| Abraham Lincoln | |
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| In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 |
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| Vice President | Hannibal Hamlin (1861 – 1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) |
| Preceded by | James Buchanan |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Johnson |
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| In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849 |
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| Preceded by | John Henry |
| Succeeded by | Thomas L. Harris |
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| Born | February 12, 1809 Hardin County, Kentucky |
| Died | April 15, 1865 (aged 56) Washington, D.C. |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Whig (1832-1854), Republican (1854-1864), National Union (1864-1865) |
| Spouse | Mary Todd Lincoln |
| Children | Robert Todd Lincoln, Edward Lincoln, Willie Lincoln, Tad Lincoln |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Religion | Attended Christian churches, but never joined any church |
| Signature |  |
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809–April 15, 1865), the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest crisis, the Civil War, only to be assassinated less than a month after the war's end. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Hannibal Hamlin (August 27 1809 July 4 1891 was the fifteenth Vice President of the United States, serving under President Abraham Lincoln from Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination James Buchanan Jr (April 23 1791 – June 1 1868 was the fifteenth President of the United States (1857–1861 Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The 7th Congressional District of Illinois includes part of Cook County. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=H000507 Thomas Langrell Harris ( October 29, 1816 - November 24, 1858) was a U Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Hardin County is a County located in the US state of Kentucky. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Whig Party was a Political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States The National Union Party was a political party in the United States from 1864 to 1868. Mary Ann Todd Lincoln ( December 13, 1818 &ndash July 16, 1882) was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Robert Todd Lincoln ( August 1, 1843 &ndash July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer and politician and the first son of President Edward Baker "Eddie" Lincoln ( March 10, 1846 &ndash February 1, 1850) was the second son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary William Wallace "Willie" Lincoln ( December 21 1850 – February 20 1862) was the third son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Thomas "Tad" Lincoln ( April 4, 1853 – July 15, 1871) was the fourth and youngest son of President Abraham Lincoln A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The President of the United States is the Head of state and the Head of government of the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Before his election as President, Lincoln was a lawyer, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Senate. A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives As an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States,[1][2] Lincoln won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth During his term, he helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Attempts or aspirations of Secession have been a feature of the politics of the United States since the country's birth The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 He introduced measures that resulted in the abolition of slavery, issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoting the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those
Lincoln closely supervised the victorious war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including Ulysses S. Grant. Military rank is a system of hierarchical relationships in Armed forces or civil institutions organized along military lines Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Historians have concluded that he handled the factions of the Republican Party well, bringing leaders of each faction into his cabinet and forcing them to cooperate. Lincoln successfully defused a war scare with the United Kingdom in 1861. Britain in the American Civil War The Trent Affair, also known as the Mason and Slidell Affair, was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Under his leadership, the Union took control of the border slave states at the start of the war. During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three Additionally, he managed his own reelection in the 1864 presidential election. In the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president
Opponents of the war (also known as "Copperheads") criticized him for refusing to compromise on the slavery issue. The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States (see also Union (American Civil War) who opposed the American Civil Conversely, the Radical Republicans, an abolitionist faction of the Republican Party, criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. The Radical Republicans is a term applied to a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War Even with these road blocks, Lincoln successfully rallied public opinion through his rhetoric and speeches; his Gettysburg Address is but one example of this. The Gettysburg Address is a speech by US President Abraham Lincoln and one of the most quoted speeches in United States history. At the close of the war, Lincoln held a moderate view of Reconstruction, seeking to speedily reunite the nation through a policy of generous reconciliation. His assassination in 1865 was the first presidential assassination in U. The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, one of the last major events in the American Civil War, took place on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, when S. history and made him a martyr for the ideal of national unity.
Lincoln 1809 to 1854
Early life
Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, two uneducated farmers, in a one-room log cabin on the 348-acre (1. See also Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a one-room log cabin in Hardin County Kentucky in a town now known Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Thomas Lincoln ( January 6, 1778 &ndash January 17, 1851) was an American Farmer and father of President For the passenger train see Nancy Hanks (passenger train. For the National Endowment for the Arts chairman A log cabin is a small house built from logs It is a fairly simple type of Log house. 4 km²) Sinking Spring Farm, in southeast Hardin County, Kentucky (now part of LaRue County). Hardin County is a County located in the US state of Kentucky. LaRue County is a County located in the US state of Kentucky. Lincoln's ancestor Samuel Lincoln had arrived in Hingham, Massachusetts, in the seventeenth century but his descendants had gradually moved west, from Pennsylvania to Virginia and then westward to the frontier. Samuel Lincoln (date of birth unknown baptised in Hingham, Norfolk, England, August 24, 1622, as the son of Edward Lincoln died Hingham is a town in Plymouth County on the South Shore of the U [3]
For some time, Thomas Lincoln, Abraham's father, was a respected and relatively affluent citizen of the Kentucky backcountry. Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site preserves two farm sites where Abraham He had purchased the Sinking Spring Farm in December of 1808 for $200 cash and assumption of a debt. The family belonged to a Hardshell Baptist church, although Abraham himself never joined their church, or any other church for that matter. "Hard-shell" is the adjective used to describe Baptists who reject a common Christian notion of missionary work
In 1816, the Lincoln family was forced to make a new start in Perry County (now in Spencer County), Indiana. Perry County is a County located in the US state of Indiana. As of 2000 the population was 18899 Spencer County is a County located in the US state of Indiana. He later noted that this move was "partly on account of slavery," and partly because of difficulties with land deeds in Kentucky: Unlike land in the Northwest Territory, Kentucky never had a proper U. For the Canadian territory see Northwest Territories. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 see Northwestern United States. S. survey, and farmers often had difficulties proving title to their property.
When Lincoln was nine, his mother, then thirty-four years old, died of milk sickness. Milk sickness, also known as Tremetol poisoning or in animals as trembles is characterized by trembling vomiting and severe intestinal pain that affects individuals who eat Soon afterwards, his father remarried to Sarah Bush Johnston. Sarah Bush Johnston Lincoln (December 13 1788 - April 12, 1869) was the second wife of Thomas Lincoln and Stepmother of President Lincoln was affectionate toward his stepmother, whom he would call "Mother" for the rest of his life, but he was distant from his father. [4]
In 1830, after more economic and land-title difficulties in Indiana, the family settled on public land[5] in Macon County, Illinois. Macon County is a County located in the US state of Illinois and is included in the Decatur, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical The following winter was desolate and especially brutal, and the family considered moving back to Indiana. The following year, when his father relocated the family to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, twenty-two-year-old Lincoln struck out on his own, canoeing down the Sangamon River to the village of New Salem in Sangamon County. Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site is an 86-acre (03 km² History park located eight miles (13 km south of Charleston Illinois, U Coles County is a County located in the US state of Illinois. The Sangamon River is a principal tributary of the Illinois River, approximately 250 miles (402 km long in central Illinois in the United States New Salem is the name of a former village in Menard County, Illinois in the United States (previously Sangamon County Sangamon County is a County located in the US state of Illinois. Later that year, hired by New Salem businessman Denton Offutt and accompanied by friends, he took goods from New Salem to New Orleans via flatboat on the Sangamon, Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Denton Offutt was a 19th century American General store operator who hired future President Abraham Lincoln for his first job as an adult in New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The Illinois River is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 273 miles (439 km long in the U The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to
Lincoln's formal education consisted of about 18 months of schooling, but he was largely self-educated and an avid reader. He was also a talented local wrestler and skilled with an axe. [6] Lincoln avoided hunting and fishing because he did not like killing animals, even for food. [7] At 6 foot 4 inches (1. 93m), he was unusually tall, as well as strong.
Early political career
Lincoln began his political career in 1832, at age 23, with an unsuccessful campaign for the Illinois General Assembly, as a member of the Whig Party. The Illinois General Assembly is the Legislative branch of the Government of the state of Illinois in the United States, created by the The Whig Party was a Political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. The centerpiece of his platform was the undertaking of navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. The Beardstown and Sangamon Canal was a canal plan developed in the mid-1830s with avid backing by Abraham Lincoln, then an Illinois state legislator to make large portions He believed that this would attract steamboat traffic, which would allow the sparsely populated, poorer areas along the river to flourish.
He was elected captain of an Illinois militia company drawn from New Salem during the Black Hawk War, and later wrote that he had not had "any such success in life which gave him so much satisfaction. The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service The Black Hawk War was fought in 1832 in the Midwestern United States. "[8][9]
For several months, Lincoln ran a small store in New Salem.
In 1834, he won election to the state legislature, and, after coming across the Commentaries on the Laws of England, began to teach himself law. The Commentaries on the Laws of England are an influential 18th century treatise on the Common law of England by Sir William Blackstone, originally Admitted to the bar in 1837, he moved to Springfield, Illinois, that same year and began to practice law with John T. Stuart. In the United States, admission to the bar is permission granted by a particular court system to a lawyer to practice law in that system Springfield is the capital of the US state of Illinois and the county seat of Sangamon County with a population of 116482 (U John Todd Stuart ( November 10 1807 - November 23 1885) was a lawyer and a U With a reputation as a formidable adversary during cross-examinations and in his closing arguments, Lincoln became one of the most respected and successful lawyers in Illinois and grew steadily more prosperous.
He served four successive terms in the Illinois House of Representatives as a representative from Sangamon County, and became a leader of the Illinois Whig party. The Illinois House of Representatives is the Lower house of the Illinois General Assembly, the state legislature of the U In 1837, he made his first protest against slavery in the Illinois House, stating that the institution was "founded on both injustice and bad policy. "[10] It was also in this same year that Lincoln met Joshua Fry Speed, who would become his most intimate friend. Joshua Fry Speed ( November 14, 1814 - May 29, 1882) was a close friend of Abraham Lincoln from his days in Springfield Illinois
Lincoln wrote a series of anonymous letters, published in 1842 in the Sangamon Journal, mocking State Auditor and prominent Democrat James Shields. The State Journal-Register is the only local daily Newspaper for Springfield Illinois and its surrounding area This article is about the US Senator. For the Pitcher, see James Shields (pitcher. Two years later, Lincoln entered law practice with William Herndon, a fellow Whig. William Henry Herndon ( December 25, 1818, Kentucky - March 18, 1891, Springfield Illinois) was the law partner and biographer In 1854, both men joined the fledgling Republican Party. The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States Following Lincoln's death, Herndon began collecting stories about Lincoln and published them in Herndon's Lincoln.
Family
On November 4, 1842 Lincoln married Mary Todd, daughter of a prominent slave-owning family from Kentucky. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Mary Ann Todd Lincoln ( December 13, 1818 &ndash July 16, 1882) was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham The couple had four sons. Robert Todd Lincoln was born in Springfield, Illinois on 1 August 1843. Robert Todd Lincoln ( August 1, 1843 &ndash July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer and politician and the first son of President Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Their only child to survive into adulthood, young Robert attended Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard College. Phillips Exeter Academy (also called Exeter, Phillips Exeter or PEA) is a Co-educational independent Boarding school for grades 9–12 Harvard College is the undergraduate section and oldest school of Harvard University, a Private university in the United States founded in 1636 by the Massachusetts
The other Lincoln children were born in Springfield, Illinois, and died either during childhood or their teen years. Edward Baker Lincoln was born on 10 March 1846, and died on 1 February 1850, also in Springfield. Edward Baker "Eddie" Lincoln ( March 10, 1846 &ndash February 1, 1850) was the second son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link William "Willie" Wallace Lincoln was born on 21 December 1850, and died on 20 February 1862 in Washington, D.C., during President Lincoln's first term. William Wallace "Willie" Lincoln ( December 21 1850 – February 20 1862) was the third son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Thomas "Tad" Lincoln was born on 4 April 1853, and died on 16 July 1871 in Chicago. Thomas "Tad" Lincoln ( April 4, 1853 – July 15, 1871) was the fourth and youngest son of President Abraham Lincoln Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.
Legislative activity
A Whig and an admirer of party leader Henry Clay, Lincoln was elected to a term in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1846. Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who The US House election 1846 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1846 The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. As a freshman House member, he was not a particularly powerful or influential figure. However, he spoke out against the Mexican-American War, which he attributed to President Polk's desire for "military glory" and challenged the President's claims regarding the Texas boundary and offered Spot Resolutions, demanding to know on what "spot" on US soil that blood was first spilt. James Knox Polk ( November 2 1795&ndashJune 15 1849 was the eleventh President of the United States, serving from March 4 1845 to March 4 1849 The "spot" resolutions were offered in the United States House of Representatives on 22 December 1847 by Abraham Lincoln Whig representative from Illinois [11]
Lincoln later damaged his political reputation with a speech in which he declared, "God of Heaven has forgotten to defend the weak and innocent, and permitted the strong band of murderers and demons from hell to kill men, women, and children, and lay waste and pillage the land of the just. " Two weeks later, President Polk sent a peace treaty to Congress. While no one in Washington paid any attention to Lincoln, the Democrats orchestrated angry outbursts from across his district, where the war was popular and many had volunteered.
Warned by his law partner, William Herndon, that the damage was mounting and irreparable, Lincoln decided not to run for reelection. William Henry Herndon ( December 25, 1818, Kentucky - March 18, 1891, Springfield Illinois) was the law partner and biographer His statements were not easily forgotten, and would haunt him during the Civil War. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South These statements were also held against him when he applied for a position in the new Taylor administration. Instead, Taylor's people offered Lincoln various positions in the remote Oregon Territory, primarily the governorship. The Oregon Territory is the name applied both to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain (but normally referred to This article lists the individuals who have served as Governor of Oregon from the establishment of the Provisional Government in 1843 to the present day Acceptance of this offer would have ended his career in the rapidly growing state of Illinois, so Lincoln declined the position. Returning to Springfield, Lincoln gave up politics for several years and turned his energies to his law practice.
Prairie lawyer
By the mid-1850s, Lincoln's caseload focused largely on the competing transportation interests of river barges and railroads. BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. In one prominent 1851 case, he represented the Alton & Sangamon Railroad in a dispute with a shareholder, James A. The Alton Railroad was the final name of a Railroad linking Chicago to Alton Illinois, St Barret. Barret had refused to pay the balance on his pledge to the railroad on the grounds that it had changed its originally planned route. Lincoln argued that as a matter of law a corporation is not bound by its original charter when that charter can be amended in the public interest, that the newer route proposed by Alton & Sangamon was superior and less expensive, and that accordingly, the corporation had a right to sue Barret for his delinquent payment. He won this case, and the decision by the Illinois Supreme Court was eventually cited by several other courts throughout the United States. The Supreme Court of Illinois is the highest judicial court of the state of Illinois. [12]
The civil case which won Lincoln fame as a lawyer was the landmark Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company. America's expansion west, which Lincoln strongly supported, was seen as an economic threat to the river trade, which ran north-to-south, primarily on the Mississippi river. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to In 1856 a steamboat collided with a bridge, built by the Rock Island Railroad, between Rock Island, Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa, the first railroad bridge to span the Mississippi. Rock Island is a City in and the County seat of Rock Island County, Illinois, United States. Davenport is a City along the Mississippi River in the American state of Iowa. The steamboat owner sued for damages, claiming the bridge was a hazard to navigation. Lincoln argued in court for the railroad and won, removing a costly impediment to western expansion by establishing the right of land routes to bridge waterways.
Possibly the most notable criminal trial of Lincoln's career as a lawyer came in 1858, when he defended William "Duff" Armstrong, who had been charged with murder. William "Duff" Armstrong was a defendant in an 1858 murder prosecution in which he was defended by Abraham Lincoln, future President of the United States The case became famous for Lincoln's use of judicial notice — a rare tactic at that time — to show that an eyewitness had lied on the stand. Judicial Notice is a rule in the Law of evidence that allows a fact to be introduced into evidence if the truth of that fact is so notorious or well known that it After the witness testified to having seen the crime by moonlight, Lincoln produced a Farmers' Almanac to show that the moon on that date was at such a low angle that it could not have provided enough illumination to see anything clearly. This article is about the Farmers' Almanac; for a similarly titled publication see Old Farmer's Almanac. Based almost entirely on this evidence, Armstrong was acquitted. [13]
Lincoln was involved in more than 5,100 cases in Illinois alone during his 23-year legal career. Though many of these cases involved little more than filing a writ, others were more substantial and quite involved. Lincoln and his partners appeared before the Illinois State Supreme Court more than 400 times.
Republican politics 1854–1860
Lincoln returned to politics in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), which expressly repealed the limits on slavery's extent as determined by the Missouri Compromise (1820). The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands repealed the Missouri Compromise of The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving Illinois Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, the most powerful man in the Senate, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery impasse, and incorporated it into the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23, 1813 - June 3, 1861) was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the State is created by the will or consent of its people, who Douglas argued that in a democracy the people should have the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery in their territory, rather than have such a decision imposed on them by Congress. [14]
In the October 16, 1854, "Peoria Speech",[15], Lincoln first stood out among the other free soil orators of the day:[16]
[The Act has a] declared indifference, but as I must think, covert real zeal for the spread of slavery, I cannot but hate it. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech was made in Peoria Illinois on October 16 1854 I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world — enables the enemies of free institutions, with plausibility, to taunt us as hypocrites — causes the real friends of freedom to doubt our sincerity, and especially because it forces so many really good men amongst ourselves into an open war with the very fundamental principles of civil liberty — criticizing the Declaration of Independence, and insisting that there is no right principle of action but self-interest. [17]
Drawing on remnants of the old Whig, Free Soil, Liberty and Democratic parties, he was instrumental in forming the new Republican Party. In a stirring campaign, the Republicans carried Illinois in 1854 and elected a senator. Lincoln was the obvious choice, but to keep the new party balanced he allowed the election to go to an ex-Democrat Lyman Trumbull. Lyman Trumbull ( October 12, 1813 &ndash June 25, 1896) was a United States Senator from Illinois during the
In 1857-58, Douglas broke with President Buchanan, leading to a fight for control of the Democratic Party. James Buchanan Jr (April 23 1791 – June 1 1868 was the fifteenth President of the United States (1857–1861 Some eastern Republicans even favored the reelection of Douglas in 1858, since he had led the opposition to the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state. The Lecompton Constitution was the second of four proposed Constitutions for the state of Kansas (it was preceded by the Topeka Constitution and followed A slave state was a US state in which Slavery of African Americans was legal Accepting the Republican nomination for Senate in 1858, Lincoln delivered his famous speech: "'A house divided against itself cannot stand. The House Divided Speech was an address given by Abraham Lincoln (who would later become President of the United States) on 16 June 1858 '(Mark 3:25) I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. Content Authorship The gospel itself is anonymous but as early as Papias in the early 2nd century a text was attributed to Mark, a cousin I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. "[18] The speech created an evocative image of the danger of disunion caused by the slavery debate, and rallied Republicans across the north.
The 1858 campaign featured the Lincoln-Douglas debates, a nationally famous contest on slavery. The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate and the incumbent Stephen A Lincoln warned that the "Slave Power" was threatening the values of republicanism, while Douglas emphasized the supremacy of democracy, as set forth in his Freeport Doctrine, which said that local settlers should be free to choose whether to allow slavery or not. The Slave Power (sometimes referred to as the " Slaveocracy " was a term used in the Northern United States (primarily in the period 1840-1875 to characterize The Freeport Doctrine was articulated by Stephen A Douglas at the second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature reelected Douglas to the Senate. Nevertheless, Lincoln's eloquence transformed him into a national political star.
During the debates of 1858, the issue of race was often discussed. During a time period when few believed in racial egalitarianism, Stephen Douglas informed the crowds, "If you desire Negro citizenship… if you desire them to vote on an equality with yourselves… then support Mr. Lincoln and the Black Republican party, who are in favor of the citizenship of the negro. "[19] Lincoln countered that he was "not in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races. "[20] His opposition to slavery was opposition to the Slave Power, though this would change during the course of the Civil War. The Slave Power (sometimes referred to as the " Slaveocracy " was a term used in the Northern United States (primarily in the period 1840-1875 to characterize [21]
On May 9-10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. Decatur is the largest city and the county seat of Macon County in the U At this convention, Lincoln received his first endorsement to run for the presidency.
Election of 1860
Entering the presidential nomination process as a distinct underdog, Lincoln was eventually chosen as the Republican candidate for the 1860 election for several reasons. The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. The City of New York The Cooper Union Speech, or Address of American President Abraham Lincoln was delivered on February 27, 1860, at Cooper Union Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Note that Mathew B Brady spelled his first name with only one "t" His expressed views on slavery were seen as more moderate than those of rivals William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase. This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State Salmon Portland Chase ( January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era His "Western" origins also appealed to the newer states: other contenders, especially those with more governmental experience, had acquired enemies within the party and were weak in the critical western states, while Lincoln was perceived as a moderate who could win the West. Most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party as the Slave Power tightened its grasp on the national government. Yet despite his Southern connections (his in-laws owned slaves), Lincoln misunderstood the depth of the revolution underway in the South and the emergence of Southern nationalism. Throughout the 1850s he denied that there would ever be a civil war, and his supporters repeatedly rejected claims that his election would incite secession. [22]
Throughout the election, Lincoln did not campaign or give speeches. Horace Greeley ( February 3, 1811 &ndash November 29, 1872) was an American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder This was handled by the state and county Republican organizations, who used the latest techniques to sustain party enthusiasm and thus obtain high turnout. There was little effort to convert non-Republicans, and there was virtually no campaigning in the South except for a few border cities such as St. Louis, Missouri, and Wheeling, Virginia; indeed, the party did not even run a slate in most of the South. Wheeling is a city in West Virginia, in the United States. Most of the city is in Ohio County, with a small In the North, there were thousands of Republican speakers, tons of campaign posters and leaflets, and thousands of newspaper editorials. These focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, making the most of his boyhood poverty, his pioneer background, his native genius, and his rise from obscurity. His nicknames, "Honest Abe" and "the Rail-Splitter," were exploited to the full. The goal was to emphasize the superior power of "free labor," whereby a common farm boy could work his way to the top by his own efforts. [23][24][25]
On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States, beating Democrat Stephen A. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Douglas, John C. Breckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bell of the new Constitutional Union Party. John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16 1821 &ndash May 17 1875 was a lawyer U John Bell (also known as "The Great Apostate") ( February 15, 1797 &ndash September 10, 1869) was a U The Constitutional Union Party (also known as the Bell-Everett Party in California was a Political party in the United States created in 1860 He was the first Republican president, winning entirely on the strength of his support in the North: he was not even on the ballot in nine states in the South, and won only 2 of 996 counties in the other Southern states. Lincoln gained 1,865,908 votes (39. 9% of the total), for 180 electoral votes; Douglas, 1,380,202 (29. 5%) for 12 electoral votes; Breckenridge, 848,019 (18. 1%) for 72 electoral votes; and Bell, 590,901 (12. 5%) for 39 electoral votes. There were fusion tickets in some states, but even if his opponents had combined in every state, Lincoln had a majority vote in all but two of the states in which he won the electoral votes and would still have won the electoral college and the election. Electoral fusion is an arrangement where two or more political parties support a common Candidate, pooling the votes for all those parties
Presidency and the Civil War
Secession winter 1860–1861
As Lincoln's election became more likely, secessionists made it clear that their states would leave the Union. South Carolina took the lead, followed by six other cotton-growing states in the deep South. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. The upper South (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) listened to and rejected the secessionist appeal. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. They decided to stay in the Union, though they warned Lincoln that they would not support an invasion through their territory. The seven Confederate states seceded before Lincoln took office, declaring themselves to be a new nation, the Confederate States of America. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy.
President-elect Lincoln evaded possible assassins in Baltimore, and on February 23, 1861, arrived in disguise in Washington, D. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common C. At his inauguration on March 4, 1861, the German American Turners formed Lincoln's bodyguard; and a sizable garrison of federal troops was also present, ready to protect the capital from Confederate invasion and local insurrection. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common German Americans ( German: Deutschamerikaner) are citizens of the United States of Ethnic German ancestry Turners (Turner gymnasts in English are German-American gymnastic clubs
In his First Inaugural Address, Lincoln declared, "I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Lincoln's First Inaugural Address, delivered March 4, 1861, was deeply conciliatory to Southern slave-holding interests Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments," arguing further that the purpose of the United States Constitution was "to form a more perfect union" than the Articles of Confederation which were explicitly perpetual, thus the Constitution too was perpetual. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, also the Articles of Confederation was the governing Constitution of the alliance of thirteen independent and He asked rhetorically that even were the Constitution a simple contract, would it not require the agreement of all parties to rescind it?
Also in his inaugural address, in a final attempt to reunite the states and prevent the looming war, Lincoln supported the pending Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which had already passed Congress. The Corwin Amendment was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States Congress on February 28 1861 This amendment, which explicitly protected slavery in those states in which it existed, was designed to appeal not to the Confederacy but to the critical border states. At the same time, Lincoln adamantly opposed the Crittenden Compromise, which would have permitted slavery in the territories. The Crittenden Compromise ( December 18, 1860) was an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J Despite support for the Crittenden compromise among some prominent Republicans (including William Seward), Lincoln denounced it saying that it "would amount to a perpetual covenant of war against every people, tribe, and state owning a foot of land between here and Tierra del Fuego. This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State Tierra del Fuego ( Spanish for " Land of Fire " in English tiˈɛərə dɛl ˈfweɪgoʊ] Spanish ˈtjerað̞elˈfweɰo is an Archipelago "
By the time Lincoln took office, the Confederacy was an established fact, and no leaders of the insurrection proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. No compromise was found because a compromise was deemed virtually impossible. Buchanan might have allowed the southern states to secede, and some Republicans recommended that. However, conservative Democratic nationalists, such as Jeremiah S. Black, Joseph Holt, and Edwin M. Stanton had taken control of Buchanan's cabinet around January 1, 1861, and refused to accept secession. Jeremiah Sullivan Black ( January 10, 1810 &ndash August 19, 1883) was an American statesman and lawyer General Joseph Holt ( January 6, 1807 &ndash August 1, 1894) was a leading member of the Buchanan administration and was Edwin McMasters Stanton ( December 19, 1814 &ndash December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer politician United States New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Lincoln and nearly every Republican leader adopted this position by March 1861: the Union could not be dismantled. Believing that a peaceful solution was still possible, Lincoln decided to not take any action against the South unless the Unionists themselves were attacked first. This finally happened in April 1861.
Historian Allan Nevins argues that Lincoln made three miscalculations in believing that he could preserve the Union, hold government property, and still avoid war. Allan Nevins ( May 20, 1890 - March 5, 1971) was an American historian and journalist He "temporarily underrated the gravity of the crisis," overestimated the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South and border states, and misunderstood the conditional support of Unionists in the border states. [26]
Fighting begins: 1861–1862
In April 1861, after Union troops at Fort Sumter were fired upon and forced to surrender, Lincoln called on the governors of every state to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts, protect the capital, and "preserve the Union," which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Background South Carolina declared its secession from the Union shortly after Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, and by February 1861 six Virginia, which had repeatedly warned Lincoln that it would not allow an invasion of its territory or join an attack on another state, responded by seceding, along with North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States.
The slave states of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware did not secede, and Lincoln urgently negotiated with state leaders there, promising not to interfere with slavery. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. After the fighting started, he had rebel leaders arrested in all the border areas (especially in Maryland) and held in military prisons without trial. Over 18,000 were arrested, though none were executed. One, Clement Vallandigham, was exiled; but all of the remainder were released, usually after two or three months (see: Ex parte Merryman). Clement Laird Vallandigham (pronounced velan´digham -gam) ( July 29, 1820 &ndash June 17, 1871) was an Ohio unionist Ex parte Merryman, 17 F Cas 144 (1861 is a well-known US federal court case which arose out of the American Civil War.
Emancipation Proclamation
In July 1862, Congress moved to free the slaves by passing the Second Confiscation Act. The goal was to weaken the rebellion, which was led and controlled by slave owners. While it did not abolish the legal institution of slavery (the Thirteenth Amendment did that), the Act showed that Lincoln had the support of Congress in liberating slaves owned by rebels. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those This new law was implemented with Lincoln's "Emancipation Proclamation. "
Ending slavery was always a primary goal of the Lincoln administration. However, the American public was slow to embrace the idea. In a shrewdly penned letter to Horace Greeley, editor of The New York Tribune, Lincoln masked his goal of ending slavery by making it subservient to the cause of preserving the union:
I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored; the nearer the Union will be "the Union as it was. " . . . My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believe doing more will help the cause. I shall try to correct errors when shown to be errors; and I shall adopt new views so fast as they shall appear to be true views. I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free. [27]
The Emancipation Proclamation, announced on September 22 and put into effect on January 1, 1863, freed slaves in territories not under Union control. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common As Union armies advanced south, more slaves were liberated until all of them in Confederate hands (over three million) were freed. Lincoln later said: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper. " The proclamation made the abolition of slavery in the rebel states an official war goal. Lincoln then threw his energies into passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to permanently abolish slavery throughout the nation. [28]
In September 1862, thirteen northern governors met in Altoona, Pennsylvania, at the Loyal War Governors' Conference to discuss the Proclamation and Union war effort. Altoona is a city in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. The Loyal War Governors' Conference was an important political event of the American Civil War. In the end, the state executives fully supported the president's Proclamation and also suggested the removal of General George B. McClellan as commander of the Union's Army of the Potomac. George Brinton McClellan ( December 3 1826 October 29 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War. The Army of the Potomac was the major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. [29]
For some time, Lincoln continued earlier plans to set up colonies for the newly freed slaves. Abraham Lincoln's position on freeing the slaves was one of the central issues in American history. He commented favorably on colonization in the Emancipation Proclamation, but all attempts at such a massive undertaking failed. As Frederick Douglass observed, Lincoln was, "The first great man that I talked with in the United States freely who in no single instance reminded me of the difference between himself and myself, of the difference of color. Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator "[30]
Gettysburg Address
In spite of the fact that the Battle of Gettysburg was a Union victory, it was also the bloodiest battle of the war and dealt a great blow to Lincoln's war effort. The Gettysburg Address is a speech by US President Abraham Lincoln and one of the most quoted speeches in United States history. Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] As the Union Army decreased in numbers due to casualties, more soldiers were needed to replace the ranks. Lincoln's 1863 military drafts were considered "odious" among many in the north, particularly immigrants. The New York Draft Riots of July, 1863 were the most notable manifestation of this discontent. The New York Draft Riots (July 11 to July 16 1863 known at the time as Draft Week) were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination
Writing to Lincoln in September 1863, the Pennsylvania governor, Andrew Curtin, warned that political sentiments were turning against Lincoln and the war effort:
If the election were to occur now, the result would be extremely doubtful, and although most of our discreet friends are sanguine of the result, my impression is, the chances would be against us. Andrew Gregg Curtin ( April 22, 1817 – October 7, 1894) was a U The draft is very odious in the State. . . the Democratic leaders have succeeded in exciting prejudice and passion, and have infused their poison into the minds of the people to a very large extent, and the changes are against us. [31]
By November 1863, Lincoln was quite sensible of the fact that he desperately needed to do or say something that might revive popular support for the war effort. Operating in an era without TV, radio, or internet, Lincoln would have to get his message out via the press. His presence at the dedication of the Gettysburg cemetery would certainly draw reporters from around the country, and by means of their reports, Lincoln could speak to the nation. Hence, his decision to go to Gettysburg and urge the Union to highly resolve that the dead there "shall not have died in vain" was Lincoln's way of saying that if the Copperheads had their way, then the men who there gave the "last full measure of devotion" will have done so for no reason at all. The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States (see also Union (American Civil War) who opposed the American Civil In the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln was proposing a question: what would these men who died for this cause want us to do--quit now or finish the job? How the country answered this question would determine the 1864 election. The Gettysburg Address is a speech by US President Abraham Lincoln and one of the most quoted speeches in United States history.
The political power of Lincoln's rhetoric was undeniable. Even a Copperhead with the misfortune of Mrs. Bixby would be moved by Lincoln's call to "be here dedicated to the unfinished work" that men like her sons had thus far so nobly advanced. The Bixby Letter is a famous letter credited to United States President Abraham Lincoln, to a bereaved mother of five sons who were thought to have died Perhaps the most important political consequence of the power of the Gettysburg Address is that Lincoln indeed won the election in 1864, thus assuring that the war would continue until the victory had been achieved.
1864 election and second inauguration
After Union victories at Gettysburg, Vicksburg and Chattanooga in 1863, overall victory seemed at hand, and Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant General-in-Chief ( March 12, 1864). In the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] Background See also [[Vicksburg Campaign]] After crossing the Mississippi south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast Grant had won battles at The Third Battle of Chattanooga (popularly known as The Battle of Chattanooga, and including the Battle of Lookout Mountain and the Battle of Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year When the spring campaigns turned into bloody stalemates, Lincoln supported Grant's strategy of wearing down Lee's Confederate army at the cost of heavy Union casualties. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated With an election looming, he easily defeated efforts to deny his renomination. At the Convention, the Republican Party selected Andrew Johnson, a War Democrat from the Southern state of Tennessee, as his running mate in order to form a broader coalition. Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination War Democrats were those who broke with the majority of the Democratic Party and supported the military policies of President Abraham Lincoln during the They ran on the new Union Party ticket uniting Republicans and War Democrats. The National Union Party was a political party in the United States from 1864 to 1868.
Nevertheless, Republicans across the country feared that Lincoln would be defeated. Acknowledging this fear, Lincoln wrote and signed a pledge that, if he should lose the election, he would nonetheless defeat the Confederacy by an all-out military effort before turning over the White House:[32]
This morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be re-elected. Then it will be my duty to so co-operate with the President elect, as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground that he cannot possibly save it afterwards. [33]
Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope.
While the Democratic platform followed the Peace wing of the party and called the war a "failure," their candidate, General George B. McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States (see also Union (American Civil War) who opposed the American Civil George Brinton McClellan ( December 3 1826 October 29 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War.
Lincoln provided Grant with new replacements and mobilized his party to support Grant and win local support for the war effort. Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September ended defeatist jitters; the Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln; the Union party was united and energized, and Lincoln was easily reelected in a landslide. He won all but two states, capturing 212 of 233 electoral votes.
On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address, his favorite of all his speeches. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Abraham Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865, at the start of his second term as President of the United At this time, a victory over the rebels was at hand, slavery was dead, and Lincoln was looking to the future.
Fondly do we hope — fervently do we pray — that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether. " With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan — to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations. [34]
Conducting the war effort
The war was a source of constant frustration for the president, and occupied nearly all of his time. William Pitt Fessenden (October 16 1806 &ndash September 8 1869 was an American politician from the U Edwin McMasters Stanton ( December 19, 1814 &ndash December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer politician United States This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State Gideon Welles ( July 1, 1802 &ndash February 11, 1878) was the United States Secretary of the Navy from 1861 to 1869 He had a contentious relationship with General McClellan, who became general-in-chief of all the Union armies in the wake of the embarrassing Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run and after the retirement of Winfield Scott in late 1861. George Brinton McClellan ( December 3 1826 October 29 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War. Background Brig Gen Irvin McDowell was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to command the Army of Northeastern Virginia. Winfield Scott ( June 13, 1786 &ndash May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general Diplomat, and presidential candidate Despite his inexperience in military affairs, Lincoln wanted to take an active part in determining war strategy. His priorities were twofold: to ensure that Washington, D. C. , was well defended; and to conduct an aggressive war effort in the hope of ending the war quickly and appeasing the Northern public and press. McClellan, a youthful West Point graduate and railroad executive called back to active military service, took a more cautious approach. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, He took several months to plan and execute his Peninsula Campaign, with the objective of capturing Richmond by moving the Army of the Potomac by boat to the peninsula between the James and York Rivers. The Peninsula Campaign (also known as the Peninsular Campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Army of the Potomac was the major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. The Virginia Peninsula is a Peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake The James River in the US state of Virginia is a long River, including its Jackson River source The York River is a navigable Estuary, approximately 40 mi (64 km long in eastern Virginia in the United States. McClellan's delay irritated Lincoln, as did his insistence that no troops were needed to defend Washington, D. C. Lincoln insisted on holding some of McClellan's troops to defend the capital, a decision McClellan blamed for the ultimate failure of the Peninsula Campaign.
McClellan, a lifelong Democrat who was temperamentally conservative, was relieved as general-in-chief after releasing his Harrison's Landing Letter, where he offered unsolicited political advice to Lincoln urging caution in the war effort. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. McClellan's letter incensed Radical Republicans, who successfully pressured Lincoln to appoint John Pope, a Republican, as head of the new Army of Virginia. John Pope ( March 16, 1822 &ndash September 23, 1892) was a career United States Army officer and Union general in The Army of Virginia was organized as a major unit of the Union Army and operated briefly and unsuccessfully in 1862 in the American Civil War. Pope complied with Lincoln's strategic desire to move toward Richmond from the north, thus protecting the capital from attack. But Pope was soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington for a second time. Background and opposing forces See also Northern Virginia Campaign See also [[Second Bull Run Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] In response to his failure, Pope was sent to Minnesota to fight the Sioux. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people
Panicked by Lee's invasion of Maryland, Lincoln restored McClellan to command of all forces around Washington in time for the Battle of Antietam (September 1862). Note that Mathew B Brady spelled his first name with only one "t" Thomas "Tad" Lincoln ( April 4, 1853 – July 15, 1871) was the fourth and youngest son of President Abraham Lincoln The ensuing Union victory enabled Lincoln to release his Emancipation Proclamation, but he relieved McClellan of his command shortly after the 1862 midterm elections and appointed Republican Ambrose Burnside to head the Army of the Potomac. Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23 1824 September 13 1881 was an American soldier railroad executive inventor industrialist and politician from Rhode Island, Burnside had promised to follow through on Lincoln's strategic vision for a strong offensive against Lee and Richmond. After Burnside was stunningly defeated at Fredericksburg, Joseph Hooker was given the command, despite his idle talk about the necessity for a military dictator to win the war and a past history of criticizing his commanders. Background and Burnside's plan The battle was the result of an effort by the Union Army to regain the initiative in its struggle against Lee's smaller but more aggressive army Joseph Hooker ( November 13, 1814 &ndash October 31, 1879) was a career United States Army officer fought in the Mexican-American [35] Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1863), and relieved of command early in the subsequent Gettysburg Campaign replaced by George Meade. Forces and plans The Chancellorsville campaign began with the potential of leading to one of the most lopsided clashes in the war The Gettysburg Campaign was a series of battles fought in June and July 1863 during the American Civil War. George Gordon Meade ( December 31, 1815 &ndash November 6, 1872) was a career United States Army officer and civil engineer involved
After the Union victory at Gettysburg, Meade's failure to pursue Lee and months of inactivity for the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln to bring in a western general, Ulysses S. Grant. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Grant already had a solid string of victories in the Western Theater, including the battles of Vicksburg and Chattanooga. The Third Battle of Chattanooga (popularly known as The Battle of Chattanooga, and including the Battle of Lookout Mountain and the Battle of Responding to criticism of Grant, Lincoln was quoted as saying, "I cannot spare this man. He fights. " Grant waged his bloody Overland Campaign in 1864 with a strategy of a war of attrition, characterized by high Union losses at battles such as the Wilderness and Cold Harbor, but by proportionately higher Confederate losses. The Overland Campaign, also known as Grant's Overland Campaign and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and This article is about the military strategy For the Israeli-Egyptian conflict see War of Attrition, for the game theoretical model see War of attrition (game Background The battlefield was the Wilderness of Spotsylvania an expanse of nearly impenetrable scrub growth and rough terrain that encompassed more than 70 square miles (181 The Battle of Cold Harbor, the final battle of Union Lt Gen Ulysses S His invasion campaign eventually bottled Lee up in the Siege of Petersburg, so that Grant could take Richmond, and bring the war to a close in the spring of 1865. The Richmond-Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865
Lincoln authorized Grant to target civilians and infrastructure, hoping to destroy the South's morale and weaken its economic ability to continue fighting. For the item of clothing see Top hat. For the fictional TUGS character see Top Hat (TUGS. Allan Pinkerton (25 August 1819 &ndash 1 July 1884 was a Scottish Detective and spy, best known for creating the Pinkerton Agency, the first John Alexander McClernand ( May 30 1812 &ndash September 20 1900) was an American lawyer and politician and a Union general This allowed Generals Sherman and Sheridan to destroy farms and towns in the Shenandoah Valley, Georgia, and South Carolina. Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War The Shenandoah Valley region of western Virginia and West Virginia is bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Appalachian The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The damage caused by Sherman's March to the Sea through Georgia totaled in excess of $100 million by Sherman's own estimate. Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj [36]
Lincoln had a star-crossed record as a military leader, possessing a keen understanding of strategic points (such as the Mississippi River and the fortress city of Vicksburg) and the importance of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing cities. He had, however, limited success in motivating his commanders to adopt his strategies until late 1863, when he found a man who shared his vision of the war in Ulysses S. Grant. Only then could he insist on using African American troops and relentlessly pursue a series of coordinated offensives in multiple theaters. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa
Throughout the war, Lincoln showed a keen curiosity with the military campaigns. He spent hours at the War Department telegraph office, reading dispatches from his generals. The United States Department of War, sometimes also called the War Office, was the department of the United States government 's executive branch He visited battle sites frequently, and seemed fascinated by watching scenes of war. During Jubal Anderson Early's raid on Washington, D.C. in 1864, Lincoln had to be told to duck to avoid being shot while observing the battle. Jubal Anderson Early ( November 3 1816 &ndash March 2 1894) was a Lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil Background In June 1864 Gen Jubal Early was dispatched by Gen
Reconstruction
Reconstruction began during the war as Lincoln and his associates pondered questions of how to reintegrate the Southern states and what to do with Confederate leaders and the freed slaves. Lincoln led the "moderates" regarding Reconstructionist policy, and was usually opposed by the Radical Republicans, under Thaddeus Stevens in the House and Charles Sumner and Benjamin Wade in the Senate (though he cooperated with these men on most other issues). The Radical Republicans is a term applied to a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War Thaddeus Stevens ( April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868) of Pennsylvania, was a Republican leader and one of the most powerful Charles Sumner (January 6 1811 &ndash March 11 1874 was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade ( October 27, 1800 &ndash March 2, 1878) was a U Determined to find a course that would reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held throughout the war in areas behind Union lines. His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office, had not mistreated Union prisoners, and would sign an oath of allegiance. During the American Civil War, in December 1863 Abraham Lincoln offered a full pardon called the 10 percent Reconstruction plan Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [37] Critical decisions had to be made as state after state was reconquered. Of special importance were Tennessee, where Lincoln appointed Andrew Johnson as governor, and Louisiana, where Lincoln attempted a plan that would restore statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed to it. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The Radicals thought this policy too lenient, and passed their own plan, the Wade-Davis Bill, in 1864. The Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 was a program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio When Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill, the Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat representatives elected from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. A pocket veto is a legislative maneuver in American federal Lawmaking that allows the President to indirectly Veto a bill [38]
On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House in Virginia, and the war was effectively over. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Appomattox Court House is a village located three miles (5 km east of Appomattox, Virginia, USA (25 miles east of Lynchburg Virginia, in the The other rebel armies surrendered soon after, and there was no subsequent guerrilla warfare. Lincoln went to Richmond to make a public gesture of sitting at Jefferson Davis's own desk, symbolically saying to the nation that the President of the United States held authority over the entire land. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the He was greeted at the city as a conquering hero by freed slaves, whose sentiments were epitomized by one admirer's quote, "I know I am free for I have seen the face of Father Abraham and have felt him. " When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates should be treated, Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy. "[39][40]
Home front
Redefining Republicanism
Lincoln's powerful rhetoric defined the issues of the war for the nation, the world, and posterity. His extraordinary command of the English language was evidenced in the Gettysburg Address, a speech dedicating the cemetery at Gettysburg that he delivered on November 19, 1863. The Gettysburg Address is a speech by US President Abraham Lincoln and one of the most quoted speeches in United States history. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The speech defied Lincoln's own prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here. " Lincoln's second inaugural address is also greatly admired and often quoted. In these speeches, Lincoln articulated better than anyone else the rationale behind the Union cause.
In recent years, historians have stressed Lincoln's use of and redefinition of republican values. Republicanism is the Value system of Governance that has been a major part of American civic thought since the American Revolution As early as the 1850s, a time when most political rhetoric focused on the sanctity of the Constitution, Lincoln shifted emphasis to the Declaration of Independence as the foundation of American political values — what he called the "sheet anchor" of republicanism. The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then [41] The Declaration's emphasis on freedom and equality for all, rather than the Constitution's tolerance of slavers, shifted the debate. As Diggins concludes regarding the highly influential Cooper Union speech, "Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself. The Cooper Union Speech, or Address of American President Abraham Lincoln was delivered on February 27, 1860, at Cooper Union "[42] His position gained strength because he highlighted the moral basis of republicanism, rather than its legalisms. [43][44] Nevertheless, in 1861 Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms (the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a "republican form of government" in every state. [45] That duty was also the principle underlying federal intervention in Reconstruction.
In his Gettysburg Address Lincoln redefined the American nation, arguing that it was born not in 1789 but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. The Gettysburg Address is a speech by US President Abraham Lincoln and one of the most quoted speeches in United States history. " He declared that the sacrifices of battle had rededicated the nation to the propositions of democracy and equality, "that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. " By emphasizing the centrality of the nation, he rebuffed the claims of state sovereignty. While some critics say Lincoln moved too far and too fast, they agree that he dedicated the nation to values that marked "a new founding of the nation. "[46]
Civil liberties suspended
During the Civil War, Lincoln appropriated powers no previous President had wielded: he used his war powers to proclaim a blockade, suspended the writ of habeas corpus, spent money without congressional authorization, and imprisoned 18,000 suspected Confederate sympathizers without trial. The Union Blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865 during the American Civil War, in which the Union Navy maintained a massive effort on the Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief
Domestic measures
Lincoln believed in the Whig theory of the presidency, which left Congress to write the laws while he signed them, vetoing only those bills that threatened his war powers. Thus, he signed the Homestead Act in 1862, making millions of acres of government-held land in the West available for purchase at very low cost. The' Homestead Act' was a United States Federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to 160 Acres (one quarter section or about 65 Hectares The Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, also signed in 1862, provided government grants for agricultural universities in each state. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869. This article refers to a railroad built in the United States between Omaha and Sacramento completed in 1869 Other important legislation involved economic matters, including the first income tax and higher tariffs. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary Also included was the creation of the system of national banks by the National Banking Acts of 1863, 1864, and 1865, which allowed the creation of a strong national financial system. The National Bank Act (ch 58 12 Stat 665 February 25 1863) was a United States federal law that established a system of national charters for Banks Congress created and Lincoln approved the Department of Agriculture in 1862, although that institution would not become a Cabinet-level department until 1889.
The Legal Tender Act of 1862 established the United States Note, the first paper currency in United States history. A United States Note (known popularly in its day as a "greenback" is a fiat paper currency that was issued directly into circulation by the United A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a This was done to increase the money supply to pay for fighting the war.
During the war, Lincoln's Treasury Department effectively controlled all cotton trade in the occupied South — the most dramatic incursion of federal controls on the economy. The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department and the Treasury of the United States government.
In 1862, Lincoln sent a senior general, John Pope, to put down the "Sioux Uprising" in Minnesota. John Pope ( March 16, 1822 &ndash September 23, 1892) was a career United States Army officer and Union general in The Dakota War of 1862 (also known as the Sioux Uprising, Sioux Outbreak of 1862, the Dakota Conflict, the U Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Presented with 303 death warrants for convicted Santee Dakota who had massacred innocent farmers, Lincoln affirmed 39 of these for execution (one was later reprieved).
Medical history
As a child, Lincoln was tall for his age. He reached his adult height of 6 feet 3. 75 inches (1. 924 m) no later than age 21. Friends noticed that his arms, legs, hands, and feet were long. Although well muscled as a young adult, he was always thin. Fragmentary evidence says he weighed 160–180 pounds before the Presidency, but lost weight while in the White House.
Based on Lincoln's unusual physical appearance, Dr. Abraham Gordon proposed in 1962 that Lincoln had Marfan syndrome. Marfan syndrome (or Marfan's syndrome is a genetic disorder of the Connective tissue. [47] Lincoln's unremarkable cardiovascular history and his normal visual acuity have been the chief objections to the theory, and today the diagnosis is considered unlikely. [48][49] Testing Lincoln's DNA for Marfan syndrome was contemplated in the 1990s, but was not done.
In 2007, Dr. John Sotos proposed that Lincoln had a marfan-like disease called multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2B (MEN2B or MEN 2B). The term multiple endocrine Neoplasia ( MEN) encompasses several distinct Syndromes featuring tumors of endocrine glands each with its own characteristic [50] This theory suggests that Lincoln had all the major features of the disease: (1) a marfan-like body shape, (2) large, bumpy lips, (3) constipation, (4) muscular hypotonia, (5) a family history of the disorder (his sons Eddie, Willie, and Tad, and probably his mother), and (6) a history compatible with cancer. Hypotonia is a condition of abnormally low Muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle often involving reduced muscle strength Edward Baker "Eddie" Lincoln ( March 10, 1846 &ndash February 1, 1850) was the second son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary William Wallace "Willie" Lincoln ( December 21 1850 – February 20 1862) was the third son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Thomas "Tad" Lincoln ( April 4, 1853 – July 15, 1871) was the fourth and youngest son of President Abraham Lincoln For the passenger train see Nancy Hanks (passenger train. For the National Endowment for the Arts chairman The "mole" on Lincoln's right cheek, the asymmetry of his face, his large jaw, his drooping eyelid, and "pseudo-depression" are also suggested as manifestations of MEN2B. Lincoln's longevity is the principal challenge to the MEN2B theory, which could be proven by DNA testing.
Other illnesses include:[51] frostbitten feet, malaria, traumatic unconsciousness, and smallpox. Frostbite ( congelatio in Medical terminology) is the Medical condition whereby damage is caused to Skin and other tissues Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Claims that Lincoln had syphilis about 1835 have been controversial,[52][53] but a recent analysis finds them credible. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. [54]
Assassination
- Further information: Abraham Lincoln's burial and exhumation
Originally, John Wilkes Booth, a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland, had formulated a plan to kidnap Lincoln in exchange for the release of Confederate prisoners. The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, one of the last major events in the American Civil War, took place on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, when Abraham Lincoln was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield Illinois, where a 177-foot-tall granite tomb surmounted with several bronze statues of Lincoln was Henry Reed Rathbone ( July 1, 1837 &ndash August 14, 1911) was a United States military officer and diplomat This article is about Senator Ira Harris' daughter from New York Abraham Lincoln assassination John Wilkes Booth (May 10 1838 – April 26 1865 was an American stage actor who assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the Abraham Lincoln assassination John Wilkes Booth (May 10 1838 – April 26 1865 was an American stage actor who assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment After attending an April 11 speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, an incensed Booth changed his plans and determined to assassinate the president. [55] Learning that the President and First Lady, together with the Grants, would be attending Ford's Theatre, he laid his plans, assigning his co-conspirators to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Ford's Theatre is a historic Theatre in Washington DC, used for various The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State
Without his main bodyguard Ward Hill Lamon, to whom he related his famous dream regarding his own assassination, Lincoln left to attend the play Our American Cousin on April 14, 1865. Ward Hill Lamon ( January 6, 1828 - May 7, 1893) was a personal friend and self-appointed Bodyguard of the American Our American Cousin is a play in three acts by Tom Taylor. The play is a farcical comedy whose plot is based on the introduction of an awkward boorish Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year As a lone bodyguard wandered, and Lincoln sat in his state box (Box 7) in the balcony, Booth crept up behind the President and waited for the funniest line of the play, hoping the laughter would muffle the noise of the gunshot. When the laughter began, Booth jumped into the box and aimed a single-shot, round-slug . 44 caliber Henry Deringer at his head, firing at point-blank range. Henry Deringer ( October 26, 1786 - February 28, 1868) was an American Gunsmith. Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth but was cut by Booth's knife. Henry Reed Rathbone ( July 1, 1837 &ndash August 14, 1911) was a United States military officer and diplomat Booth then leapt to the stage and shouted "Sic semper tyrannis!" (Latin: "Thus always to tyrants") and escaped, despite a broken leg suffered in the leap. Sic semper tyrannis is a Latin phrase meaning "thus ever (or always to tyrants [56] A twelve-day manhunt ensued, in which Booth was chased by Federal agents (under the direction of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton). The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Edwin McMasters Stanton ( December 19, 1814 &ndash December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer politician United States He was eventually cornered in a Virginia barn house and shot, dying of his wounds soon after.
An army surgeon, Doctor Charles Leale, initially assessed Lincoln's wound as mortal. A funeral train is a Train specially chartered in order to carry a Coffin or coffins to a Resting place. Charles Augustus Leale (March 26 1842 – June 13 1932 was an American Civil War union army medical surgeon A mortal wound is a very severe Injury (almost always a form of Penetration or Laceration) whether accidental or inflicted intentionally (via either The President was taken across the street from the theater to the Petersen House, where he lay in a coma for nine hours before he died. Ford's Theatre is a historic Theatre in Washington DC, used for various Several physicians attended Lincoln, including U.S. Army Surgeon General Joseph K. This article is about the senior physician in the US Army For the head of the U Barnes of the Army Medical Museum. The National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM originally known as the Army Medical Museum (AMM is a museum in Washington D Using a probe, Barnes located some fragments of Lincoln's skull and the ball lodged 6 inches (15 cm) inside his brain. Lincoln never regained consciousness and was officially pronounced dead at 7:22:10 a. m. April 15, 1865 at the age of 56. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year There is some disagreement among historians as to Stanton's words after Lincoln died. All agree that he began "Now he belongs to the. . . " with some stating he said "ages" while others believe he said "angels. "[56] After Lincoln's body was returned to the White House, a brain-only autopsy was performed, and his body was prepared for his lying in repose in the East Room. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Lying in repose is a term used to describe when a deceased person often of some stature is available for public viewing | |-| |-| |-| |-|-| |} The East Room is the largest room in the White House, the home of the President of the United States. He was the first president to be assassinated or to lie in state. Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased
The Army Medical Museum, now named the National Museum of Health and Medicine, has retained in its collection several artifacts relating to the assassination. Currently on display are the bullet that was fired from the Philadelphia Deringer pistol, the probe used by Barnes, pieces of Lincoln's skull and hair, and the surgeon's cuff stained with Lincoln's blood. Henry Deringer ( October 26, 1786 - February 28, 1868) was an American Gunsmith.
Lincoln's body was carried by train in a grand funeral procession through several states on its way back to Illinois. [56] While much of the nation mourned him as the savior of the United States, Copperheads celebrated the death of a man they considered an unconstitutional tyrant. The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States (see also Union (American Civil War) who opposed the American Civil The Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, is 177 feet (54 m) tall and, by 1874, was surmounted with several bronze statues of Lincoln. Lincoln's Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield Illinois, is the final resting place of 16th President of the United States Abraham Lincoln To prevent repeated attempts to steal Lincoln's body and hold it for ransom, Robert Todd Lincoln had Lincoln exhumed and reinterred in concrete several feet thick in 1901. Robert Todd Lincoln ( August 1, 1843 &ndash July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer and politician and the first son of President Burial, also called interment and inhumation, is the act of placing a person or object into the ground
With over 120 photographs taken of him, Lincoln was the most photographed man in the United States up to the time he was assassinated.
Presidential appointments
Administration and cabinet
Lincoln was known for appointing political rivals to high positions in his cabinet to keep in line all factions of his party — and to let them battle each other and not combine against Lincoln. Historians agree that except for Simon Cameron, it was a highly effective group. Simon Cameron ( March 8, 1799 &ndash June 26, 1889) was an American politician who served as United States Secretary of
| The Lincoln Cabinet | ||
|---|---|---|
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
| President | Abraham Lincoln | 1861 – 1865 |
| Vice President | Hannibal Hamlin | 1861 – 1865 |
| Andrew Johnson | 1865 | |
| Secretary of State | William H. Seward | 1861 – 1865 |
| Secretary of Treasury | Salmon P. Chase | 1861 – 1864 |
| William P. Fessenden | 1864 – 1865 | |
| Hugh McCulloch | 1865 | |
| Secretary of War | Simon Cameron | 1861 – 1862 |
| Edwin M. Stanton | 1862 – 1865 | |
| Attorney General | Edward Bates | 1861 – 1864 |
| James Speed | 1864 – 1865 | |
| Postmaster General | Montgomery Blair | 1861 – 1864 |
| William Dennison | 1864 – 1865 | |
| Secretary of the Navy | Gideon Welles | 1861 – 1865 |
| Secretary of the Interior | Caleb B. Smith | 1861 – 1862 |
| John P. Usher | 1863 – 1865 | |
Supreme Court
Lincoln appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- Noah Haynes Swayne – 1862
- Samuel Freeman Miller – 1862
- David Davis – 1862
- Stephen Johnson Field – 1863
- Salmon P. Chase – Chief Justice – 1864
Major presidential acts
Signed as President
- Revenue Act of 1861
- Homestead Act
- Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
- Revenue Act of 1862
- Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864
- United States Department of Agriculture (1862)
- National Banking Act of 1863
- Revenue Act of 1864
States admitted to the Union
- West Virginia – 1863
- Nevada – 1864
Religious and philosophical beliefs
- Further information: Abraham Lincoln and religion
In March 1860 in a speech in New Haven, Connecticut, Lincoln said, with respect to slavery, “Whenever this question shall be settled, it must be settled on some philosophical basis. George Peter Alexander Healy ( July 15, 1813 - June 24, 1894) American painter, was born in Boston Massachusetts The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Hannibal Hamlin (August 27 1809 July 4 1891 was the fifteenth Vice President of the United States, serving under President Abraham Lincoln from Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Salmon Portland Chase ( January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era William Pitt Fessenden (October 16 1806 &ndash September 8 1869 was an American politician from the U For the American poet see Hugh McCulloch (poet. Hugh McCulloch ( December 7, 1808 &ndash May 24, 1895) was an The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Simon Cameron ( March 8, 1799 &ndash June 26, 1889) was an American politician who served as United States Secretary of Edwin McMasters Stanton ( December 19, 1814 &ndash December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer politician United States The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Edward Bates ( September 4, 1793 &ndash March 25, 1869) was a U James Speed ( March 11, 1812 &ndash June 25, 1887) was an American lawyer politician and professor The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. Montgomery Blair ( May 10, 1813 &ndash July 27, 1883) the son of Francis Preston Blair, elder brother of Francis Preston The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. Gideon Welles ( July 1, 1802 &ndash February 11, 1878) was the United States Secretary of the Navy from 1861 to 1869 The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. Caleb Blood Smith ( April 16, 1808 &ndash January 7, 1864) was an American journalist and politician serving in the Cabinet John Palmer Usher ( January 16, 1816 &ndash April 13, 1889) was a U The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Noah Haynes Swayne ( December 7, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1884) was an American Jurist and politician Samuel Freeman Miller ( April 5, 1816 &ndash October 13, 1890) was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, 1862&ndash1890 David Davis ( March 9, 1815 &ndash June 26, 1886) was a United States Senator from Illinois and Associate justice Stephen Johnson Field ( November 4 1816 &ndash April 9 1899) was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from Salmon Portland Chase ( January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U The Revenue Act of 1861, formally cited as Act of August 5 1861 Chap The' Homestead Act' was a United States Federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to 160 Acres (one quarter section or about 65 Hectares The Revenue Act of 1862 ( July 1, 1862, Ch 119) was passed by the United States Congress during the American Civil War and signed into law The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 (12 Statutes at Large 489 as enacted by the United States Congress, was approved and signed into law by the President Abraham The National Bank Act (ch 58 12 Stat 665 February 25 1863) was a United States federal law that established a system of national charters for Banks The Internal Revenue Act of 1864, 13 Stat 223 (June 30 1864 increased the Income tax rates established by the Internal Revenue Act of 1862. West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. Abraham Lincoln 's religious beliefs are a matter of controversy Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. No policy that does not rest upon some philosophical public opinion can be permanently maintained. " The philosophical basis for Lincoln’s beliefs regarding slavery and other issues of the day require that Lincoln be examined "seriously as a man of ideas. " Lincoln was a strong supporter of the American Whig version of liberal capitalism who, more than most politicians of the time, was able to express his ideas within the context of Nineteenth Century religious beliefs. The Whig Party was a Political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where [57]
There were few people who strongly or directly influenced Lincoln’s moral and intellectual development and perspectives. There was no teacher, mentor, church leader, community leader, or peer that Lincoln would credit in later years as a strong influence on his intellectual development. Lacking a formal education, Lincoln’s personal philosophy was shaped by "an amazingly retentive memory and a passion for reading and learning. " It was Lincoln’s reading, rather than his relationships, that were most influential in shaping his personal beliefs. [58][59]
Lincoln did, even as a boy, largely reject organized religion, but the Calvinistic "doctrine of necessity" would remain a factor throughout his life. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the In 1846 Lincoln described the effect of this doctrine as "that the human mind is impelled to action, or held in rest by some power, over which the mind itself has no control. "[60] In April 1864, in justifying his actions in regard to Emancipation, Lincoln wrote, "I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it. "[61]
As Lincoln matured, and especially during his term as president, the idea of a divine will somehow interacting with human affairs more and more influenced his public expressions. On a personal level, the death of his son Willie in February 1862 may have caused Lincoln to look towards religion for answers and solace. [62] After Willie’s death, in the summer or early fall of 1862, Lincoln attempted to put on paper his private musings on why, from a divine standpoint, the severity of the war was necessary:
The will of God prevails. Will, or willpower is a philosophical concept that is defined in several different ways In great contests each party claims to act in accordance with the will of God. Both may be, and one must be, wrong. God cannot be for and against the same thing at the same time. In the present civil war it is quite possible that God's purpose is something different from the purpose of either party—and yet the human instrumentalities, working just as they do, are of the best adaptation to effect his purpose. I am almost ready to say this is probably true—that God wills this contest, and wills that it shall not end yet. By his mere quiet power, on the minds of the now contestants, He could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds. [63]
Lincoln’s religious skepticism was fueled by his exposure to the ideas of the Lockean Enlightenment and classical liberalism, especially economic liberalism. In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Economic liberalism is the Economic component of Classical liberalism. [58] Consistent with the common practice of the Whig party, Lincoln would often use the Declaration of Independence as the philosophical and moral expression of these two philosophies. The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then [64] In a February 22, 1861 speech at Independence Hall in Philadelphia Lincoln said,
I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common … It was not the mere matter of the separation of the Colonies from the motherland; but that sentiment in the Declaration of Independence which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but, I hope, to the world, for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weight would be lifted from the shoulders of all men. This is a sentiment embodied in the Declaration of Independence. [65]
He found in the Declaration justification for Whig economic policy and opposition to territorial expansion and the nativist platform of the Know Nothings. Nativism is an Opposition to immigration which originated in United States politics with roots in the country's historic role as a Melting pot. The Know Nothing movement was a Nativist American political movement of the 1850s In claiming that all men were created free, Lincoln and the Whigs argued that this freedom required economic advancement, expanded education, territory to grow, and the ability of the nation to absorb the growing immigrant population. [66]
It was the Declaration of Independence, rather than the Bible, that Lincoln most relied on in order to oppose any further territorial expansion of slavery. He saw the Declaration as more than a political document. To him, as well as to many abolitionists and other antislavery leaders, it was, foremost, a moral document that had forever determined valuable criteria in shaping the future of the nation. [67]
Legacy and memorials
- Further information: Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln's death made the President a martyr to many. This article addresses cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln. Grace Bedell Billings (1849–1936 was an American woman notable as the person who as an eleven-year-old influenced Abraham Lincoln to grow his now-famous beard The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Repeated polls of historians have ranked Lincoln as among the greatest presidents in U.S. history, often appearing in the first position. In Political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served Among contemporary admirers, Lincoln is usually seen as personifying classical values of honesty and integrity, as well as respect for individual and minority rights, and human freedom in general.
Many American organizations of all purposes and agendas continue to cite his name and image, with interests ranging from the gay rights-supporting Log Cabin Republicans to the insurance corporation Lincoln National Corporation. The LGBT rights movement in the United States seeks to achieve equality for all Americans regardless of their Sexual orientation or Gender identity The Log Cabin Republicans ( LCR) is a federated gay and lesbian political organization in the United States with state chapters and a national office in Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss Lincoln National Corporation ( is a Holding company, which operates multiple Insurance and investment management businesses through subsidiary companies The Lincoln automobile is also named after him. Lincoln is an American Luxury car manufacturer operated under the Ford Motor Company. The ballistic missile submarine Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602) and the aircraft carrier Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) were named in his honor. A ballistic missile is a Missile that follows a Sub-orbital ballistic flightpath with the objective of delivering a warhead to a predetermined target A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with Ship history Construction Lincoln' s contract was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982 her keel was laid 3 November 1984 at Also, the Liberty ship SS Nancy Hanks was named for his mother. History and service In 1936 the American Merchant Marine Act was passed to subsidize the annual construction of 50 commercial merchant vessels to be used in wartime by During the Spanish Civil War, the American faction of the International Brigades named themselves the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The International Brigades were Republican Military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries The Abraham Lincoln Brigade refers to volunteers from the United States who served in the Spanish Civil War in the International Brigades.
Lincoln has been memorialized in many city names, notably the capital of Nebraska. The City of Lincoln ( Umóⁿhoⁿ: Nískithe Tʰóⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ ˈnĩskiˡðe ˌtʰãwãŋgˡðã meaning "Salt Village" for Salt Creek which was the Lincoln, Illinois, is the only city to be named for Abraham Lincoln before he became President. Lincoln is a small city in Logan County, Illinois, United States. Lincoln's name and image appear in numerous places. These include the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. The Lincoln Memorial is a United States Presidential memorial built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. C. , the U. S. Lincoln $5 bill and the Lincoln cent, Lincoln's sculpture on the Mount Rushmore, and the Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, Illinois. The United States five-dollar bill ($5 is a denomination The Lincoln cent is the current one cent coin of the US Dollar. Mount Rushmore National Memorial, near Keystone, South Dakota, is a monumental Granite sculpture by Gutzon Borglum (1867–1941 located Lincoln Home National Historic Site preserves the Springfield Illinois home Abraham Lincoln lived in from 1844 to 1861 before becoming the 16th President of In addition, New Salem, Illinois (a reconstruction of Lincoln's early adult hometown), Ford's Theatre, and Petersen House (where he died) are all preserved as museums. New Salem is the name of a former village in Menard County, Illinois in the United States (previously Sangamon County Ford's Theatre is a historic Theatre in Washington DC, used for various The Lincoln Shrine in Redlands, California, is located behind the A. Redlands is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. K. Smiley Public Library. The state nickname for Illinois is Land of Lincoln. This is a list of US state nicknames, including officially adopted Nicknames and other traditional nicknames for individual states of the United States.
Counties in 19 U.S. states (Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) are named after Lincoln. A county of the United States is a local level of government created as a subdivision of a state by the state government or by the federal or territorial government as a subdivision A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Arkansas and is included in the Pine Bluff Metropolitan Statistical Area. Lincoln County is the tenth most extensive of the 64 counties of the State of Colorado of the United States. Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Idaho. As of the 2000 Census the county had a population of 4044 (2005 estimate 4545. Lincoln County (standard abbreviation LC) is a county located in the U Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Maine. As of 2000 the population was 33616 Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Minnesota. Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Mississippi. Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Montana. Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Nebraska. Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Nevada. Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of New Mexico. Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Oklahoma. Lincoln County is a county located in the US state of Oregon. Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of South Dakota. Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Tennessee. Lincoln County is located in the US state of West Virginia. As of 2000 the population was 22108 Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Washington. Lincoln County is a county located in the US state of Wisconsin. Lincoln County is a County located in the US state of Wyoming.
Abraham Lincoln's birthday, February 12, was formerly a national holiday, now commemorated as Presidents' Day. Washington's Birthday is a United States Federal holiday celebrated on the third Monday of February However, it is still observed in Illinois and many other states as a separate legal holiday, Lincoln's Birthday. Lincoln's Birthday is a legal holiday in some US states including Illinois, Connecticut, California, Missouri, New York A dozen states have legal holidays celebrating the third Monday in February as 'Presidents' Day' as a combination Washington-Lincoln Day.
To commemorate his upcoming 200th birthday in February 2009, Congress established the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC) in 2000. The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission ( ALBC) is a federally appointed 15-member commission focused on planning and commemorating the 200th birthday of the United States Dedicated to renewing American appreciation of Lincoln’s legacy, the 15-member commission is made up of lawmakers and scholars and also features an adivsory board of over 130 various Lincoln historians and enthusiasts. Located at Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., the ALBC is the organizing force behind numerous tributes, programs and cultural events highlighting a two-year celebration scheduled to begin in February 2008 at Lincoln’s birthplace: Hodgenville, Kentucky. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Hodgenville is a city in and the County seat of LaRue County, Kentucky, United States. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America.
Lincoln's birthplace and family home are national historic memorials: the Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site in Hodgenville, and the Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, Illinois. Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site preserves two farm sites where Abraham The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum opened in Springfield in 2005; it is a major tourist attraction, with state-of-the-art exhibits. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum documents the life of the 16th U The Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery is located in Elwood, Illinois. The Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery covers in Elwood Illinois. Elwood is a village in Will County, Illinois, United States. The population was 2300 at the 2006 population estimation
 Portrait of Abraham Lincoln |
 Lincoln's portrait on the American five dollar bill |
 The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. |
.jpg/74px-Lincoln_Memorial_(Lincoln_tall_thumb).jpg) Daniel Chester French's sculpture inside the Lincoln Memorial |
 Lincoln's likeness on Mount Rushmore |
 Proof-quality Lincoln cent with cameo effect, obverse |
 Lincoln stamp, issued November 19, 1965 |
 The Lincoln Tomb in Springfield |
Electoral history
Illinois' 7th congressional district, 1846[68]
- Abraham Lincoln (Whig) - 6,340 (55. The United States five-dollar bill ($5 is a denomination The Lincoln Memorial is a United States Presidential memorial built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Daniel Chester French ( April 20 1850 &ndash October 7 1931) was an American sculptor. The Lincoln Memorial is a United States Presidential memorial built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. Mount Rushmore National Memorial, near Keystone, South Dakota, is a monumental Granite sculpture by Gutzon Borglum (1867–1941 located Proof coinage means special early samples of a Coin issue historically made for checking the dies and for archival purposes but nowadays often struck in greater For the "brief appearance" see Cameo appearance. For the "chemical emergency software" see Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Lincoln's Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield Illinois, is the final resting place of 16th President of the United States Abraham Lincoln The 7th Congressional District of Illinois includes part of Cook County. 53%)
- Peter Cartwright (D) - 4,829 (42. Peter Cartwright (exhorter was a "hellfire and brimstone" preacher born in Amherst County Virginia 29%)
- Elihu Walcott (Liberty) - 249 (2. 18%)
1856 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)[69]:
- William Lewis Dayton - 523 (64. The 1856 Republican National Convention convened from June 17 to June 19 1856 at the Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania William Lewis Dayton ( February 17, 1807 &ndash December 1, 1864) was an American politician 73%)
- Abraham Lincoln - 110 (13. 61%)
- Nathaniel Prentice Banks - 46 (5. Nathaniel Prentice (or Prentiss Banks ( January 30, 1816 September 1, 1894) was an American Politician and Soldier 69%)
- David Wilmot - 43 (5. This article is about an American politician For the actor of the same name see David Wilmot. 32%)
- Charles Sumner - 35 (4. Charles Sumner (January 6 1811 &ndash March 11 1874 was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. 33%)
- Jacob Collamer - 15 (1. Jacob Collamer ( January 8, 1792 &ndash November 9, 1865) was an American politician from Vermont. 86%)
- John Alsop King - 9 (1. For other people similarly named see John King. John Alsop King (1788&ndash1867 was an American politician who served as governor (1857&ndash1859 11%)
- Samuel Clarke Pomeroy - 8 (0. Samuel Clarke Pomeroy ( January 3, 1816 &ndash August 27, 1891) was a Republican Senator from Kansas in the mid-19th century serving in 99%)
- Thomas Ford - 7 (0. Thomas Ford or Tom Ford is the name of Thomas F Ford (1873–1958 U 87%)
- Henry Charley Gray - 3 (0. 37%)
- Cassius M. Clay - 3 (0. Cassius Marcellus Clay, nicknamed "The Lion of White Hall" ( October 19, 1810 – July 22, 1903) was an emancipationist 37%)
- Joshua R. Giddings - 2 (0. Joshua Reed Giddings ( October 6, 1795 &ndash May 27, 1864) was an American Statesman prominent in the anti- Slavery 25%)
- Whitfield Johnson - 2 (0. 25%)
- Aaron Pennington - 1 (0. 12%)
- Henry Wilson - 1 (0. Henry Wilson (February 16 1812 &ndash November 22 1875 was a Senator from Massachusetts and the eighteenth Vice President of the United States. 12%)
Illinois United States Senate election, 1858[70]:
- Stephen A. Douglas (D) (inc. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23, 1813 - June 3, 1861) was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and ) - 54 (54. 00%)
- Abraham Lincoln (R) - 46 (46. 00%)
1860 Republican National Convention (Final Results on 3rd Ballot)[71]:
- Abraham Lincoln - 340 (73. The 1860 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States, held in Chicago Illinois at the Wigwam, nominated former U 0%)
- William H. Seward - 121. This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State 5 (26. 1%)
- Salmon P. Chase - 2 (0. Salmon Portland Chase ( January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era 0%)
- others - 2. 5 (0. 0%)
United States presidential election, 1860
- Abraham Lincoln/Hannibal Hamlin (R) - 1,865,908 (39. The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Hannibal Hamlin (August 27 1809 July 4 1891 was the fifteenth Vice President of the United States, serving under President Abraham Lincoln from 8%) and 180 electoral votes (18 states carried)
- John C. Breckinridge/Joseph Lane (Southern Democrats) - 848,019 (18. John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16 1821 &ndash May 17 1875 was a lawyer U Joseph Lane ( December 14, 1801 &ndash April 19, 1881) was an American general during the Mexican-American War and a 1%) and 72 electoral votes (11 states carried)
- John Bell/Edward Everett (Constitution) - 590,901 (12. John Bell (also known as "The Great Apostate") ( February 15, 1797 &ndash September 10, 1869) was a U Edward Everett ( April 11, 1794 January 15, 1865) was a Whig Party politician from Massachusetts. 6%) and 39 electoral votes (3 states carried)
- Stephen A. Douglas/Herschel Vespasian Johnson (Northern Democrats) - 1,380,202 (29. Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23, 1813 - June 3, 1861) was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and Herschel Vespasian Johnson ( September 18, 1812 August 16, 1880) was an American politician 5%) and 12 electoral votes (1 state carried)
United States presidential election, 1864
- Abraham Lincoln/Andrew Johnson (National Union) - 2,218,388 (55. In the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination 0%) and 212 electoral votes (22 states carried)
- George B. McClellan/George H. Pendleton (D) - 1,812,807 (45. George Brinton McClellan ( December 3 1826 October 29 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War. George Hunt Pendleton ( July 19, 1825 &ndash November 24, 1889) was a Representative and a Senator from Ohio 0%) and 21 electoral votes (3 states carried)
See also
- American School, Lincoln's economic views. See also American System (economic plan. The American School, also known as " National System " represents three different yet
- Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial
- Lincoln Home National Historic Site
- Lincoln Memorial
- Lincoln Memorial University
- List of assassinated American politicians
- List of United States Presidential religious affiliations
- Origins of the American Civil War
- Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln
- List of United States Presidents who died in office
Notes
- ^ Goodwin 2005, p. Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial is a United States Presidential Memorial that preserves the Lincoln City Indiana, farm site where Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Home National Historic Site preserves the Springfield Illinois home Abraham Lincoln lived in from 1844 to 1861 before becoming the 16th President of The Lincoln Memorial is a United States Presidential memorial built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln Memorial University is a private four-year co-educational Liberal arts College located in Harrogate Tennessee. This is a list of assassinated American politicians. Individuals listed were either elected or appointed to office or were candidates for elected office The main explanation for the origins of the American Civil War was slavery, especially the issue of the expansion of slavery into the territories. The sexuality of Abraham Lincoln is a topic of debate Lincoln was married to Mary Todd from November 4, 1842 until his death on April 15 This is a list of US presidents who died during their term as president by date and by cause of death 91
- ^ Holzer 2004, p. 232
- ^ Tracy Bouvé, Thomas (1893). History of the Town of Hingham, Massachusetts. Harvard University.
- ^ Donald 1995, pp. 28, 152
- ^ Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park. Abraham Lincoln Online. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Abraham Lincoln, The Physical Man. Lincoln Portrait. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Sandburg 1974, p. 10
- ^ Thomas 1952, pp. 32–34
- ^ Basler 1946, p. 551
- ^ Protest in Illinois Legislature on Slavery. University of Michigan Library (1937-03-03). The University of Michigan University Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan, is one of the largest university library systems in the United States Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875. Library of Congress. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Donald 1995, §6
- ^ Donald 1995, pp. 150–51
- ^ Donald 1995, §7
- ^ Speech at Peoria, October 16,. Abraham Lincoln and Freedom. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Lincoln at Peoria. Abraham Lincoln at Peoria. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Basler 1955, p. 255
- ^ Lincoln, Abraham (June 1858). A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand. National Center for Public Policy Research. The National Center for Public Policy Research, founded in 1982, is a self-described conservative Think tank in the United States. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Douglas, Stephen A. (1858-08-21). Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23, 1813 - June 3, 1861) was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas. National Park Service. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Lincoln, Abraham (1858-09-18). Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Fourth Debate with Stephen A. Douglas. National Park Service. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Donald 1995, §8
- ^ Boritt, Gabor S. (1997-05-29). Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Why the Civil War Came. Oxford University Press, 3–30. ISBN 0195113764.
- ^ Thomas 1952, p. 216
- ^ Luthin, Reinhard H. (December 1987). The First Lincoln Campaign. Peter Smith Publishing. ISBN 0844612928.
- ^ Nevins, Allan (1992-09-30). Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Ordeal of the Union Vol. 4. Charles Scribner's Sons. Charles Scribner's Sons is a publisher The firm published Scribner's Magazine for many years ISBN 0020354452.
- ^ Nevins, Allan (1971-09-01). Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. The War for the Union Volume I. . . . . The Improvised War 1861-1862. Konecky & Konecky, 29. ISBN 1568522967.
- ^ Letter to Horace Greeley. Abraham Lincoln Online. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Letter to Albert G. Hodges. Abraham Lincoln Online (1864-04-04). Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Pulling, Anne Frances (2001-06-11). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Altoona. Arcadia Publishing, 10. Arcadia Publishing is an American publisher of Local history. ISBN 0738505161.
- ^ Douglass, Frederick (April 2001). The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Digital Scanning. ISBN 1582183678.
- ^ Curtin, Andrew G. (1863-09-03). Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Andrew G. Curtin to Abraham Lincoln, Friday, September 04, 1863 (Politics in Pennsylvania). Library of Congress. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Grimsley, Mark (2001-03-01). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant The Collapse of the Confederacy. University of Nebraska Press, 80. The University of Nebraska Press, founded in 1941 is a Publisher of Scholarly and popular-press books ISBN 0803221703.
- ^ Basler 1955, p. 514
- ^ Basler 1955, p. 333
- ^ Joseph Hooker. Civil War Home. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Davidson, James West (April 1990). The United States: A History of the Republic. Prentice Hall, 446. Prentice Hall is a leading educational publisher It is an Imprint of Pearson Education Inc ISBN 0139436979.
- ^ Proclamation of Amnesty. Bartleby.com (1863). Bartlebycom is an electronic text archive headquartered in New York and named after Herman Melville 's Bartleby the Scrivener. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Donald 1995, §20
- ^ Donald 1995, pp. 576, 580
- ^ President Lincoln Enters Richmond, 1865. Eyewitness to History. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Jaffa 2000, p. 399
- ^ Diggins, John P. (1986-08-15). Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism. University of Chicago Press, 307. The University of Chicago Press is the largest University press in the United States ISBN 0226148777.
- ^ Foner 1970, p. 215
- ^ McPherson 1992, pp. 61–64
- ^ Jaffa 2000, p. 263
- ^ Wills 1993, p. 39
- ^ "Gordon AM. Abraham Lincoln" (March 1962). Kentucky Medical Association (60): 249–53. PMID 13900423.
- ^ Marion, Robert (February 1994). Was George Washington Really the Father of Our Country?: A Clinical Geneticist Looks at World History. Perseus Books, 88–124. ISBN 0201622556.
- ^ Ready, Tinker (1999). "Access to presidential DNA denied". Nature Medicine 5 (859). Nature Medicine is an Academic journal publishing research articles reviews news and commentaries in the biomedical area including both basic research and
- ^ Sotos, JG (2008). The Physical Lincoln: Finding the Genetic Cause of Abraham Lincoln's Height, Homeliness, Pseudo-Depression, and Imminent Cancer Death. Mount Vernon, VA: Mt. This is about the George Washington residence For other uses see Mount Vernon (disambiguation. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Vernon Book Systems.
- ^ Maladies and Conditions. Doctor Zebra. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Vidal, Gore (February 1991). "Communications". American Historical Review: 324–326.
- ^ Fehrenbacher, Don E. (February 1991). "Communications". American Historical Review: 326–328.
- ^ Sotos, JG (2008). The Physical Lincoln Sourcebook. Mount Vernon, VA: Mt. This is about the George Washington residence For other uses see Mount Vernon (disambiguation. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Vernon Book Systems, 318–326.
- ^ Harrison, Lowell Hayes (2000). Lincoln of Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky, 3–4. The University Press of Kentucky (UPK is the scholarly Publisher for the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and was organized in 1969 as successor to the University of Kentucky ISBN 0813121566.
- ^ a b c Townsend, George Alfred (1865). The Life, Crime and Capture of John Wilkes Booth. New York: Dick and Fitzgerald. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Dick and Fitzgerald was a 19th century United States Publisher, founded by William Brisbane Dick (1827-1901 and Lawrence R
- ^ Guelzo 1999, pp. 18–19
- ^ a b Guelzo 1999, p. 20
- ^ Miller 2002, pp. 57–59
- ^ Donald 1995, p. 15
- ^ Donald 1995, p. 514
- ^ Wilson 1999, pp. 251–254
- ^ Wilson 1999, p. 254
- ^ Guelzo 1999, p. 194
- ^ Jaffa 2000, p. 258
- ^ Guelzo 1999, pp. 194–195
- ^ Miller 2002, p. 297
- ^ IL District 7. Our Campaigns. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ US Vice President - R Convention. Our Campaigns. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ IL US Senate. Our Campaigns. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ US President - R Convention. Our Campaigns. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
References
- Basler, Roy P. (1946), Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings.
- Basler, Roy P. (1955), Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
- Donald, David Herbert (1995), Lincoln, ISBN 0-684-82535-X. New Brunswick, also known as "the Healthcare City" or "Hub City" is a city and the County seat of Middlesex County Rutgers University Press is a nonprofit Academic publishing house operating in Piscataway New Jersey under the auspices of Rutgers University. David Herbert Donald (b 1920 Goodman, Mississippi) is a historian of the American Civil War.
- Foner, Eric (1970), Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
- Jaffa, Harry V. (2000), A New birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War, ISBN 0-8476-9952-8.
- Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005), Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, ISBN 0-684-82490-6. Doris Kearns Goodwin (born January 4, 1943 in Brooklyn New York) is an award-winning American Author and Historian.
- Guelzo, Allen C. (1999), Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President, ISBN 0-8028-3872-3, <http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99466893>
- Holzer, Harold (2004), Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President.
- McPherson, James M. (1992), Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution.
- Miller, William Lee (2002), Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography, ISBN 0-375-40158-X
- Sandburg, Carl (1974-10-23), Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and The War Years, Harvest Books, ISBN 0156026112. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC -
- Thomas, Benjamin P. (1952), Abraham Lincoln: A Biography, <http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=25051697>.
- Wills, Garry (1993), Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America, ISBN 0-671-86742-3. Lincoln at Gettysburg The Words That Remade America written by Garry Wills and published by Simon & Schuster in 1992, won the 1993
- Wilson, Douglas L. (1999), Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln.
Further reading
- Biographies
- Isaac N. Arnold, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (1885), written by Lincoln's friend and political ally
- William H Herndon, Lincoln
- Beveridge, Albert J. Isaac Newton Arnold ( November 30 1815, Hartwick New York - April 24 1884, Chicago) was an American politician William Henry Herndon ( December 25, 1818, Kentucky - March 18, 1891, Springfield Illinois) was the law partner and biographer Albert Jeremiah Beveridge ( October 6 1862, Highland County Ohio &ndash April 27 1927, Indianapolis Indiana) was Abraham Lincoln: 1809-1858 (1928). 2 vol. to 1858; notable for strong, unbiased political coverage online edition
- Richard Carwardine. Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power ISBN 1-4000-4456-1 (2003), winner of the 2004 Lincoln Prize from Gettysburg College
- William E. Gienapp. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America: A Biography by ISBN 0-19-515099-6 (2002), short online edition
- John Hay & John George Nicolay. John Milton Hay ( October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman diplomat author journalist and private secretary John George Nicolay (born February 26, 1832, as Johann Georg in, Rhineland-Palatinate &ndash September 26, 1901) was an Abraham Lincoln: a History (1890); online at Volume 1 and Volume 2 10 volumes in all; highly detailed narrative of era written by Lincoln's top aides
- Reinhard H Luthin The Real Abraham Lincoln (1960), emphasis on politics
- Mark E. Reinhard Henry Luthin (1905 – November 24, 1962) was a historian best known for his contribution to the history of President Abraham Lincoln Neely. The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia (1984), detailed articles on many men and movements associated with AL
- Mark E. Neely. The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America (1993), Pulitzer prize winning author
- Ralph G. Newman [editor]. Lincoln for the Ages (1960), Doubleday and Company, New York. Seventy eight articles by distinguished authors
- Stephen B. Oates. With Malice Toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln (1994)
- James G. Randall. Lincoln the President (4 vol. , 1945–55; reprint 2000. ) by prize winning scholar
- Mr. Lincoln excerpts ed. by Richard N. Current (1957) online edition
- Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire, Abraham Lincoln (1939), for children
- John C. Ingri ( December 27[[ 904]] – October 24[[ 980]] and Edgar ( September 30[[ 898]] – May 1[[ 986]] Parin d'Aulaire were Abraham Lincoln is a book by Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire about Abraham Lincoln. Waugh. One Man Great Enough: Abraham Lincoln’s Road to Civil War ISBN 978-0-15-101071-4 (2007), Harcourt
- John C. Waugh. Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency ISBN 0-517-59766-7 (1997), Crown Publishers
- Specialty topics
- Angle, Paul M. , Here I Have Lived: A History of Lincoln's Springfield, 1821-1865, (1935) online edition
- Baker, Jean H. Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (1987) online edition
- Belz, Herman. Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era (1998)
- Boritt, Gabor S. Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (1994). Lincoln's economic theory and policies
- Boritt, Gabor S. ed. Lincoln the War President (1994)
- Boritt, Gabor S. , ed. The Historian's Lincoln U. of Illinois Press, 1988, historiography
- Bruce, Robert V. Lincoln and the Tools of War (1956) on weapons development during the war online edition
- Bush, Bryan S. Lincoln and the Speeds: The Untold Story of a Devoted and Enduring Friendship (2008) ISBN 0979880262
- Chittenden, Lucius E., Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration, (1891). Lucius Eugene Chittenden ( May 24, 1824 - July 22, 1900) was a Vermont author banker lawyer politician and peace advocate who served – Google Books
- Donald, David Herbert. Google Book Search is a tool from Google that searches the full text of books that Google scans OCRs, and stores in its digital database Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era (1960)
- Donald, David Herbert. We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends Simon & Schuster, (2003).
- Guelzo, Allen C. , Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates that Defined America, Simon & Schuster (2008). ISBN-13: 978-0743273206
- Harris, William C. With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (1997). AL's plans for Reconstruction
- Hendrick, Burton J. Lincoln's War Cabinet (1946) online edition
- Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It (1948) ch 5: "Abraham Lincoln and the Self-Made Myth"
- Lea, James Henry, The Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln, Houghton Mifflin (1909) [1]
- Marshall, John A. , " American Bastille" (1870) Fifth edition: A History of the Illegal Arrests and Imprisonment of American Citizens in the Northern and Border States on Account of Their political opinions during the late Civil War. Part 1
- McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988). Pulitzer Prize winner surveys all aspects of the war
- Morgenthau, Hans J. , and David Hein. Essays on Lincoln's Faith and Politics. White Burkett Miller Center of Public Affairs at the U of Virginia, 1983.
- Neely, Mark E. The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (1992). Pulitzer Prize winner. online version
- Ostendorf, Lloyd, and Hamilton, Charles, Lincoln in Photographs: An Album of Every Known Pose, Morningside House Inc. , 1963, ISBN 089029-087-3.
- Paludan, Philip S. The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1994), thorough treatment of Lincoln's administration
- Peterson, Merrill D. Lincoln in American Memory (1994). how Lincoln was remembered after 1865
- Polsky, Andrew J. "'Mr. Lincoln's Army' Revisited: Partisanship, Institutional Position, and Union Army Command, 1861–1865. " Studies in American Political Development (2002), 16: 176-207
- Randall, James G. Lincoln the Liberal Statesman (1947)
- Richardson, Heather Cox. The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (1997)
- Shenk, Joshua Wolf. Lincoln's Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness (2005)
- Kenneth P. Williams. Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War (1959) 5 volumes on Lincoln's control of the war
- Williams, T. Harry. Lincoln and His Generals (1967).
- Wilson, Douglas L. Lincoln's Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words(2006) ISBN 1-4000-4039-6.
- Lincoln in art and popular culture
- DiLorenzo, Thomas (2002). Thomas J DiLorenzo (born 1954 is an American Economics Professor at Loyola College in Maryland. The Real Lincoln. The Real Lincoln A New Look at Abraham Lincoln His Agenda and an Unnecessary War is a biography of Abraham Lincoln written by Thomas DiLorenzo in 2002 ISBN 0-7615-2646-3.
- Lauriston, Bullard. F. (1952). Lincoln in Marble and Bronze. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
- Mead, Franklin B. (1932). Heroic Statues in Bronze of Abraham Lincoln: Introducing The Hoosier Youth by Paul Manship. Paul Howard Manship ( December 24, 1885 &ndash January 28, 1966) was a prominent American sculptor of the 20th century Fort Wayne, Indiana: The Lincoln National Life Foundation.
- Moffatt, Frederick C. (1998). Errant Bronzes: George Grey Barnard's Statues of Abraham Lincoln. George Grey Barnard ( May 24, 1863 - April 24, 1938) was an American sculptor. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press.
- Murry, Freeman Henry Morris [1916] (1972). Emancipation and the Freed in American Sculpture. Freeport, NY: Books For Libraries Press, the Black Heritage Library Collection.
- Petz, Weldon (1987). Michigan's Monumental Tributes to Abraham Lincoln. Historical Society of Michigan.
- Redway, Maurine Whorton; Bracken, Dorothy Kendall (1957). Marks of Lincoln on Our Land. New York: Hastings House, Publishers.
- Savage, Kirk (1997). Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race War and Monument in Nineteenth Century America. Princeton New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Tice, George (1984). Lincoln. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
- In fiction
- Robert Emmet Sherwood; Abe Lincoln in Illinois: A Play in Twelve Scenes (1939) online version
- Gore Vidal. Gore Vidal (born October 3 1925 ˌgɔər vɪˈdɑːl or /vɪˈdæl/ is an American Novelist, Screenwriter, Playwright, Lincoln ISBN 0-375-70876-6, a novel.
- In film and television
- The Birth of a Nation (1915) Joseph Henabery played Lincoln
- Abraham Lincoln (1930) Walter Huston played Lincoln
- Young Mr. Lincoln (1939) Henry Fonda played Lincoln
- Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) Raymond Massey played Lincoln
- How the West Was Won (1962) Raymond Massey played Lincoln
- Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1964) Jason Robards played Lincoln
- Sandburg's Lincoln (1974) Hal Holbrook played Lincoln
- The Blue and the Gray {1982) Gregory Peck played Lincoln
- North and South (1985, 1986, and 1994) Hal Holbrook played Lincoln in '85, and '86
- Lincoln (1988) Sam Waterston played Lincoln
- The Civil War (1990) Sam Waterston played Lincoln
- National Treasure: Book of Secrets (2007) is a fictional film which concerns the assassination of Lincoln. The Birth of a Nation (also known as The Clansman) a Silent film directed by D Joseph Henabery ( 15 January 1888) Omaha Nebraska, was a US film actor and director Abraham Lincoln is a Biographical film about former American president Abraham Lincoln, released in 1930. Walter Huston ( April 6 1884 &ndash April 7 1950) was an Academy Award -winning Canadian -born American actor Young Mr Lincoln is a 1939 fictionalized biography/ Drama film about the early life of President Abraham Lincoln, directed by John Henry Jaynes Fonda ( May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American Academy Award -winning Film and Raymond Hart Massey ( August 30 1896 &ndash July 29 1983) was a Canadian -born American actor How the West Was Won is a 1962 epic Western film which follows four generations of a family (starting as the Prescotts as they move ever Raymond Hart Massey ( August 30 1896 &ndash July 29 1983) was a Canadian -born American actor Jason Nelson Robards Jr, ( July 26, 1922 &ndash December 26, 2000) was an American Actor. Harold Rowe "Hal" Holbrook Jr (born February 17, 1925) is an American Actor. Gregory Peck (April 5 1916 &ndash June 12 2003 was an Academy Award -winning and four-time Golden Globe Award-winning American Film North and South is an American television Miniseries set before during and immediately after the American Civil War. Samuel Atkinson "Sam" Waterston (born November 15 1940) is an American actor noted particularly for his portrayal of Jack McCoy The Civil War is an acclaimed Documentary film created by Ken Burns about the American Civil War. Samuel Atkinson "Sam" Waterston (born November 15 1940) is an American actor noted particularly for his portrayal of Jack McCoy National Treasure 2 Book of Secrets is a 2007 Adventure film and is the second movie in the National Treasure franchise.
- Lincoln (2009) Liam Neeson is expected to play Lincoln in the upcoming film by Steven Spielberg
- Primary sources
- Lincoln, Abraham (2000). William John "Liam" Neeson OBE (born June 7, 1952) is an Irish Actor. Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. in ed by Philip Van Doren Stern: The Life and Writings of Abraham Lincoln. Modern Library Classics.
- Fehrenbacher, Don E. , ed. Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1832-1858 (Library of America, ed. The Library of America (LoA is a Nonprofit Publisher of classic American literature. 1989) ISBN 978-0-94045043-1
- Fehrenbacher, Don E. , ed. Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1859-1865 (Library of America, ed. The Library of America (LoA is a Nonprofit Publisher of classic American literature. 1989) ISBN 978-0-94045063-9
External links
- Abraham Lincoln at the Open Directory Project
- Abraham Lincoln at the Open Directory Project – Speeches and writings
- Lincoln Studies Center at Knox College
- Photographs of Abraham Lincoln
- Extensive essay on Abraham Lincoln and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- Full text Lincoln speeches via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
- Abraham Lincoln at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- The Lincoln Institute
- Mr. Lincoln's Virtual Library
- Poetry written by Abraham Lincoln
- Lincoln quotes collected by Roger Norton
- The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum Springfield, Illinois
- The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
- President Lincoln’s Cottage
- US PAT No. 6,469 — Manner of Buoying Vessels — A. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a Biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress as Lincoln — 1849
- National Park Service Abraham Lincoln birthplace (includes good early history)
- [2] provides finding aid to article subject from the Special Collections, Washington State Historical Society (WSHS)
- The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission
- Lincoln Memorial Washington, DC
- The Lincoln Museum Fort Wayne, Indiana
- Digitized books about Abraham Lincoln from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library
- Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University Libraries
- Lincoln Home National Historic Site:A Place of Growth and Memory, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
- Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Forging Greatness during Lincoln's Youth, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
- Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
Project Gutenberg eTexts
- List of Works by Abraham Lincoln at Project Gutenberg
- Richardson, James D. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works (compiler). A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents and more: Volume 6, part 1: Abraham Lincoln. includes major (and minor) state papers, but not speeches or letters
- Lincoln's Yarns and Stories.
- Hay, John; Nicolay, John George (1890). John Milton Hay ( October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman diplomat author journalist and private secretary John George Nicolay (born February 26, 1832, as Johann Georg in, Rhineland-Palatinate &ndash September 26, 1901) was an Abraham Lincoln: a History.
- Nicolay, Helen (1907). The Boys' Life of Abraham Lincoln. (1866 to 1954)
- Ketcham, Henry (1901). The Life of Abraham Lincoln. ; popular
- Morse, John T. (1899). Abraham Lincoln. ; a solid scholarly biography
- Francis Fisher Browne (1913). The Every-day Life of Abraham Lincoln. ; popular
- George Haven Putnam, Litt. D. (1909). Abraham Lincoln: The People's Leader in the Struggle for National Existence.
- Stephenson, Nathaniel W. (1922). Lincoln's Personal Life. ; popular
- Benson (Lorn Charnwood), Godfrey Rathbone (1917). Abraham Lincoln.
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John Henry |
Member from Illinois's 7th congressional district March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849 |
Succeeded by Thomas L. Harris |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by James Buchanan |
President of the United States March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 |
Succeeded by Andrew Johnson |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by John C. Frémont |
Republican Party presidential candidate 1860, 1864 |
Succeeded by Ulysses S. Grant |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by Henry Clay |
Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda April 19, 1865 – April 21, 1865 |
Succeeded by Thaddeus Stevens |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lincoln, Abraham |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | 16th President of the United States of America |
| DATE OF BIRTH | February 12, 1809 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Hardin County, Kentucky |
| DATE OF DEATH | April 15, 1865 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Washington, D.C. |
The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=H000507 The 7th Congressional District of Illinois includes part of Cook County. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thomas Langrell Harris ( October 29, 1816 - November 24, 1858) was a U James Buchanan Jr (April 23 1791 – June 1 1868 was the fifteenth President of the United States (1857–1861 The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination John Charles Frémont ( January 21, 1813 July 13, 1890) was an American military officer, explorer, the This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the Republican Party of the The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. In the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased The rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol, below the Capitol dome. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Thaddeus Stevens ( April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868) of Pennsylvania, was a Republican leader and one of the most powerful Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D
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