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Abraham Kuyper
Abraham Kuyper

Portrait of Abraham Kuyper by Jan Veth
In office
1 August 1901 – 17 August 1905
Preceded by Nicolaas Pierson
Succeeded by Theo de Meester
Constituency several
Born October 29, 1837(1837-10-29)
Maassluis, Netherlands
Died November 8, 1920
Den Haag, Netherlands
Political party Anti Revolutionaire Partij
Spouse Johanna Hendrika Schaay
Religion Reformed
Signature Abraham Kuyper's signature

Abraham Kuijper (Maassluis, 29 October 1837 – Den Haag, 8 November 1920) generally known as Abraham Kuyper, was a Dutch politician, journalist, statesman and theologian. Jan Pieter Veth ( 18 May 1864 Dordrecht - 1 July 1925 Amsterdam) was a Dutch painter poet art critic and The Prime minister of the Netherlands is the Head of government of the Netherlands and is the chair of the Dutch cabinet, and Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Nicolaas Gerard Pierson ( Amsterdam, 7 February 1839 &ndash Heemstede, 24 December 1909 was a Dutch Theodoor Herman de Meester ( Harderwijk, 16 December 1851 - The Hague, 27 December 1919 (union-liberal was Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Finance Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Maassluis (population 32847 in 2004 is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch Anti-Revolutionaire Partij, ARP was a Dutch Protestant Christian democratic Political party The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland abbreviated Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest Protestant church in the Netherlands Maassluis (population 32847 in 2004 is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective He founded the Anti-Revolutionary Party and was prime minister of the Netherlands between 1901 and 1905. The Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch Anti-Revolutionaire Partij, ARP was a Dutch Protestant Christian democratic Political party The Prime minister of the Netherlands is the Head of government of the Netherlands and is the chair of the Dutch cabinet, and

Contents

Life

Early Life

Kuyper was home schooled by his father, Jan Frederik Kuyper, who was a minister for the Dutch Reformed Church in Hoogmade, Maassluis, Middelburg and Leiden. Homeschooling (also called home education) home learning or homeschool  – is the education of children at home typically by parents or professional Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe Hoogmade is a Village in the Dutch province of South Holland. Maassluis (population 32847 in 2004 is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. This is about the city in the Netherlands For other uses see Middelburg (disambiguation. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. He had no formal primary education, but received secondary education at the Gymnasium of Leiden. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Australia See also Education Education in the Netherlands is characterized by division education is oriented toward the needs and background of the pupil

In 1855 he graduated from the gymnasium and began to study literature, philosophy and theology at Leiden University. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. He received his propedeuse literature in 1857, summa cum laude, and philosophy in 1858, also summa cum laude. Upon the introduction of the international bachelor - master system the Netherlands has maintained a diploma called the propedeuse, often referred to as "P" Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an Academic degree was earned He also took classes in Arabic, Armenian, and physics. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion.

In 1862 he was promoted to doctor in Theology on basis of a dissertation called "Disquisitio historico-theologica, exhibens Johannis Calvini et Johannis à Lasco de Ecclesia Sententiarum inter se compositionem" (Theological-historical dissertation showing the differences in the rules of the church, between John Calvin and John Łaski). It compared the views of John Calvin and Jan Łaski, Kuyper showed a clear sympathy for the more liberal Łaski. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Jan Łaski, John Laski, Johannes Alasco John a Lasco ( 1499 - January 8 1560) was a Polish Protestant evangelical During his studies Kuyper was a member of the modern tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. For liberal political views within Christianity see Christian left.

Religious Life

In May 1862 he was declared eligible for the ministry and 1863 he accepted a call to become minister for the Dutch Reformed Church for the town of Beesd. In Christian churches, a minister is someone who is authorized by a church or religious organization to perform clergy functions such as teaching of beliefs Beesd ( is a town in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Geldermalsen, and lies about 16 km west of Tiel In the same year he married Johanna Hendrika Schaay. They would have five sons and three daughters. In 1864 he began corresponding with the anti-revolutionary MP Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, who heavily influenced his political and theological views (see below). Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer ( August 21, 1801 - May 19, 1876) Dutch Politician and Historian, was born at

Around 1866 he began to sympathize with the orthodox tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. He was inspired by the simple reformed faith of Pietje Balthus, a farmer's wife. He began to oppose the centralization in the church, the role of the King and began to plead for the separation of church and state. The Netherlands has been an independent Monarchy since 16 March 1815, and has been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau Separation of church and state is a Political and Legal Doctrine that Government and religious institutions are to be kept separate

In 1867 Kuyper was asked to become minister for the parish in Utrecht and he left Beesd. Utrecht ( city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 1870 he was asked to come to Amsterdam. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west In 1871 he began to write for the "De Heraut" ("The Herald").

In 1872 he founded his own paper, "De Standaard" ("the Standard") this paper would lay the foundation for the network of reformed organization, (the reformed pillar), which Kuyper would found. Pillarisation ( verzuiling in Dutch, pilarisation in French) is a term used to describe the denominational segregation of Dutch

Doleantie

In 1886 Kuyper led an exodus from the Dutch Reformed Church. He grieved the loss of Reformed distinctives within this State Church, which no longer required office bearers to agree to the Reformed standards which has once been foundational. [1]

Kuyper and the consistory of Amsterdam insisted that both ministers and church members subscribe to the Reformed confessions. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west This was appealed to Classis, and Kuyper, along with about 80 members of the Amsterdam consistory, were suspended in Dec. 1885. This was appealed to the provincial synod, which upheld the ruling in a July 1, 1886 ruling. [2].

Refusing to accept his suspension, Kuyper preached to his followers in an auditorium on Sunday, July 11, 1886. Because of their deep sorrow at the state of the Dutch Reformed Church, the group called itself the Doleantie (grieving ones).

By 1889 the Doleantie churches had over 200 congregations, 180,000 members, and about 80 ministers.

Kuyper, (although at first antagonistic towards them), soon began to seek union with the churches of the Secession of 1834, the Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken (Christian Reformed Church). The Secession of 1834 refers to a split that occurred from out of the Dutch Reformed Church in the year 1834. These churches had earlier broken off from the Dutch Reformed Church. This union was effected in 1892, and the Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland (Reformed Church in the Netherlands) was formed. This denomination has its counterpart in the Christian Reformed Church in North America.

Political Life

Member of Parliament

In 1873 Kuyper stood as candidate in the general election for parliament for the constituency of Gouda, but he was defeated by the incumbent member of parliament, the conservative Jonkheer Willem Maurits de Brauw. Gouda (population 71797 in 2004 is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Jonkheer (female equivalent Jonkvrouw is a Dutch Honorific of nobility When De Brauw died the next year, Kuyper stood again in the bye-election for the same district. This time he was elected to parliament, defeating the liberal candidate Herman Verners van der Loeff.

Kuyper subsequently moved to the Hague, without telling his friends in Amsterdam. In parliament he showed a particular interest in education, especially the equal financing of public and religious schools. In 1876 he wrote "Our Program" which laid the foundation for the Anti Revolutionary Party. The Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch Anti-Revolutionaire Partij, ARP was a Dutch Protestant Christian democratic Political party In this programme he formulated the principle of antithesis, the conflict between the religious (reformed and catholics) and non-religious. In 1877 he left parliament because of problems with his health, suffering from overexertion.

In 1878 Kuyper returned to politics, he led the petition against a new law on education, which would further disadvantage religious schools. A petition is a request to change some thing most commonly made to a government official or public entity Education in the Netherlands is characterized by division education is oriented toward the needs and background of the pupil This was an important impetus for the foundation of the Anti-Revolutuonary Party (ARP) in 1879, of which Kuyper would be chairman between 1879 and 1905. He would be the indisputed leader of the party between 1879 and 1920. His followers gave him the nickname "Abraham de Geweldige" (Abraham the Great). In 1880 he founded the Free University in Amsterdam and he was made professor of Theology there. He also served as its first rector magnificus. The word rector ("ruler" from the Latin regere and Rector meaning "Teacher" In Latin has a number of different meanings but all of them indicate an academic In 1881 he also became professor of literature. In 1886 he left the Dutch Reformed Church, with a large group of followers. The parish in Amsterdam was made independent of the church, and kept their own building. Between 1886 and 1892 they would be called the Dolerenden, (those with grievances). The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland abbreviated Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest Protestant church in the Netherlands In 1892 those Dolerenden founded a new denomination called The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands after merging with other orthodox Reformed people who had seceded from the Dutch Reformed Church in 1834.

In the general election of 1894 Kuyper was re-elected to the Tweede Kamer for the district of Sliedrecht. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands in 1894. Sliedrecht (population 23837 in 2004 is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. He defeated the liberal Van Haaften and the anti-takkian anti-revolutionary Beelaerts van Blokland. He also ran as a candidate in Dordrecht and Amsterdam, but was defeated there. Dordrecht (population 119649 in 2004 or in English (and locally colloquially Dordt, is a city and municipality in the Dutch province of South Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west In the election he joined the so-called Takkians, in a conflict between the liberal minister Tak, and a majority Tweede Kamer. Tak wanted to reform the census-suffrage, but a majority in parliament rejected his proposal. Householder Franchise or census suffrage is where a homeowner has the right to vote in an Election. Kuyper favoured the legislation because he expected the enfranchised lower class voters would favour his party. This orientation towards the lower classes gave him the nickname "De bellringer of the common people" (klokkeluider van de kleine luyden). His position on suffrage also led to a conflict within the ARP: a group around Alexander de Savornin Lohman was opposed on principle to universal suffrage because they rejected popular sovereignty; they left the ARP to found the CHU in 1901. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the State is created by the will or consent of its people, who The Christian Historical Union (in Dutch Christelijk Historische Unie, CHU was a Dutch conservative Protestant Political party The authoritarian leadership of Kuyper also played an important role in this conflict. Lohman opposed party discipline and wanted MPs to make up their own mind, while Kuyper favoured strong leadership. Party discipline is the ability of the Parliamentary group of a Political party to get its members to support the policies of the party leadership After the elections Kuyper became chair of the parliamentary caucus of the ARP. In his second term as MP he concentrated on more issues than education, like suffrage, labour, and foreign affairs. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better In foreign affairs especially the Second Boer War was of particular interest to him, in the conflict between the Dutch-speaking reformed farmers and the English-speaking anglicans he sided with the Boers, and heavily opposed the English. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in In 1896 Kuyper voted against the new suffrage law of Van Houten, because according to Kuyper the reforms did not go far enough. Samuel van Houten ( February 17, 1837 - 14 October, 1930) was a Dutch liberal politician. In the 1897 elections Kuyper competed in Zuidhorn, Sliedrecht and Amsterdam. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands in 1897. Zuidhorn ( is a Municipality and a Town in the northeastern Netherlands. Sliedrecht (population 23837 in 2004 is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west He was defeated by liberals in Zuidhorn and Amsterdam, but he defeated the liberal Wisboom in Sliedrecht. In Amsterdam he was defeated by Johannes Tak van Poortvliet. As an MP Kuyper kept his job as journalist, and he even became chair of the Dutch Circle of Journalists in 1898; when he left in 1901 he was made honorary president. In the same year, at the invitation of B.B. Warfield, Kuyper delivered the Stone Lectures at Princeton Seminary, which was his first widespread exposure to a North American audience. Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield ( November 5, 1851 &ndash February 16, 1921) was the principal of Princeton Princeton Theological Seminary (PTS is a theological seminary of the Presbyterian Church located in the Borough of Princeton He also received a honorary doctorate in law there. During his time in the United States, he also traveled to address several Dutch reformed congregations in Michigan and Iowa and presbyterian gatherings in Ohio and New Jersey.

Prime Minister

In the 1901 elections Kuyper was re-elected in Sliedrecht, defeating the liberal De Klerk. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands in 1901. In Amsterdam he was defeated again, now by the freethinking liberal Nolting. He did not take his seat in parliament however but was instead appointed formateur and later prime minister of the Dutch cabinet. The Prime minister of the Netherlands is the Head of government of the Netherlands and is the chair of the Dutch cabinet, and He also served as minister of Home Affairs. He originally wanted to become minister of labour and enterprise, but neither Mackay or Heemskerk, prominent anti-revolutionaries, wanted to become minister of Home Affairs, forcing him to take the portfolio. Æneas Baron Mackay Jr (29 November 1839 – 13 November 1909 was a Prime minister of the Netherlands. Theodorus Heemskerk ( Amsterdam, 20 July 1852- Utrecht, 12 June 1932 son of Jan Heemskerk, was a Dutch politician of the party ARP During his time as prime minister he showed a very authoritarian leadership style: he changed the rules of procedure of cabinet in order to become chair of cabinet for four years (before him, the chairmanship of the cabinet had rotated among its members).

The portfolio of home affairs at the time was very broad: it involved local government, industrial relations, education and public morality. The 1903 railway strike was one of the decisive issues for his cabinet. Kuyper produced several particularly harsh laws to end the strikes (the so-called "worgwetten", strangling laws), and pushed them through parliament. He also proposed legislation to improve working conditions; however only those on fishing and harbour construction passed through parliament. Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. In education Kuyper changed several education laws to improve the financial situation of religious schools. His law on higher education, which would make the diplomas of faith-based universities equal to that of the public universities, was defeated in the Eerste Kamer. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General Consequently Kuyper dissolved the Eerste Kamer and after a new upper house was elected the legislation was accepted. He was also heavily involved in foreign policy, giving him the nickname "Minister of Foreign Travels".

Minister of State

In 1905 his ARP lost the elections and was confined to opposition. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands in 1905. Between 1905 and 1907 Kuyper made a grand tour around the Mediterranean. In 1907 Kuyper became honorary doctor at the Delft University of Technology. The Delft University of Technology ( Technische Universiteit Delft in Dutch) in Delft, the Netherlands, is the nation's largest technical In 1907 he was re-elected chair of the ARP, a post which he would hold to his death in 1920. In 1907 Kuyper wanted to return to parliament. In a by-election in Sneek he needed the support of the local CHU. Sneek ( Snits is a Municipality and a City in the province of Friesland (Fryslân in the northern Netherlands. They refused him support. This led to a personal conflict between Kuyper and De Savorin Lohman. In 1908 he came into conflict with Heemskerk, who had not involved him in the formation of the CHU/ARP/Catholic General League cabinet, thereby denying him the chance to return as minister. Theodorus Heemskerk ( Amsterdam, 20 July 1852- Utrecht, 12 June 1932 son of Jan Heemskerk, was a Dutch politician of the party ARP The General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses (in Dutch Algemeene Bond van Roomsch-Katholieke Kiesverenigingen; informally called General League or Algemeene In 1908 Kuyper received the honorary title of minister of state. Minister of State is a title borne by politicians or officials in certain countries governed under a Parliamentary system. He was elected into the Tweede Kamer for the district of Ommen in the by-elections in the same year, defeating the liberal De Meester. Ommen is a Municipality and a Hanseatic city in the Vecht valley of the Salland region which is at the heart of the The Liberal Union (in Dutch: Liberale Unie) or LU was a Dutch liberal Political party. He also ran in Sneek where he was elected as sole candidate. Kuyper took the seat for Ommen. In 1909 he was made chair of the committee which would write the new orthography of the Dutch language. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname In the same year he also received an honorary doctorate at the Catholic University of Leuven. The Catholic University of Leuven, or Louvain, was the largest oldest and most prominent university in Belgium. In the 1909 elections he was re-elected in Ommen, defeating the liberal Teesselink, but he was defeated in Dordrecht by the liberal De Kanter. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands in 1909.

In 1909 he came under heavy criticism in the so-called decorations affairs (lintjeszaak). While minister of home affairs, Kuyper allegedly received money from one Rudolf Lehman, to make him Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau. The Order of Orange-Nassau ( Orde van Oranje-Nassau) is a military and civil order of the Netherlands which was first created on 4 April 1892 A parliamentary debate was held on the subject and a committee of wise men was instituted to research the claim. In 1910 the committee reported that Kuyper was innocent. Between 1910 and 1912 he was member of the committee headed by Heemskerk, which prepared a revision of the constitution. In 1912 he resigned his seat in parliament for health reasons, but he returned to politics in the following year, this time as a member of the Eerste Kamer for the province of South Holland. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General South Holland ( Dutch:) is a province situated on the North Sea in the western part of the Netherlands. He would retain this seat until his death. In 1913 he was made commander in the Order of the Netherlands Lion. The Order of the Netherlands Lion (De Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw is an order of the Netherlands which was first created on 29 September 1815 by the During the First World War Kuyper sided with the Germans, because he had opposed the English since the Boer wars. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In 1918 Kuyper played an important role in the formation of the first cabinet led by Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck. Jonkheer Charles Joseph Maria Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (1 December 1873 – 17 April 1936 was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1918 to 1925 and again from 1929 In 1920, at the age of 83 Kuyper died in The Hague and was buried amid great public attention.

Views

Kuyper theological and political views are linked. His orthodox Protestant beliefs heavily influenced his anti-revolutionary politics.

Theological views

Theologically Kuyper has also been very influential. He opposed the liberal tendencies within the Dutch Reformed Church. Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe This eventually led to secession and the foundation of Reformed Churches in the Netherlands. The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland abbreviated Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest Protestant church in the Netherlands He developed so-called Neo-Calvinism, which differs from conventional Calvinism over issues such as divine grace and the role of the state. Neo-Calvinism, a form of Dutch Calvinism, is the movement initiated by the theologian and former Dutch prime minister Abraham Kuyper. In Christianity, divine Grace refers to the sovereign favour of God for humankind — especially in regard to Salvation — irrespective of actions Furthermore, Kuyper was the first to formulate the principle of common grace in the context of a Reformed world-view. Common Grace is a theological concept in Protestant Christianity, primarily in Reformed and Calvinistic circles referring to the grace

Most important has been Kuyper's view on the role of God in everyday life. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. He believed that God continually influenced the life of believers, and daily events could show his workings. Kuyper famously said, "Oh, no single piece of our mental world is to be hermetically sealed off from the rest, and there is not a square inch in the whole domain of our human existence over which Christ, who is Sovereign over all, does not cry: 'Mine!'"[3] God continually re-creates the universe through acts of grace. God's acts are necessary to ensure the continued existence of creation. Without his direct activity creation would self-destruct.

Political views

Kuypers political ideals were orthodox-Protestant and anti-revolutionary.

The concept of sphere sovereignty was very important for Kuyper. In Neo-Calvinism, sphere sovereignty (Dutch souvereinitet in eigen kring) is the concept that each sphere (or sector of life has its own distinct responsibilities He rejected the popular sovereignty of France in which all rights originated with the individual, and the state-sovereignty of Germany in which all rights derived from the state. Instead, he wanted to honour the "intermediate bodies" in society, such as schools and universities, the press, business and industry, the arts etc. , each of which would be sovereign in its own sphere. In the interest of a level playing field, he championed the right of every faith community (among whom he counted humanists and socialists) to operate their own schools, newspapers, hospitals, youth movements etc. He sought equal government finances for all faith-based institutions. He saw an important role for the state in upholding the morality of the Dutch people. He favoured monarchy, and saw the House of Orange as historically and religiously linked to the Dutch people. His commitment to universal suffrage was only tactical; he expected the ARP would be able to gain more seats this way. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to In actuality, Kuyper wanted householder franchise where fathers of each family would vote for his family. He also favoured an upper house representing the various interest, vocational and professional groups in society.

With his ideals he defended the interests of a group of middle class orthodox reformed, who were often referred to as "the little people" (de kleine luyden). He formulated the principle of antithesis: a divide between secular and religious politics. Liberals and socialists, who were opposed to mixing religion and politics were his natural opponents. The Liberal Union (in Dutch: Liberale Unie) or LU was a Dutch liberal Political party. The Social Democratic Workers' Party (in Dutch: Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij SDAP was a Dutch socialist Political party and a predecessor Catholics were a natural ally, for not only did they want to practice religiously inspired politics, but they also were no electoral opponent, because they appealed to different religious groups. Roman-Catholic Political Party (Rooms-Katholieke Staatspartij RKSP was a Dutch Catholic Christian-Democratic Political party. Socialists, who preached class conflict were a danger to the reformed workers. Class conflict, also class war or class warfare, is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different He called for workers to accept their fates and be happy with a simple life, because the afterlife would be much more satisfying and revolution would only lead to instability. AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between At the same time he argued that the system of unrestricted free enterprise was in need of "architectonic critique" and he urged government to adopt labour legislation and to inspect workplaces.

Legacy

Kuyper's political views and acts have influenced Dutch politics. The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a Kuyper stood at the cradle of pillarization, the social expression of the anti-thesis in public life. Pillarisation ( verzuiling in Dutch, pilarisation in French) is a term used to describe the denominational segregation of Dutch His championing of parity treatment for faith-based organizations and institutions created the basis for the alliance between Protestants and Catholics that would dominate Dutch politics to the present day. One of the current governing parties of the Netherlands, the CDA, is still heavily influenced by Kuyper's thought. The Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA) (Christen Democratisch Appèl is a Dutch Christian-democratic Political party. His greatest theological act, the founding of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands was undone in 2005 with the creation of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands which united the Dutch Reformed Church, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland abbreviated Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest Protestant church in the Netherlands The Protestant Church in the Netherlands ( Dutch: Protestantse Kerk in Nederland, abbreviated PKN) came into being on 1 May 2004 Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe The Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Evangelisch-Lutherse Kerk in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden) was a denomination in the

In the United States Kuyper's political and theological views have had a significant impact, especially in the Reformed community. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He is considered the father of Dutch Neo-Calvinism and had considerable influence on the thought of philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd. Herman Dooyeweerd ( October 7, 1894, Amsterdam - February 12, 1977) was a Dutch Juridical scholar by training Others that have been influenced by Kuyper include Francis Schaeffer, Cornelius Van Til, Alvin Plantinga, Nicholas Wolterstorff, Chuck Colson, Stephen Perks, R Tudur Jones and Bobi Jones. Francis August Schaeffer ( 30 January 1912 &ndash 15 May 1984) a forerunner of the Presbyterian Church in America. Cornelius Van Til ( May 3, 1895 &ndash April 17, 1987) born in Grootegast, the Netherlands, was a Christian Alvin Carl Plantinga (born 1932 is a contemporary American Philosopher known for his work in Epistemology, Metaphysics, and the Philosophy Nicholas Wolterstorff (born January 21, 1932 in Bigelow Minnesota) is the Noah Porter Professor Emeritus of Philosophical Kingdoms in Conflict (1988 but I don't know where--> Charles (Chuck Wendell Colson (born October 16 Stephen Perks founded the Kuyper Foundation, a Christian charitable trust in England in 1987 R Tudur Jones ( June 28, 1921 -1998 was a Welsh Nationalist and a Protestant Christian. Emeritus Professor Robert Maynard Jones (born 1929 generally known as Bobi Jones, is a Welsh Christian academic one of the most prolific writers in the In 2006, Reformed Bible College, located in Grand Rapids, Michigan was renamed in honor of Abraham Kuyper and is now Kuyper College. Kuyper College is a ministry-focused Christian leadership college located in Grand Rapids Charter Township, just northeast of the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Kuyper College is a ministry-focused Christian leadership college located in Grand Rapids Charter Township, just northeast of the city of Grand Rapids,

Kuyper's legacy includes a granddaughter, Johtje Vos, who is noted for having sheltered many Jews in her home in the Netherlands from the Nazis. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German After World War II she moved to New York. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous [4]

Bibliography

Kuyper wrote several theological and political books:

References

Notes

  1. ^ Dan Knight, Dr. Princeton Theological Seminary (PTS is a theological seminary of the Presbyterian Church located in the Borough of Princeton Princeton Theological Seminary (PTS is a theological seminary of the Presbyterian Church located in the Borough of Princeton Abraham Kuyper, <http://reformed.net/bios/abraham-kuyper.htm> (Accessed Feb. 6, 2008).
  2. ^ Dan Knight, Dr. Abraham Kuyper, <http://reformed.net/bios/abraham-kuyper.htm> (Accessed Feb. 6, 2008)
  3. ^ Kuyper, Abraham (1998), “Sphere Sovereignty”, in Bratt, James D. , Abraham Kuyper, A Centennial Reader, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, pp. 488 
  4. ^ Johtje Vos, Who Saved Wartime Jews, Dies at 97 - New York Times

Literature


External links


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