ribbed or corded silk), taffeta, satin, alpaca, true silk, shot silk or a mixture. Taffeta (formerly sometimes spelled taffety) is a crisp smooth woven fabric made from Silk or synthetic fibers Satin is a Cloth that typically has a glossy surface and a dull back The Alpaca ( Vicugna pacos) is a domesticated species of South American Camelid. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons Shot silk is a textile fabric which is made up of Silk woven from warp and Weft of two or more different colours producing an iridescent appearance Pure ottoman silk is rarely used except for official gowns as it is very expensive. ^[8] Some gowns may be trimmed with gimp lace, cords, buttons or other forms of decoration.

In the past, fur has been used to line certain hoods (especially those of the UK) which range from rabbit to ermine. Fur is a body hair of any non-human Mammal, also known as the Pelage. Rabbit hair (also called rabbit fur, cony, comb, coney or lapin) is the Fur of the common or Angora Rabbit Most now use imitation fur instead, mainly because of cost and animal rights concerns. "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. Some robemakers will use fur if the customer requests and pays for it, as some feel that the quality and feel of artificial fur has yet to match that of real fur. ^[9]

Doctor's robes usually use wool flannel, panama, damask or brocade and are brightly coloured (or black, but faced with a bright colour) to distinguish them from lower degrees. Flannel is a soft woven Fabric, of various fineness It usually doesn't have a nap, and instead gains its softness through the loosely spun yarn it Damask ( دمسق) is a figured fabric of Silk, Wool, Linen, Cotton, or Synthetic fibers with a pattern Brocade is a class of richly decorative shuttle-woven Fabrics often made in colored Silks and with or without Gold and Silver threads They tend to be the most expensive because they must be dyed in a specific colour and/or be trimmed in coloured silks. Many doctoral gowns have an undress version so adding to the cost of a full set.

A full set may cost about $360 (£180) for cheap materials to as much as $5800 (£2900) for high quality materials. ^[10] Usually, ex-hire gowns are available for purchase at cheaper prices though the quality may be lower ^[11].

See also

• Academic procession
• Encaenia
• Academic stole
• Chinese academic dress
• Ede and Ravenscroft
• Hakama - part of Japanese academic dress for women
• The Burgon Society
• The Central Institute London

Academic dress regulations for the following universities are available via these links:-

United Kingdom

• Academic dress of the University of Bristol
• Academic dress of the University of Cambridge
• Academic dress of Durham University
• Academic dress of the University of Exeter
• Academic dress of the University of Hertfordshire
• Academic dress of the University of Kent
• Academic dress of the University of London
• Academic dress of the University of Nottingham
• Academic dress of the University of Oxford
• Academic dress of the University of St Andrews
• Academic dress of the University of Wales
• Academic dress of the University of Wales, Lampeter

• Undergraduate gowns in Scotland

Others

• Academic dress of Harvard University
• Academic dress of universities in Queensland, Australia
• Academic dress of the University of Melbourne

Bibliography

Books

• American Council on Education staff (1997). An academic procession is a traditional ceremony in which university dignitaries march together wearing traditional Academic dress. Encaenia is an Academic Ceremony usually performed at Colleges or Universities. An academic stole is a vestment used by various organisations to denote academic achievement The Academic dress of China has a long history The ancient dress is based on the robes of Officialdom and the 'degrees' were earned through Ede and Ravenscroft are the oldest tailors in London established in 1689 Hakama (袴 are a type of traditional Japanese clothing. They were originally worn only by men but today they are worn by both men and women The Burgon Society concerned with academic dress should not be confused with the Dean Burgon Society, concerned with the advocacy of the King-James-Only Movement The Central Institute London, in full The Central Institute London for the Promotion of Academic Dress and Ceremonial, was established in 1999 The Academic dress prescribed by the University of Bristol is a mixture of that prescribed The University of Cambridge has a long tradition of Academic dress, which it traditionally refers to as academical dress (though academic dress The Academic dress of Durham University is fairly similar to that of Oxford. Official Dress The Chancellor’s Robe is black silk with MA style sleeves and embroidery of gold lace worn with a cap adorned with a gold tassel and gold edging The University of Hertfordshire is a modern university based largely in Hatfield, in the county of Hertfordshire, England, from which the university The Academic dress of the University of Kent is normally only worn at Graduation ceremonies Academic dress of the University of London describes the robes gowns and hoods which are prescribed by the university for its graduates and Undergraduates The University See also Academic dress In addition to the dress listed below further colour and splendour is brought to occasions where formal Academic dress is worn by the gold The University of Oxford has a long tradition of Academic dress, and a visitor to Oxford during term will see academic dress worn on a regular basis Use of academic dress Academic dress is compulsory at official ceremonial occasions such as graduation and the installations of Rector and Chancellor The academic dress of the University of Wales was designed for the first graduations in 1893, and has as its main identifying feature a faculty colour scheme involving ' University of Wales Lampeter (Prifysgol Cymru Llanbedr Pont Steffan is a University Undergraduate gowns are a notable feature of Academic dress for students at the Ancient universities in Scotland. As the oldest University in the United States, Harvard University has a long tradition of Academic dress. There are a number of universities in Queensland Australia all with distinct academic dress The Academic dress of University of Melbourne describes the formal attire of robes gowns and hoods prescribed by the Statutes and Regulations for undergraduates graduates American Universities and Colleges, 15th Edition. Walter de Gruyter, Inc. ISBN 0-2759874-5-0
• Franklyn, C.A.H. (1970), Academical Dress from the Middle Ages to the Present Day Including Lambeth Degrees. Dr Charles Aubrey Hamilton Franklyn MA MD ( 25 August[[ 896]] &ndash) was a British medical doctor and scholar of Genealogy, Lewes: WE Baxter.
• Groves, Nicholas (2002, 2003), Key to the Identification of Academic Hoods of the British Isles. London: Burgon Society.
• Haycraft, F. W. (1948), 4th ed. rev. Stringer, E. W Scobie, The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges. Cheshunt Press.
• Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W. N. (1963), A History of Academical Dress in Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Groves, Nicholas; Kersey, John (2002), Academical Dress of Music Colleges and Societies of Musicians in the United Kingdom. Norfolk: Burgon Society. ISBN 0-9544110-0-5
• Rashdall, H. (1895, 1936), The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Claredon Press.
• Rogers, F. R. S. , Franklyn, C.A.H., Shaw, G.W., Boyd, H. Dr Charles Aubrey Hamilton Franklyn MA MD ( 25 August[[ 896]] &ndash) was a British medical doctor and scholar of Genealogy, Dr George Wenham Shaw (usually published as "GWShaw" (28 April 1928 - 27 November 2006 was a biologist and leading British expert on Academic dress. A. (1972), The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges. Lewes: WE Baxter.
• Shaw, George W. (1995), Academical Dress of British and Irish Universities. Dr George Wenham Shaw (usually published as "GWShaw" (28 April 1928 - 27 November 2006 was a biologist and leading British expert on Academic dress. Chichlester: Philmore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033974-X
• Smith, H. H. , Sheard, K. (1970), Academic Dress and Insignia of the World. Cape Town: AA Balkema.
• Venables, D. R. & Clifford, R. E. (1998), 8th ed. , Academic Dress of the University of Oxford. Oxford: Shepherd & Woodward. ISBN 0-9521630-0-4
• Goff, Philip (1999), University of London Academic Dress. London: University of London Press. ISBN 0-7187-1608-6
• Wood, T. W. (1882), The Degrees, Gowns and Hoods of the British, Colonial, Indian and American Universities and Colleges. London: Thomas Pratt & Sons.

Journals

• Kerr, Alex (ed. ) et al. (2004), The Burgon Society Annual 2003.
• Kerr, Alex (ed. ) et al. (2005), The Burgon Society Annual 2004. ISBN 0-9544110-6-4
• Kerr, Alex (ed. ) et al. (2006), Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 5. ISBN 0-9544110-7-2
• Kerr, Alex (ed. ) er al. (2008), Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 6. ISBN 0-9544110-8-0
• Powell, Michael (ed. ) et al. (2002), The Burgon Society Annual 2001.
• Powell, Michael (ed. ) et al. (2003), The Burgon Society Annual 2002.

Electronic

• Sullivan, Eugene (ed. ) An Academic Costume Code and An Academic Ceremony Guide, American Council on Education. Reprinted with permission from American Universities and Colleges, 15th Edition (1997). Walter de Gruyter, Inc.

External links

• The Burgon Society Promotes the interest in and the formal study of academic dress.
• University of London Academic Dress Publication concerning University of London academic dress.
• Ede & Ravenscroft Biggest and oldest robemaker in the UK. Has a section on the history of academic dress.
• American Council on Education The authority on academic regalia in the United States.
• Pictures, information and literature of some academical caps, especially academical birettas (in German)
• Decoding Graduation Caps & Gowns Video explores the meaning and mystery behind graduation attire.

References