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For the death metal band, see Abscess (band). Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal. It typically employs fast tempos heavily distorted guitars deep growling vocals morbid lyrics Abscess are a Hardcore punk -influenced Death metal band from Oakland, California.
Abscess
Classification and external resources
Abscess
ICD-9 682.9
MeSH D000038

An abscess (Latin: abscessus) is a collection of pus (dead neutrophils) that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue on the basis of an infectious process (usually caused by bacteria or parasites) or other foreign materials (e. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Pus is a whitish-yellow yellow or yellow-brown substance produced during Inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of Pyogenic bacterial Neutrophil granulocytes, generally referred to as neutrophils, are the most abundant type of White blood cells in humans and form an essential part of the An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. g. splinters, bullet wounds, or injecting needles). It is a defensive reaction of the tissue to prevent the spread of infectious materials to other parts of the body. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor

The organisms or foreign materials kill the local cells, resulting in the release of toxins. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low The toxins trigger an inflammatory response, which draws large numbers of white blood cells to the area and increases the regional blood flow. Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products

The final structure of the abscess is an abscess wall, or capsule, that is formed by the adjacent healthy cells in an attempt to keep the pus from infecting neighboring structures. However, such encapsulation tends to prevent immune cells from attacking bacteria in the pus, or from reaching the causative organism or foreign object.

Abscesses must be differentiated from empyemas, which are accumulations of pus in a preexisting rather than a newly formed anatomical cavity. An empyema is a collection of Pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity

Contents

Manifestations

The cardinal symptoms and signs of any kind of inflammatory process are redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor) and loss of function. Abscesses may occur in any kind of solid tissue but most frequently on skin surface (where they may be superficial pustules (boils) or deep skin abscesses), in the lungs, brain, teeth, kidneys and tonsils. Boil or furuncle is a skin disease caused by the infection of Hair follicles resulting in the localized accumulation of Pus and dead tissue Brain abscess (or cerebral abscess is an Abscess caused by inflammation and collection of infected material coming from local (ear infection Dental abscess, infection A tooth abscess or root abscess is Pus enclosed in the tissues of the jaw bone at the tip of an infected tooth Major complications are spreading of the abscess material to adjacent or remote tissues and extensive regional tissue death (gangrene). Please do not add warnings to this page about the pictures Wikipedia is not censored for taste and has a guideline preventing such warnings - WikipediaNo disclaimers in articles Abscesses in most parts of the body rarely heal themselves, so prompt medical attention is indicated at the first suspicion of an abscess. It could also lead to death.

Treatment

Wound abscesses do not generally need to be treated with antibiotics, but they will require surgical intervention, debridement and curettage. Debridement is a medical term referring to the removal of Dead, damaged or Infected tissue to improve the healing potential of the remaining Curettage, in Surgery, is the use of a Curette to remove tissue by scraping or scooping [1]

Incision and drainage

Main article: Incision and drainage
Abscess five days after incision and drainage.
Abscess five days after incision and drainage. Incision and drainage and Clinical lancing are minor Surgical procedures to release Pus or pressure built up under the skin such as from an Abscess

The abscess should be inspected to identify if foreign objects are a cause, requiring surgical removal. If foreign objects are not the cause, a doctor will incise and drain the abscess and prescribe painkillers and possibly antibiotics. [2]

Surgical drainage of the abscess (e. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental g. lancing) is usually indicated once the abscess has developed from a harder serous inflammation to a softer pus stage. Incision and drainage and Clinical lancing are minor Surgical procedures to release Pus or pressure built up under the skin such as from an Abscess In Physiology, the term serous fluid is used for various Bodily fluids that are typically pale yellow and transparent and of a Benign nature Pus is a whitish-yellow yellow or yellow-brown substance produced during Inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of Pyogenic bacterial This is expressed in the Latin medical aphorism Ubi pus, ibi evacua. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Ubi pus ibi evacua is a Latin Aphorism or Adage, often cited in Medicine, that literally means "where there is pus there

In critical areas where surgery presents a high risk, surgery may be delayed or used as a last resort. The drainage of a lung abscess may be performed by positioning the patient in a way that enables the contents to be discharged via the respiratory tract. In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the Anatomy that has to do with the process of respiration. Warm compresses and elevation of the limb may be beneficial for skin abscess.

Primary closure

Primary closure has been successful when combined with curettage and antibiotics[3] or with curettage alone. Curettage, in Surgery, is the use of a Curette to remove tissue by scraping or scooping In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa [4] However, another randomized controlled trial found primary closure led to 35% failing to heal primarily and primary closure longer median number of days to closure (8. A randomized controlled trial (RCT is a type of scientific Experiment most commonly used in testing the Efficacy or Effectiveness of Healthcare 9 versus 7. 8). [5]

In anorectal abscesses, primary closure healed faster, but 25% of abscesses healed by secondary intention and recurrence was higher. [6]

Antibiotics

As Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a common cause, an anti-staphylococcus antibiotic such as flucloxacillin or dicloxacillin is used. Staphylococcus aureus (ˌstæfɨləˈkɒkəs ˈɔriəs literally "Golden Cluster Seed" and also known as golden staph) is the most common cause of The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Flucloxacillin ( INN) or floxacillin ( USAN) is a narrow spectrum Beta-lactam antibiotic of the Penicillin class Dicloxacillin ( INN) is a narrow spectrum Beta-lactam antibiotic of the Penicillin class With the emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus MRSA, these traditional antibiotics may be ineffective; alternative antibiotics effective against community-acquired MRSA often include clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline. (However, if cellulitis rather than abscess, consideration should be given to possibility of strep species as cause that are still sensitive to traditional anti-staphylococcus agents such as dicloxacillin or cephalexin. ) It is important to note that antibiotic therapy alone without surgical drainage of the abscess is seldom effective due to antibiotics often being unable to get into the abscess and their ineffectiveness at low pH levels. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Whilst most medical texts advocate surgical incision some medical doctors will treat small abscesses conservatively with antibiotics.

Recurrent infections

Recurrent abscesses are often caused by community-acquired MRSA. While resistant to most beta lactam antibiotics commonly used for skin infections, it remains sensitive to alternative antibiotics, e. g. , clindamycin (Cleocin), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), and doxycycline (unlike hospital-acquired MRSA that may only be sensitive to vancomycin IV).

To prevent recurrent infections due to Staphylococcus, consider the following measures:

Magnesium sulfate paste

Historically abscesses as well as boils and many other collections of pus have been treated via application of magnesium sulfate paste. Magnesium sulfate is a Chemical compound containing Magnesium and Sulfate, with the formula MgSO4 This works by drawing the infected pus to the surface of the skin before rupturing and leaking out, after this the body will usually repair the old infected cavity. Magnesium sulfate is therefore best applied at night with a sterile dressing covering it, the rupture itself is not painful but the drawing up may be uncomfortable. Magnesium sulfate paste is considered a "home remedy" and is not necessarily an effective or accepted medical treatment.

Perianal abscess

Perianal abscesses can be seen in patients with for example inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease) or diabetes. Note This article is meant to generally encompass the conditions generally known variously as "anal abscess" "rectal abscess" "peri-rectal abscess" "ano-rectal In Medicine, inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and Small intestine Crohn's disease is a Disease of the Digestive system which may affect any part of the Gastrointestinal tract from Mouth to Anus Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Often the abscess will start as an internal wound caused by ulceration or hard stool. This wound typically becomes infected as a result of the normal presence of feces in the rectal area, and then develops into an abscess. This often presents itself as a lump of tissue near the anus which grows larger and more painful with the passage of time. The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth.

Like other abscesses, perianal abscesses may require prompt medical treatment, such as an incision and debridement or lancing. Incision and drainage and Clinical lancing are minor Surgical procedures to release Pus or pressure built up under the skin such as from an Abscess

See also

References

  1. ^ McLatchie G, Leaper D, (eds). Head and neck anatomy focuses on the structures of the Head and Neck of the human body including the brain bones muscles blood vessels nerves glands nose mouth A tooth abscess or root abscess is Pus enclosed in the tissues of the jaw bone at the tip of an infected tooth Hidradenitis suppurativa or HS is a Skin disease that affects areas bearing Apocrine sweat glands and Hair follicles such as the underarms groin 2007. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Surgery, 2nd ed. Oxford. OUP
  2. ^ Green, James; Saj Wajed (2000). Surgery: Facts and Figures. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1900151960.  
  3. ^ Abraham N, Doudle M, Carson P (1997). "Open versus closed surgical treatment of abscesses: a controlled clinical trial". The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery 67 (4): 173–6. PMID 9137156.  
  4. ^ Stewart MP, Laing MR, Krukowski ZH (1985). "Treatment of acute abscesses by incision, curettage and primary suture without antibiotics: a controlled clinical trial". The British journal of surgery 72 (1): 66–7. PMID 3881155.  
  5. ^ Simms MH, Curran F, Johnson RA, et al (1982). "Treatment of acute abscesses in the casualty department". British medical journal (Clinical research ed. ) 284 (6332): 1827–9. PMID 6805714.  
  6. ^ Kronborg O, Olsen H (1984). "Incision and drainage v. incision, curettage and suture under antibiotic cover in anorectal abscess. A randomized study with 3-year follow-up". Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica 150 (8): 689–92. PMID 6397949.  
  7. ^ Raz R, Miron D, Colodner R, Staler Z, Samara Z, Keness Y (1996). "A 1-year trial of nasal mupirocin in the prevention of recurrent staphylococcal nasal colonization and skin infection. ". Arch Intern Med 156 (10): 1109–12. doi:10.1001/archinte.156.10.1109. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 8638999.  
  8. ^ Watanakunakorn C, Axelson C, Bota B, Stahl C (1995). "Mupirocin ointment with and without chlorhexidine baths in the eradication of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in nursing home residents. ". Am J Infect Control 23 (5): 306–9. doi:10.1016/0196-6553(95)90061-6. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 8585642.  

External links

Dictionary

abscess

-noun

  1. (pathology) A cavity caused by tissue destruction, usually because of infection, filled with pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue.

-verb

  1. (intransitive) To form such a collection of pus.
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