An abortion is the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. The practice of Abortion dates back to ancient times Pregnancies were terminated through a number of methods including the administration of Abortifacient herbs The abortion debate refers to discussion and controversy surrounding the moral and legal status of Abortion. Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-choice advocates emphasize their beliefs that having a child is a personal choice that affects a woman's body and Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-life individuals generally believe that human life should be valued either from conception or Implantation This is a Abortion law is legislation which pertains to the provision of Abortion. An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the The spontaneous expulsion of a fetus or embryo before the 20th week of gestational age[1] is commonly known as a miscarriage. Gestational age is usually considered to be the age of an Embryo or Fetus (or newborn infant from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined [2] Induced abortion is the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus by medical, surgical, or other means at any point during human pregnancy for therapeutic or elective reasons. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female [3] The approximate number of induced abortions performed worldwide in 2003 was 42 million. [4]
Throughout recorded history, abortion has been induced by various traditional medicine methods, including botanical abortifacients, the use of sharpened tools, and abdominal pressure. The practice of Abortion dates back to ancient times Pregnancies were terminated through a number of methods including the administration of Abortifacient herbs The term traditional medicine ( Indigenous medicine or folk medicine) describes medical knowledge systems which developed over centuries within various societies An abortifacient is a substance that induces Abortion. Abortifacients for Animals that have mated undesirably are known as Mismating shots
The moral and legal aspects of abortion are subject to intense social debate in many parts of the world. The ethical aspects of Abortion are much discussed in all major philosophies and Religions in the world particularly (but not exclusively in the Christian Abortion law is legislation which pertains to the provision of Abortion. The abortion debate refers to discussion and controversy surrounding the moral and legal status of Abortion. Aspects of this debate can include the public health impact of unsafe or illegal abortion as well as legal abortion's effect upon crime rates, and the ramifications of sex-selective practices. An Other debates include the abortion-breast cancer hypothesis, post-abortion syndrome, and fetal pain. The abortion-breast cancer (ABC hypothesis (supporters call it the abortion-breast cancer link posits that induced Abortion increases the risk of developing Breast cancer The relationship between induced Abortion and Mental health is an area of controversy Fetal pain, its existence and its implications are part of a larger debate about Abortion. Moral arguments often equate abortion to murder, or denial of abortion to oppression of women.
The history of modern Western abortion laws can be traced back to English common law, which allowed abortion before the "quickening" of the fetus. English law is the legal system of England and Wales, and is the basis of Common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countriesand the In Pregnancy terms the moment of quickening refers to the initial motion of the Fetus in the Uterus as it is perceived or felt by the pregnant woman Currently, abortion law varies from country to country, with regard to religious, moral, and cultural sensibilities.
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Forms of abortion
In medical terminology, the term abortion refers to two basic phenomena: miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) and induced abortion. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined In common parlance, the term "abortion" is synonymous with induced abortion. An idiom is a Phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal Definition, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only However, in medical texts, the word 'abortion' might exclusively refer to, or may also refer to, spontaneous abortion (miscarriage).
Spontaneous abortion
Spontaneous abortion is the expulsion of an embryo or fetus due to accidental trauma or natural causes. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and In Medicine, death by natural causes is a loosely-defined term used by Coroners describing Death when the cause of death was a naturally occurring disease Most miscarriages are due to incorrect replication of chromosomes; they can also be caused by environmental factors. Spontaneous abortions, generally referred to as miscarriages, occur when an embryo or fetus is lost due to natural causes before the 20th week of gestation. An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and Gestational age is usually considered to be the age of an Embryo or Fetus (or newborn infant from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP A pregnancy that ends between 20 and 37 weeks of gestation, if it results in a live-born infant, is known as a "premature birth". A live birth occurs when a Fetus, whatever its Gestational age, exits the Maternal body and subsequently shows any sign of life such as voluntary Premature birth (also known as preterm birth) is the Birth of a Baby before the standard period of Pregnancy is completed When a fetus dies in utero after about 20 weeks, or during delivery, it is termed a "stillbirth". For the Nirvana album see In Utero. In utero is a Latin term literally meaning "in the Uterus " Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or A stillbirth occurs when a Fetus which has died in the Uterus or during labor or delivery exits a Woman 's body Premature births and stillbirths are generally not considered to be miscarriages although usage of these terms can sometimes overlap.
Most miscarriages occur very early in pregnancy. Between 10% and 50% of pregnancies end in clinically apparent miscarriage, depending upon the age and health of the pregnant woman. [5] In most cases, they occur so early in the pregnancy that the woman is not even aware that she was pregnant. One study testing hormones for ovulation and pregnancy showed a rate of pregnancy in exposed ovulatory cycles of 59. 6%; with 61. 9% of conceptuses lost prior to 12 weeks of which 91. 7% occuried subclinically, without the knowledge of the mother. [6]
The risk of spontaneous abortion decreases sharply after the 10th week LMP,[7] with a loss rate between 8. Gestational age is usually considered to be the age of an Embryo or Fetus (or newborn infant from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP 5 weeks LMP and birth of about two percent; pregnancy loss is “virtually complete by the end of the embryonic period. "[8]
This risk of spontaneous abortion is greater in those with a known history of several spontaneous abortions or an induced abortion, those with systemic diseases, and those over age 35. Other causes can be infection (of either the woman or fetus), immune response, or serious systemic disease. A spontaneous abortion can also be caused by accidental trauma; intentional trauma to cause miscarriage is considered induced abortion or feticide. Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. Feticide or foeticide is an act that causes the death of a fetus [9]
Induced abortion
A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in many ways. The manner selected depends chiefly upon the gestational age of the embryo or fetus, in addition to the legality, regional availability, and doctor-patient preference for specific procedures. Gestational age is usually considered to be the age of an Embryo or Fetus (or newborn infant from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and Reasons for procuring induced abortions are typically characterized as either therapeutic or elective. An abortion is considered to be therapeutic when it is performed to:
- to save the life of the pregnant woman;[10]
- to preserve the woman's physical or mental health;[10]
- to terminate pregnancy that would result in a child born with a congenital disorder that would be fatal or associated with significant morbidity;[10] or
- to selectively reduce the number of fetuses to lessen health risks associated with multiple pregnancy. A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific In Medicine, Epidemiology and Actuarial science, the term morbidity can refer to the state of poor health (from Latin Selective reduction (or fetal reduction) is the practice of reducing the number of Fetuses in a multifetal Pregnancy (i A multiple birth occurs when more than one Fetus is carried to term in a single Pregnancy. [10]
An abortion is considered to be elective if it is performed for any other reason.
Methods
Surgical
In the first 12 weeks, suction-aspiration or vacuum abortion is the most common method. Vacuum or suction aspiration uses aspiration to remove the contents of the Uterus through the Cervix. [11] Manual Vacuum aspiration (MVA) abortion, consists of removing the fetus or embryo by suction using a manual syringe, while electric vacuum aspiration (EVA) abortion uses an electric pump. Vacuum or suction aspiration uses aspiration to remove the contents of the Uterus through the Cervix. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular A syringe is a simple piston Pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a tube Vacuum or suction aspiration uses aspiration to remove the contents of the Uterus through the Cervix. For information on Wikipedia project-related discussions see WikipediaVillage pump. These techniques are comparable, and differ in the mechanism used to apply suction, how early in pregnancy they can be used, and whether cervical dilation is necessary. MVA, also known as "mini-suction" and "menstrual extraction", can be used in very early pregnancy, and does not require cervical dilation. Menstrual extraction is both a Surgical abortion method and a Menstrual hygiene technique which involves removing an entire menstrual period or a Blastocyst Surgical techniques are sometimes referred to as 'Suction (or surgical) Termination Of Pregnancy' (STOP). From the 15th week until approximately the 26th, dilation and evacuation (D&E) is used. Dilation and evacuation (also sometimes called dilation and extraction) literally refers to the dilation of the Cervix and surgical evacuation of the contents D&E consists of opening the cervix of the uterus and emptying it using surgical instruments and suction. The cervix (from Latin "neck" is the lower narrow portion of the Uterus where it joins with the top end of the Vagina. The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the
Dilation and curettage (D&C), the second most common method of abortion, is a standard gynecological procedure performed for a variety of reasons, including examination of the uterine lining for possible malignancy, investigation of abnormal bleeding, and abortion. Dilation (dilatation and curettage literally refers to the dilation (opening of the Cervix and surgical removal of the contents of the Uterus. Curettage refers to cleaning the walls of the uterus with a curette. Curettage, in Surgery, is the use of a Curette to remove tissue by scraping or scooping The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the A curette is a Spoon -shaped surgical instrument for cleaning a diseased surface The World Health Organization recommends this procedure, also called sharp curettage, only when MVA is unavailable. [12] The term D and C, or sometimes suction curette, is used as a euphemism for the first trimester abortion procedure, whichever the method used. A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak
Other techniques must be used to induce abortion in the second trimester. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Premature delivery can be induced with prostaglandin; this can be coupled with injecting the amniotic fluid with caustic solutions containing saline or urea. A prostaglandin is any member of a group of Lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from Fatty acids and have important functions in the Animal body The amniotic sac is the sac in which the Fetus develops Some sources consider it to be equivalent to the Amnion. In Medicine, saline (also saline solution) is a general term referring to a sterile solution of Sodium chloride (table Salt) in water Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] After the 16th week of gestation, abortions can be induced by intact dilation and extraction (IDX) (also called intrauterine cranial decompression), which requires surgical decompression of the fetus's head before evacuation. Intact dilation and extraction ( IDX or intact D&X) also known as intact dilation and evacuation ( intact D&E) dilation and extraction IDX is sometimes called "partial-birth abortion," which has been federally banned in the United States. Intact dilation and extraction ( IDX or intact D&X) also known as intact dilation and evacuation ( intact D&E) dilation and extraction The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act (Public Law 108-105 HR 760 S 3 18 U A hysterotomy abortion is a procedure similar to a caesarean section, and is performed under general anesthesia because it is considered major abdominal surgery. Hysterotomy abortion is a form of Abortion in which the Uterus is opened through an abdominal incision and the Fetus is removed similar to a A Caesarean section (or Cesarean section in American English) also known as C-section, is a form of Childbirth in which a surgical In modern medical practice general anaesthesia ( AmE: anesthesia) is a state of total unconsciousness resulting from General anaesthetic drugs It requires a smaller incision than a caesarean section and is used during later stages of pregnancy. [13]
From the 20th to 23rd week of gestation, an injection to stop the fetal heart can be used as the first phase of the surgical abortion procedure[14] to ensure that the fetus is not born alive. An injection is an infusion method of putting Liquid into the Body, usually with a hollow needle and a Syringe which is pierced through The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic [15]
Medical
Effective in the first trimester of pregnancy, non-surgical abortions (referred to as 'medical abortions') comprise 10% of all abortions in the United States and Europe. A medical abortion is a type of non-surgical Abortion in which a drug is used to induce the abortion The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Combined regimens include methotrexate or mifepristone, followed by a prostaglandin (either misoprostol or gemeprost: misoprostol is used in the U. Mifepristone is a synthetic Steroid compound used as a pharmaceutical. A prostaglandin is any member of a group of Lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from Fatty acids and have important functions in the Animal body Misoprostol is a drug that is FDA -approved in the United States for the prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID)-induced Gemeprost (16 16-dimethyl-trans-delta2 PGE1 methyl ester is an analogue of Prostaglandin E1 S. ; gemeprost is used in the UK and Sweden. ) When used within 49 days gestation, approximately 92% of women undergoing medical abortion with a combined regimen completed it without surgical intervention. [16] Misoprostol can be used alone, but has a lower efficacy rate than combined regimens. In cases of failure of medical abortion, vacuum or manual aspiration is used to complete the abortion surgically.
Other means
Historically, a number of herbs reputed to possess abortifacient properties have been used in folk medicine: tansy, pennyroyal, black cohosh, and the now-extinct silphium (see history of abortion). A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like An abortifacient is a substance that induces Abortion. Abortifacients for Animals that have mated undesirably are known as Mismating shots The term traditional medicine ( Indigenous medicine or folk medicine) describes medical knowledge systems which developed over centuries within various societies Tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare) is a perennial herbaceous Flowering plant of the aster family that is native to temperate Europe and The herb Pennyroyal ( Mentha pulegium, family Lamiaceae) is a member of the mint Genus; an Essential oil extracted from Actaea racemosa ( Black cohosh, Black bugbane or Black snakeroot or Fairy candle; syn Silphium (also known as silphion or laser) was a plant of the Genus Ferula. An [17] The use of herbs in such a manner can cause serious — even lethal — side effects, such as multiple organ failure, and is not recommended by physicians. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS, previously known as multiple organ failure (MOF, is altered organ function in an acutely ill patient requiring A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health [18]
Abortion is sometimes attempted by causing trauma to the abdomen. In Vertebrates such as Mammals the abdomen (belly constitutes the part of the body between the Thorax (chest and Pelvis. The degree of force, if severe, can cause serious internal injuries without necessarily succeeding in inducing miscarriage. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined [19] Both accidental and deliberate abortions of this kind can be subject to criminal liability in many countries. In Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand, there is an ancient tradition of attempting abortion through forceful abdominal massage. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj [20]
Reported methods of unsafe, self-induced abortion include misuse of misoprostol, and insertion of non-surgical implements such as knitting needles and clothes hangers into the uterus. A self-induced abortion is an Abortion performed outside the recognized medical system Misoprostol is a drug that is FDA -approved in the United States for the prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID)-induced A knitting needle or knitting pin is a Tool in Hand-knitting to produce Knitted fabrics They generally have a long shaft and taper A clothes hanger, or coat hanger, is a device in the shape of Human Shoulders designed to facilitate the hanging of a Coat, Jacket The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the These methods are rarely seen in developed countries where surgical abortion is legal and available. [21]
Incidence of induced abortion
The incidence and reasons for induced abortion vary regionally. It has been estimated that approximately 46 million abortions are performed worldwide every year. Of these, 26 million are said to occur in places where abortion is legal; the other 20 million happen where the procedure is illegal. Abortion law is legislation which pertains to the provision of Abortion. Some countries, such as Belgium (11. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those 2 per 100 known pregnancies) and the Netherlands (10. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands 6 per 100), have a low rate of induced abortion, while others like Russia (62. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending 6 per 100) and Vietnam (43. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially 7 per 100) have a comparatively high rate. The world ratio is 26 induced abortions per 100 known pregnancies. [22]
By gestational age and method
Abortion rates also vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and the method practiced. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female In 2003, from data collected in those areas of the United States that sufficiently reported gestational age, it was found that 88. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Gestational age is usually considered to be the age of an Embryo or Fetus (or newborn infant from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP 2% of abortions were conducted at or prior to 12 weeks, 10. 4% from 13 to 20 weeks, and 1. 4% at or after 21 weeks. 90. 9% of these were classified as having been done by "curettage" (suction-aspiration, Dilation and curettage, Dilation and evacuation), 7. Curettage, in Surgery, is the use of a Curette to remove tissue by scraping or scooping Vacuum or suction aspiration uses aspiration to remove the contents of the Uterus through the Cervix. Dilation (dilatation and curettage literally refers to the dilation (opening of the Cervix and surgical removal of the contents of the Uterus. Dilation and evacuation (also sometimes called dilation and extraction) literally refers to the dilation of the Cervix and surgical evacuation of the contents 7% by "medical" means (mifepristone), 0. A medical abortion is a type of non-surgical Abortion in which a drug is used to induce the abortion Mifepristone is a synthetic Steroid compound used as a pharmaceutical. 4% by "intrauterine instillation" (saline or prostaglandin), and 1. Instillation abortion is a rarely-used method of induced abortion, performed in the second trimester by injecting a solution into the uterus to cause uterine contractions In Medicine, saline (also saline solution) is a general term referring to a sterile solution of Sodium chloride (table Salt) in water A prostaglandin is any member of a group of Lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from Fatty acids and have important functions in the Animal body 0% by "other" (including hysterotomy and hysterectomy). Hysterotomy abortion is a form of Abortion in which the Uterus is opened through an abdominal incision and the Fetus is removed similar to a A hysterectomy (from Greek hystera "womb" is the surgical removal of the Uterus, usually performed by a gynecologist. [23] The Guttmacher Institute estimated there were 2,200 intact dilation and extraction procedures in the U. The Guttmacher Institute is a Non-profit organization which works to advance Reproductive health as defined by the World Health Organization. Intact dilation and extraction ( IDX or intact D&X) also known as intact dilation and evacuation ( intact D&E) dilation and extraction S. during 2000; this accounts for 0. 17% of the total number of abortions performed that year. [24] Similarly, in England and Wales in 2006, 89% of terminations occurred at or under 12 weeks, 9% between 13 to 19 weeks, and 1. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland 5% at or over 20 weeks. 64% of those reported were by vacuum aspiration, 6% by D&E, and 30% were medical. [25]
By personal and social factors
A 1998 aggregated study, from 27 countries, on the reasons women seek to terminate their pregnancies concluded that common factors cited to have influenced the abortion decision were: desire to delay or end childbearing, concern over the interruption of work or education, issues of financial or relationship stability, and perceived immaturity. Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency [26] A 2004 study in which American women at clinics answered a questionnaire yielded similar results. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An abortion clinic is a medical facility that performs or specializes in Abortions Such Clinics may be public medical centers or private medical practices A questionnaire is a Research instrument consisting of a series of Questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents [27] In Finland and the United States, concern for the health risks posed by pregnancy in individual cases was not a factor commonly given; however, in Bangladesh, India, and Kenya health concerns were cited by women more frequently as reasons for having an abortion. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south [26] 1% of women in the 2004 survey-based U. S. study became pregnant as a result of rape and 0. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person 5% as a result of incest. Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. [27] Another American study in 2002 concluded that 54% of women who had an abortion were using a form of contraception at the time of becoming pregnant while 46% were not. Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent Inconsistent use was reported by 49% of those using condoms and 76% of those using the combined oral contraceptive pill; 42% of those using condoms reported failure through slipping or breakage. A condom is a device most commonly used during Sexual intercourse. [28]
Some abortions are undergone as the result of societal pressures. These might include the stigmatization of disabled persons, preference for children of a specific sex, disapproval of single motherhood, insufficient economic support for families, lack of access to or rejection of contraceptive methods, or efforts toward population control (such as China's one-child policy). An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual A single parent (also lone parent and sole parent) is a Parent who cares for one or more children without the assistance of another parent in the home Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Population control is the practice of limiting population increase usually by reducing the Birth rate. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The one-child policy is the Population control policy (or planned birth policy of the People's Republic of China (PRC These factors can sometimes result in compulsory abortion or sex-selective abortion. Sex-selective abortion is the targeted Abortion of a Fetus based upon its Sex.
Health considerations
Early-term surgical abortion is a simple procedure which is safer than childbirth when performed before the 16th week. Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or [29][30] Abortion methods, like most minimally invasive procedures, carry a small potential for serious complications. Minimally invasive surgical procedures avoid open invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery with less trauma [31][32] The risk of complications can increase depending on how far pregnancy has progressed. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female [33][34]
Women typically experience minor pain during first-trimester abortion procedures. In a 1979 study of 2,299 patients, 97% reported experiencing some degree of pain. Patients rated the pain as being less than earache or toothache, but more than headache or backache. [35]
Some practitioners advocate using minimal anaesthesia so the patient can alert them to possible complications. Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις Others recommend general anaesthesia, to prevent patient movement, which might cause a perforation. In modern medical practice general anaesthesia ( AmE: anesthesia) is a state of total unconsciousness resulting from General anaesthetic drugs General anaesthesia carries its own risks, including death, which is why public health officials recommend against its routine use.
History of abortion
Induced abortion can be traced to ancient times. The practice of Abortion dates back to ancient times Pregnancies were terminated through a number of methods including the administration of Abortifacient herbs [36] There is evidence to suggest that, historically, pregnancies were terminated through a number of methods, including the administration of abortifacient herbs, the use of sharpened implements, the application of abdominal pressure, and other techniques. An abortifacient is a substance that induces Abortion. Abortifacients for Animals that have mated undesirably are known as Mismating shots
The Hippocratic Oath, the chief statement of medical ethics for Hippocratic physicians in Ancient Greece, forbade doctors from helping to procure an abortion by pessary. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical practice of medicine Medical ethics is primarily a field of Applied ethics, the study of Moral values and judgments as they apply to Medicine. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca A pessary is a small Plastic or Silicone medical device or form of Pharmaceutical preparation which is inserted into the Vagina or Rectum Soranus, a second-century Greek physician, suggested in his work Gynaecology that women wishing to abort their pregnancies should engage in energetic exercise, energetic jumping, carrying heavy objects, and riding animals. Soranus, Greek Physician, born at Ephesus, lived during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian (AD 98-138 A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) refers to the surgical specialty dealing with health of the female reproductive system ( Uterus He also prescribed a number of recipes for herbal baths, pessaries, and bloodletting, but advised against the use of sharp instruments to induce miscarriage due to the risk of organ perforation. Bloodletting (or blood-letting, in modern medicine referred to as phlebotomy) was a tremendously popular medical practice from antiquity up to the late Perforation refers to the puncturing of a material with a harder (usually sharp object to create a hole or aperture [37] It is also believed that, in addition to using it as a contraceptive, the ancient Greeks relied upon silphium as an abortifacient. Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent Silphium (also known as silphion or laser) was a plant of the Genus Ferula. An abortifacient is a substance that induces Abortion. Abortifacients for Animals that have mated undesirably are known as Mismating shots Such folk remedies, however, varied in effectiveness and were not without risk. Tansy and pennyroyal, for example, are two poisonous herbs with serious side effects that have at times been used to terminate pregnancy. Tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare) is a perennial herbaceous Flowering plant of the aster family that is native to temperate Europe and The herb Pennyroyal ( Mentha pulegium, family Lamiaceae) is a member of the mint Genus; an Essential oil extracted from In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like In Medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as Chemotherapy or Surgery.
Abortion in the 19th century continued, despite bans in both the United Kingdom and the United States, as the disguised, but nonetheless open, advertisement of services in the Victorian era suggests. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities [38]
In the 20th century the Soviet Union (1919), Iceland (1935) and Sweden (1938) were among the first countries to legalize certain or all forms of abortion. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. [39] In 1935 Nazi Germany, a law was passed permitting abortions for those deemed "hereditarily ill", while women considered of "German stock" were specifically prohibited from having abortions. [40][41][42][43]
Social issues
A number of complex issues exist in the debate over abortion. These, like the suggested effects upon health listed above, are a focus of research and a fixture of discussion among members on all sides of the controversy.
Effect upon crime rate
A theory attempts to draw a correlation between the United States' unprecedented nationwide decline of the overall crime rate during the 1990s and the decriminalization of abortion 20 years prior. The legalized abortion and crime effect is the controversial Theory that legal Abortion reduces Crime. In Probability theory and Statistics, correlation, (often measured as a correlation coefficient) indicates the strength and direction of a linear Crime statistics attempt to provide a statistical measure of the level or amount of- Crime that is prevalent in societies
The suggestion was brought to widespread attention by a 1999 academic paper, The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime, authored by the economists Steven D. Levitt and John Donohue. Academic publishing describes the subfield of Publishing which distributes academic Research and Scholarship. " The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime " is a controversial paper by Steven Levitt of University of Chicago and John Donohue of An economist is an expert in the Social science of Economics. Steven David "Steve" Levitt (born May 29, 1967) is a prominent American Economist best known for his work on crime in particular on They attributed the drop in crime to a reduction in individuals said to have a higher statistical probability of committing crimes: unwanted children, especially those born to mothers who are African-American, impoverished, adolescent, uneducated, and single. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Teenage pregnancy is defined as a Teenage or underage girl usually within the ages of 13-17 becoming pregnant Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency A single parent (also lone parent and sole parent) is a Parent who cares for one or more children without the assistance of another parent in the home The change coincided with what would have been the adolescence, or peak years of potential criminality, of those who had not been born as a result of Roe v. Wade and similar cases. Roe v Wade, 410 US 113 (1973 is a controversial United States Supreme Court case that resulted in a Landmark decision regarding Donohue and Levitt's study also noted that states which legalized abortion before the rest of the nation experienced the lowering crime rate pattern earlier, and those with higher abortion rates had more pronounced reductions. [44]
Fellow economists Christopher Foote and Christopher Goetz criticized the methodology in the Donohue-Levitt study, noting a lack of accommodation for statewide yearly variations such as cocaine use, and recalculating based on incidence of crime per capita; they found no statistically significant results. Methodology (also called manner) is defined as "the analysis of the principles of methods rules and postulates employed by a discipline" Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' In Statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by Chance. [45] Levitt and Donohue responded to this by presenting an adjusted data set which took into account these concerns and reported that the data maintained the statistical significance of their initial paper. A data set (or dataset) is a collection of Data, usually presented in tabular form [46]
Such research has been criticized by some as being utilitarian, discriminatory as to race and socioeconomic class, and as promoting eugenics as a solution to crime. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment [47][48] Levitt states in his book Freakonomics that they are neither promoting nor negating any course of action—merely reporting data as economists. Freakonomics A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything is a 2005 non-fiction book by University of Chicago Economist Steven Levitt
Sex-selective abortion
The advent of both sonography and amniocentesis has allowed parents to determine sex before birth. Sex-selective abortion is the targeted Abortion of a Fetus based upon its Sex. Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure used in Prenatal diagnosis of genetic abnormalities and fetal An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or This has led to the occurrence of sex-selective abortion or the targeted termination of a fetus based upon its sex. Sex-selective abortion is the targeted Abortion of a Fetus based upon its Sex. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and
It is suggested that sex-selective abortion might be partially responsible for the noticeable disparities between the birth rates of male and female children in some places. Crude birth rate is the natality or Childbirths per 1000 people per year The preference for male children is reported in many areas of Asia, and abortion used to limit female births has been reported in Mainland China, Taiwan, South Korea, and India. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [49]
In India, the economic role of men, the costs associated with dowries, and a Hindu tradition which dictates that funeral rites must be performed by a male relative have led to a cultural preference for sons. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A funeral is a Ceremony marking a person's Death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of Beliefs and practices used by a Culture to remember Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic SON DNA binding protein, also known as SON, is a human Gene. [50] The widespread availability of diagnostic testing, during the 1970s and '80s, led to advertisements for services which read, "Invest 500 rupees [for a sex test] now, save 50,000 rupees [for a dowry] later. "[51] In 1991, the male-to-female sex ratio in India was skewed from its biological norm of 105 to 100, to an average of 108 to 100. In Anthropology and Demography, the human sex ratio is the Sex ratio for Homo sapiens (i [52] Researchers have asserted that between 1985 and 2005 as many as 10 million female fetuses may have been selectively aborted. [53] The Indian government passed an official ban of pre-natal sex screening in 1994 and moved to pass a complete ban of sex-selective abortion in 2002. [54]
In the People's Republic of China, there is also a historic son preference. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The implementation of the one-child policy in 1979, in response to population concerns, led to an increased disparity in the sex ratio as parents attempted to circumvent the law through sex-selective abortion or the abandonment of unwanted daughters. The one-child policy is the Population control policy (or planned birth policy of the People's Republic of China (PRC [55] Sex-selective abortion might be an influence on the shift from the baseline male-to-female birth rate to an elevated national rate of 117:100 reported in 2002. The trend was more pronounced in rural regions: as high as 130:100 in Guangdong and 135:100 in Hainan. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Hainan ( POJ: Hai-lam Pinyin:, Jyutping: hoi2 naam4 literal meaning "South of the Sea" is the smallest province of the People's [56] A ban upon the practice of sex-selective abortion was enacted in 2003. [57]
Unsafe abortion
Where and when access to safe abortion has been barred, due to explicit sanctions or general unavailability, women seeking to terminate their pregnancies have sometimes resorted to unsafe methods. According to the World Health Organization (WHO an unsafe abortion is the termination of an unintended pregnancy either by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an
"Back-alley abortion" is a slang term for any abortion not practiced under generally accepted standards of sanitation and professionalism. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an unsafe abortion as being, "a procedure. . . carried out by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment that does not conform to minimal medical standards, or both. "[58] This can include a person without medical training, a professional health provider operating in sub-standard conditions, or the woman herself. A self-induced abortion is an Abortion performed outside the recognized medical system
Unsafe abortion remains a public health concern today due to the higher incidence and severity of its associated complications, such as incomplete abortion, sepsis, hemorrhage, and damage to internal organs. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Sepsis is a serious medical condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (called a Systemic inflammatory response syndrome or SIRS caused Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from WHO estimates that 19 million unsafe abortions occur around the world annually and that 68,000 of these result in the woman's death. [58] Complications of unsafe abortion are said to account, globally, for approximately 13% of all maternal mortalities, with regional estimates including 12% in Asia, 25% in Latin America, and 13% in sub-Saharan Africa. Maternal death, or maternal mortality, also "obstetrical death" is the Death of a woman during or shortly after a Pregnancy. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries [59] A 2007 study published in the The Lancet found that, although the global rate of abortion declined from 45. This article is about the journal For other uses of the term "lancet" see Lancet (disambiguation. 6 million in 1995 to 41. 6 million in 2003, unsafe procedures still accounted for 48% of all abortions performed in 2003. [60] Health education, access to family planning, and improvements in health care during and after abortion have been proposed to address this phenomenon. Health education is defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion maintenance or restoration of Health Family planning is frequently used to mean that people plan when to have children using Birth control, preconceptional counseling. Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing [61]
Abortion debate
In the history of abortion, induced abortion has been the source of considerable debate, controversy, and activism. The abortion debate refers to discussion and controversy surrounding the moral and legal status of Abortion. Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-choice advocates emphasize their beliefs that having a child is a personal choice that affects a woman's body and Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-life individuals generally believe that human life should be valued either from conception or Implantation The practice of Abortion dates back to ancient times Pregnancies were terminated through a number of methods including the administration of Abortifacient herbs Debate ( American English) or debating ( British English) is a formal method of interactive and position representational Argument. A controversy or dispute is a commencement of a conflict between statements of accepted fact and a new or unaccepted proposal that disagrees with argues against Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change An individual's position on the complex ethical, moral, philosophical, biological, and legal issues is often related to his or her value system. An opinion is a Person 's Ideas and thoughts towards something which it is either impossible to verify the truth of or the truth of which is thought unimportant to Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life A moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society A value system is a set of Consistent Ethic values (more specifically the Personal and cultural values) and measures used for the purpose of Ethical Opinions of abortion may be best described as being a combination of beliefs on its morality, and beliefs on the responsibility, ethical scope, and proper extent of governmental authorities in public policy. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. In Politics, authority ( Latin Auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to Potestas and Imperium Religious ethics also has an influence upon both personal opinion and the greater debate over abortion (see religion and abortion). A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Many religious traditions have taken a stance on Abortion, and these stances span a broad spectrum from acceptance to rejection
Abortion debates, especially pertaining to abortion laws, are often spearheaded by advocacy groups belonging to one of two camps. Abortion law is legislation which pertains to the provision of Abortion. Advocacy Advocacy is the pursuit of influencing outcomes –including public-policy and resource allocation decisions within political economic and social systems In the United States, most often those in favor of greater legal restrictions on, or even complete prohibition of abortion, describe themselves as pro-life while those against legal restrictions on abortion describe themselves as pro-choice. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-life individuals generally believe that human life should be valued either from conception or Implantation Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-choice advocates emphasize their beliefs that having a child is a personal choice that affects a woman's body and Both are used to indicate the central principles in arguments for and against abortion: "Is the fetus a human being with a fundamental right to life?" for pro-life advocates, and, for those who are pro-choice, "Does a woman have the right to choose whether or not to continue a pregnancy?"
In both public and private debate, arguments presented in favor of or against abortion focus on either the moral permissibility of an induced abortion, or justification of laws permitting or restricting abortion. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Arguments on morality and legality tend to collide and combine, complicating the issue at hand.
Debate also focuses on whether the pregnant woman should have to notify and/or have the consent of others in distinct cases: a minor, her parents; a legally-married or common-law wife, her husband; or a pregnant woman, the biological father. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Consent as a term of jurisprudence is a possible defence (an Excuse or justification against civil or criminal liability In law the term minor (also infant or infancy) is used to refer to a person who is under the age in which one legally assumes Adulthood and is legally NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Common-law marriage (or Common law marriage) sometimes called de facto marriage, informal marriage or marriage by habit and repute In a 2003 Gallup poll in the United States, 79% of male and 67% of female respondents were in favor of spousal notification; overall support was 72% with 26% opposed. [62]
Public opinion
A number of opinion polls around the world have explored public opinion regarding the issue of abortion. Societal attitudes towards abortion have varied throughout different historal periods and Cultures One manner of assessing such attitudes in the modern era has been An opinion poll is a survey of Public opinion from a particular sample. That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one I think denies Results have varied from poll to poll, country to country, and region to region, while varying with regard to different aspects of the issue.
A May 2005 survey examined attitudes toward abortion in 10 European countries, asking polltakers whether they agreed with the statement, "If a woman doesn't want children, she should be allowed to have an abortion". The highest level of approval was 81% (in the Czech Republic); the lowest was 47% (in Poland). The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [63]
In North America, a December 2001 poll surveyed Canadian opinion on abortion, asking Canadians in what circumstances they believe abortion should be permitted; 32% responded that they believe abortion should be legal in all circumstances, 52% that it should be legal in certain circumstances, and 14% that it should be legal in no circumstances. Abortion in Canada is not limited by the law While some non-legal obstacles exist Canada is one of only a few nations with no legal restrictions on Abortion Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page A similar poll in January 2006 surveyed people in the United States about U.S. opinion on abortion; 33% said that abortion should be "permitted only in cases such as rape, incest or to save the woman's life", 27% said that abortion should be "permitted in all cases", 15% that it should be "permitted, but subject to greater restrictions than it is now", 17% said that it should "only be permitted to save the woman's life", and 5% said that it should "never" be permitted. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Abortion in the United States is a highly-charged issue involving significant political and ethical debate [64] A November 2005 poll in Mexico found that 73. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. 4% think abortion should not be legalized while 11. 2% think it should. [65]
Of attitudes in South and Central America, a December 2003 survey found that 30% of Argentines thought that abortion in Argentina should be allowed "regardless of situation", 47% that it should be allowed "under some circumstances", and 23% that it should not be allowed "regardless of situation". South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Abortion in Argentina is strictly limited by law As of 2008, the Argentine Penal Code establishes severe sanctions for those who cause Abortion, either [66] A March 2007 poll regarding the abortion law in Brazil found that 65% of Brazilians believe that it "should not be modified", 16% that it should be expanded "to allow abortion in other cases", 10% that abortion should be "decriminalized", and 5% were "not sure". Abortion in Brazil is currently illegal except under the following two circumstances if the Pregnancy puts the life of the woman in serious risk or if the pregnancy is |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld [67] A July 2005 poll in Colombia found that 65. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. 6% said they thought that abortion should remain illegal, 26. 9% that it should be made legal, and 7. 5% that they were unsure. [68]
Arguments within the debate
Breast cancer hypothesis
The "abortion-breast cancer (ABC) hypothesis" (supporters call it the abortion-breast cancer link) posits induced abortion increases the risk of developing breast cancer;[69] it is a controversial subject and the current scientific consensus has concluded there is no significant association between first-trimester abortion and breast cancer risk. The abortion-breast cancer (ABC hypothesis (supporters call it the abortion-breast cancer link posits that induced Abortion increases the risk of developing Breast cancer Scientific consensus is the collective judgement position and Opinion of the community of Scientists in a particular field of Science at a particular [70][71][72]
In early pregnancy, levels of estrogen increase, leading to breast growth in preparation for lactation. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, The breast is the upper Ventral region of an animal’s Torso, particularly that of Mammals including Human beings. Lactation describes the secretion of Milk from the Mammary glands the process of providing that milk to the young and the period of time that a Mother The hypothesis proposes that if this process is interrupted by an abortion – before full maturity in the third trimester – then more relatively vulnerable immature cells could be left than there were prior to the pregnancy, resulting in a greater potential risk of breast cancer. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female The hypothesis mechanism was first proposed and explored in rat studies conducted in the 1980s. Rats are various medium sized long-tailed Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea [73][74][75]
The American Cancer Society concludes that presently the evidence does not support a causal abortion-breast cancer association,[76] yet a causal link continues to be championed by pro-life activists like Dr. The American Cancer Society ( ACS) is the "nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to Joel Brind, Dr. Dr Joel Brind is a Pro-life Born again Christian, scientist and a leading advocate of the Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis. Angela Lanfranchi and Karen Malec. [72] In the past, pro-life advocates have sought legal action regarding disclosure of the abortion-breast cancer issue. This brought short-term legal and political intervention culminating with the Bush Administration changing the National Cancer Institute (NCI) fact sheet from concluding no link to a more ambiguous assessment. The National Cancer Institute (NCI is part of the United States Federal government's National Institutes of Health. [77] In February 2003, the NCI responded by conducting a workshop with over 100 experts on the issue, which determined from selected evidence that it was well-established "abortion is not associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. "[78]
Though the scientific community is largely skeptical of the hypothesis and has been rejected by some;[77][78] the ongoing promotion of an abortion-breast cancer "link" by pro-life advocates and medical associations is seen by others as merely a part of the current pro-life "women-centered" strategy against abortion. Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-life individuals generally believe that human life should be valued either from conception or Implantation [79][80][81] Pro-life groups maintain they are providing legally necessary informed consent;[82] a concern shared by conservative Congressman Dr. Informed consent is a legal condition whereby a person can be said to have given Consent based upon an appreciation and understanding of the facts implications Dave Weldon. David Joseph Weldon, (known as Dave Weldon) (born August 31 1953, Amityville New York) is an American politician and physician [83] While early research indicated a correlation between breast cancer and abortion;[84][85] the current scientific consensus has solidified with the publication of large prospective cohort studies which find no clear association between abortion and breast cancer. A longitudinal study is a Correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time - often many decades A cohort study or panel study is a form of Longitudinal study used in Medicine and Social science. [86][87] These studies along with all relevant research strive to remove from their results the many confounding factors, such as delayed child bearing (parity), which affect breast cancer risk apart from abortion. The abortion-breast cancer (ABC hypothesis (supporters call it the abortion-breast cancer link posits that induced Abortion increases the risk of developing Breast cancer The abortion-breast cancer hypothesis continues to incite mostly political and some scientific debate. [72]
Mental health
The relationship between induced abortion and mental health is an area of political and scientific controversy. The relationship between induced Abortion and Mental health is an area of controversy Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or Emotional wellbeing or an absence of a Mental disorder. [88][89][90] A number of studies have concluded that abortion is associated with no more psychological risk than carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. Other studies have reported a statistical correlation between abortion and negative psychological effects, though no studies have demonstrated a direct causal relationship. In Statistics, an association comes from two variables that are related and is often confused with Causality though association does not imply a causal relationship Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence [91][81][92] Pre-existing factors in a woman's life, such as emotional attachment to the pregnancy, lack of social support, pre-existing psychiatric illness, and conservative views on abortion increase the likelihood of experiencing negative feelings after an abortion. [93][94][95]
In a 1990 review, the American Psychological Association has found that "severe negative reactions [after abortion] are rare and are in line with those following other normal life stresses. The American Psychological Association (APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U "[92] In light of additional studies undertaken since that time, both the APA and the United Kingdom Royal College of Psychiatrists are performing systematic reviews of the medical literature in order to update their position statements. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Royal College of Psychiatrists is the main professional organisation of Psychiatrists in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, responsible A systematic review is a Literature review focused on a single question which tries to identify appraise select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to
Some proposed negative psychological effects of abortion have been referred to by pro-life advocates as a separate condition called "post-abortion syndrome. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-life individuals generally believe that human life should be valued either from conception or Implantation " However, the existence of "post-abortion syndrome" is not recognized by any medical or psychological organization,[96] and some physicians and pro-choice advocates have argued that the effort to popularize the idea of a "post-abortion syndrome" is a tactic used by pro-life advocates for political purposes. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-choice advocates emphasize their beliefs that having a child is a personal choice that affects a woman's body and [88][81][97][98]
On March 14, 2008, the Royal College of Psychiatrists released a statement saying "The specific issue of whether or not induced abortion has harmful effects on women’s mental health remains to be fully resolved. The Royal College of Psychiatrists is the main professional organisation of Psychiatrists in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, responsible The current research evidence base is inconclusive – some studies indicate no evidence of harm, whilst other studies identify a range of mental disorders following abortion. "[90]
Fetal pain debate
The existence and implications of fetal pain are scientifically and politically disputed. Fetal pain, its existence and its implications are part of a larger debate about Abortion. Fetal pain, its existence and its implications are part of a larger debate about Abortion. A controversial[99] review by researchers from the University of California, San Francisco in JAMA concluded that data from dozens of medical reports and studies indicate that fetuses are unlikely to feel pain until the third trimester of pregnancy. The University of California San Francisco ( UCSF) is one of the world's leading centers of Health sciences research Patient care, and education JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association is an international peer-reviewed general Medical journal, published 48 times per year by the American Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female [100][101] There may be an emerging consensus among developmental neurobiologists that the establishment of thalamocortical connections (at about 26 weeks) is a critical event with regard to fetal perception of pain. Neurobiology is the study of cells of the Nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος = room chamber, IPA= /ˈθæləməs/ is a pair and symmetric part of the brain [102] Nevertheless, because pain can involve sensory, emotional and cognitive factors, it may be "impossible to know" when painful experiences are perceived, even if it is known when thalamocortical connections are established. [102]
Whether a fetus has the ability to feel pain and to suffer is part of the abortion debate. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm Suffering, or pain, is an individual's basic Affective experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with harm or threat of harm [103][104] For example, legislation has been proposed by pro-life advocates requiring abortion providers to tell a woman that the fetus may feel pain during the abortion procedure, and that require her to accept or decline anesthesia for the fetus. Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-life individuals generally believe that human life should be valued either from conception or Implantation [105]
Abortion law
- See also: Reproductive rights
Before the scientific discovery that human development begins at fertilization, English common law allowed abortions to be performed before "quickening", the earliest perception of fetal movement by a woman during pregnancy, until both pre- and post-quickening abortions were criminalized by Lord Ellenborough's Act in 1803. English law is the legal system of England and Wales, and is the basis of Common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countriesand the In Pregnancy terms the moment of quickening refers to the initial motion of the Fetus in the Uterus as it is perceived or felt by the pregnant woman Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803 (also known as Lord Ellenborough's Act) is a British Act of parliament. [106] In 1861, the British Parliament passed the Offences Against the Person Act, which continued to outlaw abortion and served as a model for similar prohibitions in some other nations. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories The Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict c100 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. [107] The Soviet Union, with legislation in 1920, and Iceland, with legislation in 1935, were two of the first countries to generally allow abortion. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The second half of the 20th century saw the liberalization of abortion laws in other countries. The Abortion Act 1967 allowed abortion for limited reasons in the United Kingdom. The Abortion Act 1967 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to regulate Abortion by registered practitioners and the free provision of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In the 1973 case, Roe v. Wade, the United States Supreme Court struck down state laws banning abortion, ruling that such laws violated an implied right to privacy in the United States Constitution. Roe v Wade, 410 US 113 (1973 is a controversial United States Supreme Court case that resulted in a Landmark decision regarding The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. The Supreme Court of Canada, similarly, in the case of R. v. Morgentaler, discarded its criminal code regarding abortion in 1988, after ruling that such restrictions violated the security of person guaranteed to women under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian R v Morgentaler [1988] 1 SCR 30 was a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada wherein the Abortion provision in the Criminal Code of The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the Canada later struck down provincial regulations of abortion in the case of R. v. Morgentaler (1993). Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page R v Morgentaler 3 SCR 463 was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada invalidating a provincial attempt to regulate abortions in Canada By contrast, abortion in Ireland was affected by the addition of an amendment to the Irish Constitution in 1983 by popular referendum, recognizing "the right to life of the unborn". Abortion in Ireland has had a controversial history and remains a disputed subject today The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland introduced a constitutional ban on Abortion. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann came into force on 29 December 1937 after having been passed by a national plebiscite the previous July A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita
Current laws pertaining to abortion are diverse. Religious, moral, and cultural sensibilities continue to influence abortion laws throughout the world. The right to life, the right to liberty, the right to security of person, and the right to reproductive health are major issues of human rights that are sometimes used as justification for the existence or absence of laws controlling abortion. Right to life is a phrase that describes the belief that a Human being has an essential Right to live particularly that a human being has the right not to be Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force Security of person or security of the person is a Human right guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations Reproductive rights are Rights relating to reproduction and Reproductive health. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Many countries in which abortion is legal require that certain criteria be met in order for an abortion to be obtained, often, but not always, using a trimester-based system to regulate the window of legality:
- In the United States, some states impose a 24-hour waiting period before the procedure, prescribe the distribution of information on fetal development, or require that parents be contacted if their minor daughter requests an abortion. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo or fetus (or foetus) gestates during Pregnancy, from fertilization Many jurisdictions have laws applying to minors and abortion. In law the term minor (also infant or infancy) is used to refer to a person who is under the age in which one legally assumes Adulthood and is legally
- In the United Kingdom, as in some other countries, two doctors must first certify that an abortion is medically or socially necessary before it can be performed.
Other countries, in which abortion is normally illegal, will allow one to be performed in the case of rape, incest, or danger to the pregnant woman's life or health. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. A few nations ban abortion entirely: Chile, El Salvador, Malta, Ireland and Nicaragua, although in 2006 the Chilean government began the free distribution of emergency contraception. Abortion has been a crime in Chile since 1874 and is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the country. El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Abortion in Nicaragua is completely illegal Prior to a change in the law, which took effect on 18 November 2006, the law allowed pregnancies to be The Politics of Chile takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President [108][109] In Bangladesh, abortion is illegal, but the government has long supported a network of "menstrual regulation clinics", where menstrual extraction (manual vacuum aspiration) can be performed as menstrual hygiene. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Menstrual extraction is both a Surgical abortion method and a Menstrual hygiene technique which involves removing an entire menstrual period or a Blastocyst Vacuum or suction aspiration uses aspiration to remove the contents of the Uterus through the Cervix. [110]
In places where abortion is illegal or is socially such a stigma that it would not be possible to continue to live there if it became known that a woman had undergone one, pregnant women may engage in medical tourism and travel overseas to countries where they can undergo a termination of their pregnancy. Medical tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the Mass media In the USA, it is not unusual for women to travel from one state to another for reasons of termination of pregnancy.
See also
References
- ^ The 20th week of gestational age is equivalent to the 18th week after fertilization (also known as "conception"). This is a An abortion fund is a Non-profit organization that provides financing for abortions to indigent women who cannot afford the fees Abortion-related violence, or anti-abortion violence, is criminal violence committed against individuals and organizations that provide Abortion. Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent The ethical aspects of Abortion are much discussed in all major philosophies and Religions in the world particularly (but not exclusively in the Christian Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil. The term fetal rights can refer either to legal rights accorded to Fetuses or to ethical rights of fetuses Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) refers to the surgical specialty dealing with health of the female reproductive system ( Uterus Late-term abortions are Abortions which are performed during a later stage of Pregnancy. Governments sometimes take measures designed to afford legal protection of access to abortion. Libertarians promote individual liberty and seek to minimize the role of the state Medical tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the Mass media The Mexico City Policy, also known as the Global Gag Rule, is a United States government Policy which requires all Non-governmental organizations Many jurisdictions have laws applying to minors and abortion. Obstetrics (from the Latin obstare, "to stand by" is the surgical speciality dealing with the care of a woman and her offspring during Pregnancy The paternal rights and abortion issue is an extension of both the Abortion debate and the Fathers' rights movement Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Population control is the practice of limiting population increase usually by reducing the Birth rate. Many religious traditions have taken a stance on Abortion, and these stances span a broad spectrum from acceptance to rejection Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced Selective reduction (or fetal reduction) is the practice of reducing the number of Fetuses in a multifetal Pregnancy (i A self-induced abortion is an Abortion performed outside the recognized medical system Teenage pregnancy is defined as a Teenage or underage girl usually within the ages of 13-17 becoming pregnant For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil. The embryonic stage lasts approximately until the end of the 8th week after fertilization, at which point the fetal stage begins.
- ^ -MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Miscarriage. MedlinePlus, with the MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, is a website network containing Health information from the world's largest medical Library Retrieved 2008-01-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain "A miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. Gestational age is usually considered to be the age of an Embryo or Fetus (or newborn infant from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP (Pregnancy losses after the 20th week are called preterm deliveries. ) A miscarriage may also be called a "spontaneous abortion. " This refers to naturally occurring events, not elective or therapeutic abortion procedures, which a woman may choose to have done.
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- ^ "Crime-Abortion Study Continues to Draw Pro-life Backlash. " (1999-08-11). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation The Pro-Life Infonet. Retrieved 2006-02-17 from Ohio Roundtable Online Library. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
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- ^ The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. (2005-11-02). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 "Public Opinion Supports Alito on Spousal Notification Even as It Favors Roe v. Wade. " Pew Research Center Pollwatch. Retrieved 2006-03-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant
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- ^ "Mexicans Support Status Quo on Social Issues. " (December 1, 2005). Angus Reid Global Monitor. Retrieved January 10, 2006.
- ^ "Argentines Assess Abortion Changes. " (Mar. 4, 2004). Angus Reid Global Monitor. Retrieved January 10, 2006.
- ^ "Brazilians Want to Keep Abortion as Crime. " (April 12, 2007). Angus Reid Global Monitor. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
- ^ "Colombians Reject Legalizing Abortion. (August 2, 2005). Angus Reid Global Monitor. Retrieved January 10, 2006.
- ^ Russo J, Russo I (1980). "Susceptibility of the mammary gland to carcinogenesis. II. Pregnancy interruption as a risk factor in tumor incidence". Am J Pathol 100 (2): 505–506. PMID 6773421. "In contrast, abortion is associated with increased risk of carcinomas of the breast. The explanation for these epidemiologic findings is not known, but the parallelism between the DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma model and the human situation is striking. [. . . ] Abortion would interrupt this process, leaving in the gland undifferentiated structures like those observed in the rat mammary gland, which could render the gland again susceptible to carcinogenesis. "
- ^ WHO. who. int. Retrieved on 2007-12-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes
- ^ Politics & Science - Investigating the State of Science Under the Bush Administration (HTML). oversight. house. gov. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ a b c Jasen P (2005). "Breast cancer and the politics of abortion in the United States". Med Hist 49 (4): 423–44. PMID 16562329.
- ^ Russo J, Russo I (1980). "Susceptibility of the mammary gland to carcinogenesis. II. Pregnancy interruption as a risk factor in tumor incidence". Am J Pathol 100 (2): 497–512. PMID 6773421.
- ^ Russo J, Tay L, Russo I (1982). "Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis". Breast Cancer Res Treat 2 (1): 5–73. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 6216933.
- ^ Russo J, Russo I (1987). "Biological and molecular bases of mammary carcinogenesis". Lab Invest 57 (2): 112–37. PMID 3302534.
- ^ ACS :: Can Having an Abortion Cause or Contribute to Breast Cancer?. cancer. org. Retrieved on 2008-03-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor
- ^ a b Politics & Science - Investigating the State of Science Under the Bush Administration. democrats. reform. house. gov. Retrieved on 2007-11-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani
- ^ a b Summary Report: Early Reproductive Events Workshop - National Cancer Institute. cancer. gov. Retrieved on 2007-11-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani
- ^ Medical Groups Recognizing Link. abortionbreastcancer. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ THE PRO-CHOICE ACTION NETWORK. prochoiceactionnetwork-canada. org. Retrieved on 2007-11-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani
- ^ a b c Chris Mooney (2004). Research and Destroy. washingtonmonthly. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ Women's Health after Abortion. deveber. org. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ Weldon Letter. abortionbreastcancer. com. Retrieved on 2007-11-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani
- ^ Daling JR, Brinton LA, Voigt LF, et al (1996). "Risk of breast cancer among white women following induced abortion". Am. J. Epidemiol. 144 (4): 373–80. PMID 8712194.
- ^ Howe H, Senie R, Bzduch H, Herzfeld P (1989). "Early abortion and breast cancer risk among women under age 40. ". Int J Epidemiol 18 (2): 300–4. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 2767842.
- ^ Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Olsen J, Frisch M, Westergaard T, Helweg-Larsen K, Andersen P (1997). "Induced abortion and the risk of breast cancer". N Engl J Med 336 (2): 81–5. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 8988884.
- ^ Michels KB, Xue F, Colditz GA, Willett WC (2007). "Induced and spontaneous abortion and incidence of breast cancer among young women: a prospective cohort study". Arch. Intern. Med. 167 (8): 814–20. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17452545.
- ^ a b Is There a Post-Abortion Syndrome? By Emily Bazelon. Emily Bazelon (born 1971 is an American journalist and senior editor for online magazine Slate. Published in the New York Times Magazine, January 21, 2007. The New York Times Magazine is a supplement to the Sunday The New York Times newspaper Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Accessed January 11, 2008. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Post-Abortion Politics" NOW with David Brancaccio on PBS
- ^ a b Research and Destroy, by The Royal College of Psychiatrists. Accessed March 16, 2008.
- ^ Reagan's officials 'suppressed' research on abortion, by Christopher Joyce. Published in the New Scientist on December 16, 1989. New Scientist is a weekly International science magazine and website covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English -speaking Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Accessed February 18, 2008. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b Family Planning and Perspectives by Nancy Adler
- ^ Adler NE, David HP, Major BN, Roth SH, Russo NF, Wyatt GE (1990). "Psychological responses after abortion". Science 248 (4951): 41–4. PMID 2181664. An abstract of this article is available for free, and the full text is available for a fee.
- ^ American Psychological Association. "APA research review finds no evidence of 'post-abortion syndrome' but research studies on psychological effects of abortion inconclusive. " Press release, January 18, 1989.
- ^ Abortion study finds no long-term ill effects on emotional well-being
- ^ Grimes DA, Creinin MD (2004). "Induced abortion: an overview for internists". Ann. Intern. Med. 140 (8): 620–6. PMID 15096333. Key summary points: "Abortion does not lead to an increased risk for breast cancer or other late psychiatric or medical sequelae. " On p. 624, the authors state: "The alleged 'postabortion trauma syndrome' does not exist. "
- ^ Stotland NL (2003). "Abortion and psychiatric practice". J Psychiatr Pract 9 (2): 139–49. PMID 15985924. "Currently, there are active attempts to convince the public and women considering abortion that abortion frequently has negative psychiatric consequences. This assertion is not borne out by the literature: the vast majority of women tolerate abortion without psychiatric sequelae. "
- ^ Stotland NL. The myth of the abortion trauma syndrome. JAMA. 1992 Oct 21;268(15):2078-9. PMID 1404747.
- ^ Study Authors Didn't Report Abortion Ties. New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Lee SJ, Ralston HJ, Drey EA, Partridge JC, Rosen MA (2005). "Fetal pain: a systematic multidisciplinary review of the evidence". JAMA 294 (8): 947–54. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16118385.
- ^ "Study: Fetus feels no pain until third trimester" MSNBC
- ^ a b Johnson, Martin and Everitt, Barry. Essential reproduction (Blackwell 2000): "The multidimensionality of pain perception, involving sensory, emotional, and cognitive factors may in itself be the basis of conscious, painful experience, but it will remain difficult to attribute this to a fetus at any particular developmental age. " Retrieved 2007-02-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ White, R. Frank. "Are We Overlooking Fetal Pain and Suffering During Abortion?", American Society of Anesthesiologists Newsletter (October 2001). Retrieved 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing
- ^ David, Barry & and Goldberg, Barth. "Recovering Damages for Fetal Pain and Suffering", Illinois Bar Journal (December 2002). Retrieved 2007-03-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing
- ^ Weisman, Jonathan. "House to Consider Abortion Anesthesia Bill", Washington Post 2006-12-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Retrieved 2007-02-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio
- ^ Lord Ellenborough’s Act. " (1998). The Abortion Law Homepage. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
- ^ United Nations Population Division. (2002). Abortion Policies: A Global Review. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
- ^ Ross, Jen. (September 12, 2006). Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "In Chile, free morning-after pills to teens. " The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ^ Gallardoi, Eduardo. (September 26, 2006). Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Morning-After Pill Causes Furor in Chile. " The Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ^ Surgical Abortion: History and Overview. National Abortion Federation. Retrieved on 2006-09-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself
External links
- Abortion at the Open Directory Project
- Abortion Laws of the World
- Abortion Policies: A Global Review
- "Abortion Clinic:" a 1983 PBS Frontline episode. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
- U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health MedlinePlus encyclopedia
- Abortion: All sides to the issue from the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
- Issue Guide on Abortion from Public Agenda Online
The following information resources may be created by those with a non-neutral position in the abortion debate:
- The Guttmacher Institute (pro-choice)
- Johnston's Archive: Abortion Statistics and Other Data (pro-life)
- Just Facts: Abortion (pro-life)
- Abortion.com: Abortion Clinics and Medical Providers (pro-choice)
The following links are to groups which advocate a specific position:
- Children by Choice (Australia, pro-choice)
- Right to Life Australia (pro-life)
- Canadians for Choice (pro-choice)
- LifeCanada (pro-life)
- Abortion Law Reform Association of New Zealand (pro-choice)
- Voice for Life (New Zealand, pro-life)
- Abortion Rights (United Kingdom, pro-choice)
- LifeUK (United Kingdom, pro-life)
- NARAL Pro-choice America (pro-choice)
- American Life League (pro-life)
- Planned Parenthood (international, pro-choice)
- CareNet (international, pro-life)
Dictionary
abortion
-noun
- (medicine or dated) The cessation of pregnancy or fetal development; a miscarriage.
- An induced abortion.
- The act of inducing abortion.
- (dated) The immature product of an untimely birth.
- (biology) Arrest of development of any organ, so that it remains an imperfect formation or is absorbed.
- Any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or anything which is interrupted in its progress before it is matured or perfect.
- The act of aborting a project, a mission, etc, before it is completed.
- (art) Something ugly, an artistic atrocity.
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