Am I Not a Man and a Brother?

Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century that sought to make slavery illegal in the United States and British West Indies. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Slavery as an institution in Mediterranean cultures of the ancient world comprised a mixture of Debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime and The issue of religion and slavery is an area of historical research into the relationship between the world's major Religions and the practice of Slavery. The Bible contains several references to slavery. The Hebrew Bible does not promote Slavery, but neither does it condemn it Christianity does not have a clear position regarding slavery, in favour or against The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. Judaism has been influenced by the experience of slavery of the Hebrews in the land of Egypt, as narrated in the biblical story of The Exodus The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa The Arab Slave trade was the practice of Slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery Involuntary servitude is a United States legal and Constitutional term for a person laboring against that person's will to benefit another under some form The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services In Law legal status refers to the concept of individuals having a particular place in society relative to the law as it determines the laws which affect them As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. Beginning during the Enlightenment in Europe and the United States, the movement attracted many followers and had significant political results. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century It succeeded in making slavery illegal in the United States, the British Empire and French colonies. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.

Today child and adult slavery and forced labour are illegal in most countries as well as by international law. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards But because slavery continues to exist, with an estimated 27 million people enslaved worldwide, a new international abolitionist movement has recently emerged.

The term has later been attached to other movements. For example, the feminist Josephine Butler used the term to describe campaigns against prostitution. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Josephine Elizabeth Butler ( 13 April 1828– 30 December 1906) was a Victorian era English feminist who was especially concerned with Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money.

United Kingdom and the British Empire

Slavery in Great Britain

Main article: Slavery in Britain and Ireland

The last form of enforced servitude (villeinage) had disappeared in Britain with the beginning of the seventeenth century. Slavery in Britain and Ireland dated back to the times of Roman occupation But by the eighteenth century, African and Indian (from East Asia) slaves began to be brought into London and Edinburgh as personal servants. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. ^[1] They were not bought or sold, and their legal status was unclear until 1772, when the case of a runaway slave named James Somerset forced a legal decision. James Somerset or Somersett was a young African American slave who was purchased by Charles Stuart in Virginia in 1749 The owner, Charles Steuart, had attempted to abduct him and send him to Jamaica to work on the sugar plantations. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. While in London, Somerset had been baptised and his godparents issued a writ of habeas corpus. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief As a result Lord Mansfield, Chief Justice of the Court of the King's Bench, had to judge whether the abduction was legal or not under English Common Law as there was no legislation for slavery in England. William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield PC ( 2 March 1705 &ndash 20 March 1793) was a British Judge and Politician The Queen's Bench (or during the reign of a male monarch the King's Bench) is the superior court in a number of jurisdictions within some of the Commonwealth realms Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive In his judgment of 22 June 1772 he declared: "Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be discharged. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a " It was thus declared that the condition of slavery did not exist under English law. English law is the legal system of England and Wales, and is the basis of Common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countriesand the This judgment emancipated the ten to fourteen thousand slaves in England and also laid down that slavery contracted in other jurisdictions (such as the American colonies) could not be enforced in England. ^[2]

After reading of the Somerset case, an African slave in Scotland, Joseph Knight, left his master, John Wedderburn. Somersett's Case ( R v Knowles ex parte Somersett) is a famous judgment of the English Court of King's Bench in 1772 which held that Slavery Joseph Knight may refer to Joseph Knight (slave Joseph Knight (gardener Joseph Knight Sr A similar case to Steuart's was brought by Wedderburn in 1776, with the same result: that chattel slavery did not exist under the law of Scotland (nevertheless, there were native-born Scottish serfs until 1799, when coal miners previously kept in serfdom gained emancipation). Personal property is a type of Property. In the Common law systems personal property may also be called chattels or personalty. Scots law is a unique legal system with an ancient basis in Roman law. Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. Emancipation is a term used to describe various efforts to obtain Political rights or equality, often for a specifically Disenfranchised group or more

First steps

Despite the disappearance of slavery in Great Britain, slavery was a way of life in the southern colonies of America and the West Indian colonies of the British Empire. The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.

By 1783, an anti-slavery movement was beginning among the British public. That year the first British abolitionist organization was founded by a group of Quakers. The Quakers continued to be influential throughout the lifetime of the movement, in many ways leading the campaign. ^[3] On 17 June 1783 the issue was formally brought to government by Sir Cecil Wray (Member of Parliament for Retford), who presented the Quaker petition to parliament. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Retford is a Market town in Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands of England, located 31 miles from the County town of Nottingham Also in 1783, Dr Beilby Porteus issued a call to the Church of England to cease its involvement in the slave trade and to formulate a workable policy to draw attention to and improve the conditions of Afro-Caribbean slaves. Beilby Porteus or Porteous ( May 8, 1731 &ndash May 13, 1809) successively Bishop of Chester and of London The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history The British African Caribbean community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services

The exploration of the African continent, by such British groups as the African Association (1788), promoted the abolitionists' cause by showing Europeans that the African "savages" were human beings with legitimate, complex cultures. The Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa (commonly known as the African Association) founded in London on June 9 The African Association also had close ties with William Wilberforce, perhaps the most important political figure in the battle for abolition in the British Empire. William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833 was a British Politician, a Philanthropist

Black people played an important part in the movement for abolition. In Britain, Olaudah Equiano, whose autobiography was published in nine editions in his lifetime, campaigned tirelessly against the slave trade. Olaudah Equiano ( c 1745 &ndash 31 March 1797) also known as Gustavus Vassa, was one of the most prominent people of African heritage involved

Growth of the movement

In May 1787, the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was formed, referring to the Atlantic slave trade, the trafficking in slaves by British merchants who took manufactured goods from ports such as Bristol and Liverpool, sold or exchanged these for slaves in West Africa where the African chieftain hierarchy was tied to slavery, shipped the slaves to British colonies and other Caribbean countries or the American colonies, where they sold or exchanged them mainly to the Planters for rum and sugar, which they took back to British ports. The Society for effecting the abolition of the slave trade was a British abolitionist group formed on May 22, 1787, when twelve men gathered together at The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World Merchants function as professionals who deal with Trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves in order to produce Profit. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting For American people of British descent see British American. British America consisted of the British Empire in continental North America This was the so-called Triangle trade because these mercantile merchants traded in three places each round-trip. Triangular trade is a historical term indicating Trade between three ports or regions Political influence against the inhumanity of the slave trade grew strongly in the late eighteenth century. Many people, some African, some European by descent, influenced abolition. Well known abolitionists in Britain included James Ramsay who had seen the cruelty of the trade at first hand, Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, and other members of the Clapham Sect of evangelical reformers, as well as Quakers who took most of the places on the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, having been the first to present a petition against the slave trade to the British Parliament and who founded the predecessor body to the Committee. James Ramsay (1733&ndash1809 was a ship’s surgeon Anglican priest and leading abolitionist Granville Sharp ( 10 November 1735 - 6 July 1813) was a British campaigner for the abolition of the slave trade, and Thomas Clarkson ( 28 March 1760 &ndash 26 September 1846) abolitionist, was born at Wisbech, Cambridgeshire The Clapham Sect was an influential group of like-minded Church of England social reformers in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century (active c Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel The Society for effecting the abolition of the slave trade was a British abolitionist group formed on May 22, 1787, when twelve men gathered together at As Dissenters, Quakers were not eligible to become British MPs in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, so the Anglican evangelist William Wilberforce was persuaded to become the leader of the parliamentary campaign. The term dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, “to disagree” labels one who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion belief etc William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833 was a British Politician, a Philanthropist The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland Clarkson became the group's most prominent researcher, gathering vast amounts of information about the slave trade, gaining first hand accounts by interviewing sailors and former slaves at British ports such as Bristol, Liverpool and London. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Mainly because of Clarkson's efforts, a network of local abolition groups was established across the country. They campaigned through public meetings and the publication of pamphlets and petitions. A pamphlet is an unbound Booklet (that is without a hard cover or binding) A petition is a request to change some thing most commonly made to a government official or public entity One of the earliest books promoted by Clarkson and the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was the autobiography of the freed slave Olaudah Equiano. The Society for effecting the abolition of the slave trade was a British abolitionist group formed on May 22, 1787, when twelve men gathered together at Olaudah Equiano ( c 1745 &ndash 31 March 1797) also known as Gustavus Vassa, was one of the most prominent people of African heritage involved The movement had support from such freed slaves, from many denominational groups such as Swedenborgians, Quakers, Baptists, Methodists and others, and reached out for support from the new industrial workers of the cities in the midlands and north of England. (born Emanuel Swedberg; February 8 1688–March 29 1772 was a Swedish Scientist, Philosopher, Christian mystic, and Theologian Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Even women and children, previously un-politicised groups, became involved in the campaign although at this date women often had to hold separate meetings and were ineligible to be represented in the British Parliament, as indeed were the majority of the men in Britain.

One particular project of the abolitionists was the negotiation with African chieftains for the purchase of land in West African kingdoms for the establishment of 'Freetown' – a settlement for former slaves of the British Empire and the United States, back in west Africa. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. Freetown is the Capital and largest City of Sierra Leone, and a major Port on the Atlantic Ocean. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This privately negotiated settlement, later part of Sierra Leone eventually became protected under a British Act of Parliament in 1807-8, after which British influence in West Africa grew as a series of negotiations with local Chieftains were signed to stamp out trading in slaves. Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. These included agreements to permit British navy ships to intercept Chieftains' ships to ensure their merchants were not carrying slaves.

In 1796, John Gabriel Stedman published the memoirs of his five-year voyage to Surinam as part of a military force sent out to subdue bosnegers, former slaves living in the inlands. John Gabriel Stedman ( 1744 - 7 March 1797) was a distinguished British-Dutch Soldier and noted Author. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by Maroons redirects here and may refer to Queensland state rugby league team. The book is critical of the treatment of slaves and contains many images by William Blake and Francesco Bartolozzi depicting the cruel treatment of runaway slaves. William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827 was an English poet, painter, and Printmaker. Francesco Bartolozzi ( September 25 1725 - March 7 1815) was an Italian Engraver, whose most productive period was spent It became part of a large body of abolitionist literature.

Slave Trade Act 1807

The Slave Trade Act was passed by the British Parliament on 25 March 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the British Empire. See also Atlantic slave trade, Abolitionism The Slave Trade Act (citation 47 Geo III Sess The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Act imposed a fine of £100 for every slave found aboard a British ship.

Such a law was bound to be eventually passed, given the increasingly powerful abolitionist movement. The timing might have been connected with the Napoleonic Wars raging at the time. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions At a time when Napoleon took the retrograde decision to revive slavery which was abolished during the French Revolution and to send his troops to re-enslave the black people in the French Caribbean Islands, the British prohibition of the slave trade gave the British Empire the high moral ground.

The act's intention was to entirely outlaw the slave trade within the British Empire, but the trade continued and captains in danger of being caught by the Royal Navy would often throw slaves into the sea to reduce the fine. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) In 1827, Britain declared that participation in the slave trade was piracy and punishable by death. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Between 1808 and 1860, the West Africa Squadron seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. The West Africa Squadron, established in 1808 after the passing of the Slave Trade Act in 1807 was a unit of the Royal Navy that was involved in the suppression ^[4] Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against "the usurping King of Lagos", deposed in 1851. Lagos ( pron ˈleɪgɒs or /ˈlɑːgoʊs/ overseas is the most populous Conurbation in Nigeria with Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. ^[5]

Slavery Abolition Act 1833

Main article: Slavery Abolition Act 1833

After the 1807 act, slaves were still held, though not sold, within the British Empire. The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 (citation 3 & 4 Will IV c 73 was an 1833 Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom abolishing In the 1820s, the abolitionist movement again became active, this time campaigning against the institution of slavery itself. The Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1823. The Anti-Slavery Society was the everyday name of two different British organizations Many of the campaigners were those who had previously campaigned against the slave trade. Sam Sharpe contributed to the abolition of slavery with his Christmas rebellion in 1831. Samuel 'Sam' Sharpe, or Sharp, (1801 Jamaica - May 23, 1832, Jamaica was also known as Daddy Sharpe, was the slave leader

On 28 August 1833, the Slavery Abolition Act was given Royal Assent, which paved the way for the abolition of slavery within the British Empire and its colonies. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 (citation 3 & 4 Will IV c 73 was an 1833 Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom abolishing The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of Lawmaking by formally assenting to an The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. On 1 August 1834, all slaves in the British Empire were emancipated, but they were indentured to their former owners in an apprenticeship system which was abolished in two stages; the first set of apprenticeships came to an end on 1 August 1838, while the final apprenticeships ended two years later on 1 August 1840. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The government set aside £20 million to cover compensation of slave owners across the Empire, but the former slaves received no compensation or reparations. ^[6]

Campaigning after the act

From 1839, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society worked to outlaw slavery in other countries and to pressure the government to help enforce the suppression of the slave trade by declaring slave traders pirates and pursuing them. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering This organization continues today as Anti-Slavery International. Anti-Slavery International is a charity and lobby group based in the United Kingdom. The importation of slaves into the United States was abolished in 1808.

France

Further information: Colonialism

As in other "New World" colonies, the Atlantic slave trade provided the French colonies with manpower for the sugar cane plantations. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco The French West Indies included Anguilla (briefly), Antigua and Barbuda (briefly), Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haïti, Montserrat (briefly), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Eustatius (briefly), St Kitts and Nevis (St Kitts, but not Nevis), Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago only), Saint Croix (briefly), and the current French overseas départements of Martinique and Guadeloupe (including Saint-Barthélemy and northern half of Saint Martin) in the Caribbean sea. The term French West Indies ( Antilles françaises) refers to the four territories presently under French sovereignty in the Caribbean: the two overseas Anguilla (English pronunciation ang-GWILL-ah, æŋˈɡwɪlə is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, one of the most northerly of the Leeward Antigua and Barbuda ( Spanish for "Ancient" and "Bearded" is an Island nation located on the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Montserrat (ˌmɒntsəˈræt is British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles Saint Lucia (ˌseɪnt ˈluːʃɪə is an Island nation in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island nation in the Lesser Antilles chain of the Caribbean Sea. Sint Eustatius, also known as Statia, or Saint Eustace, is one of the islands which make up the Netherlands Antilles; it is in the northern Leeward The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island NEVIS, or New Exhaust Valve & Intake System, is a type of Internal combustion engine developed by Cesare Bortone in cooperation with the University The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American Tobago is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Overseas department (départements d’outre-mer or DOM) is a designation under the 1946 Constitution of the Fourth Republic that was given to the Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² Guadeloupe is an island group or Archipelago located in the eastern Caribbean Sea at, with a land area of 1628 square kilometres (629  sq Saint Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemy officially the Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (French Collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy) is an Overseas collectivity Saint Martin is a tropical Island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles east of Puerto Rico.

The slave trade was regulated by Louis XIV's Code Noir. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent The Code Noir ( French language: The Black Code) was a decree passed by France 's King Louis XIV in 1685. The institution of slavery was first abolished after the Haïtian Revolution led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, in 1791. The Revolution (1791–1804 was the most successful of African Slave rebellions in the Western Hemisphere François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture The rebels demanded the abolition of slavery from the First Republic (1792-1804) on February 4, 1794. The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Abbé Grégoire and the Society of the Friends of the Blacks (Société des Amis des Noirs), led by Jacques Pierre Brissot, were part of the abolitionist movement, which had laid important groundwork in building anti-slavery sentiment in the metropole. For the 20th-century Belgian Byzantinologist see Henri Grégoire (historian Henri Grégoire (often referred to as Abbé Grégoire The Society of the Friends of the Blacks ( French: Société des amis des Noirs or Amis des noirs) was a group of French men mostly white, which Jacques Pierre Brissot (15 January 1754 &ndash 31 October 1793 who assumed the name of de Warville, was a leading member of the Girondist movement during the Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole, or colloquially l'Hexagone) is the part of France located in Europe, including The first article of the law stated that "Slavery was abolished" in the French colonies, while the second article stated that "slave-owners would be indemnified" with financial compensation for the value of their slaves.

However, Napoleon decided to reestablish slavery after becoming First Consul, and sent military governors and troops to do this. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. First Consul (Premier Consul was a title used by Napoleon Bonaparte following his seizure of power in France. On May 10, 1802, Colonel Delgrès launched a rebellion in Guadeloupe against Napoleon's representative, General Richepanse. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Louis Delgrès was a Mulatto leader of the movement in Guadeloupe resisting reoccupation (and thus the reinstitution of Slavery) by Napoleonic Antoine Richepanse ( March 25, 1770 – September 3, 1802) was a French revolutionary general and colonial administrator The rebellion was repressed, and slavery was reestablished. The news of this event sparked the rebellion that led to Haïti's gaining independence in 1804. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Then, on April 27, 1848, under the Second Republic (1848-52), the decree-law Schœlcher again abolished slavery. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs A decree is an order made by a Head of state or government and having the force of Law. Victor Schoelcher ( 22 July 1804, Paris - 25 December 1893, Houilles) was a French Abolitionist writer The state bought the slaves from the colons (white colonists; Békés in Creole), and then freed them. A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable Language that originates seemingly as a nativized Pidgin.

At about the same time, France started colonizing Africa. Its activities there included transferring the population to mines, forestry, and rubber plantations under isolated, harsh working conditions often compared to slavery. Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources.

Debates about the dimensions of colonialism continue. On May 10, 2001, the Taubira law officially acknowledge slavery and the Atlantic Slave Trade as a crime against humanity. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Christiane Taubira (born February 2, 1952, Cayenne, French Guiana) is a French politician In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of May 10 was chosen as the day dedicated to recognition of the crime of slavery. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Anti-colonial activists also want the French Republic to recognize African Liberation Day. African Liberation Day on May 25 is an annual Holiday in various countries in Africa, coinciding with African Union 's Africa Day

Although the crime of slavery was formally recognized, four years later, the conservative Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) voted on February 23, 2005 for a law to require teachers and textbooks to "acknowledge and recognize in particular the positive role of the French presence abroad, especially in North Africa. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " This resolution was met with public uproar and accusations of historic revisionism, both inside France and abroad. For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. Because of this law, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, president of Algeria, refused to sign the envisioned "friendly treaty" with France. Abdelaziz Bouteflika (abdəlazɪz butəflika ( عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President Famous writer Aimé Césaire, leader of the Négritude movement, refused to meet UMP leader Nicolas Sarkozy, who cancelled his planned visit to Martinique. Aimé Fernand David Césaire (26 June 1913 &ndash 17 April 2008 was a Afro-[[Martinique Martinican]] Francophone Poet, Author and Politician Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced, President Jacques Chirac (UMP) repealed the controversial law at the beginning of 2006.

Wallachia and Moldavia

In the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia (now part of Romania), the serfs were freed in the mid-18th century (1746 in Wallachia, and 1749 in Moldavia). This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Enslavement of the Roma (often referred to as Gypsies) was still legal at the beginning of the 19th century. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Abolitionism was associated with the progressive pro-European and anti-Ottoman movement, which gradually gained power in the two principalities. Between 1843 and 1855, all of the 250,000 enslaved Roma slaves were liberated. Many migrated to Western Europe and North America. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe '

United States

Gradual abolition

The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage was the first American abolition society, formed April 14, 1775, in Philadelphia, primarily by Quakers who had strong religious objections to slavery. The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage was the first American Abolition society formed April 14, 1775, in Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Rhode Island Quakers, associated with Moses Brown, co-founder of Brown University [2], and who also settled at Uxbridge, Massachusetts prior to 1770, were among the first in America to free slaves. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Moses Brown September 23, 1738 – September 6, 1836, was a New England abolitionist and industrialist who funded the design and construction Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. Uxbridge was settled in 1662 and incorporated in 1727 at Suffolk, then Worcester Co The society ceased to operate during the Revolution and the British occupation of Philadelphia. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" After the Revolution, it was reorganized in 1784, with Benjamin Franklin as its first president. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. ^[7] Benjamin Rush was another leader, as were many Quakers. Benjamin Rush ( December 24 1745 &ndash April 19 1813) was a Founding Father of the United States. John Woolman gave up most of his business in 1756 to devote himself to campaigning against slavery along with other Quakers. John Woolman ( October 19, 1720 &ndash October 7, 1772) was an itinerant Quaker preacher traveling throughout the American colonies ^[8] The first article published in what later became the United States advocating the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery was written by Thomas Paine. Thomas Paine (January 29 1737 &ndash June 8 1809 was an English Pamphleteer, Revolutionary, radical, Inventor, and Intellectual Titled "African Slavery in America", it appeared on March 8, 1775 in the Postscript to the Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser, more popularly known as The Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Museum. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a ^[9]

First edition Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852, USA edition; published simultaneously on both sides of the Atlantic by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe and with an introduction by the English pastor Rev James Sherman, the novel caught the public imagination just at a turning point in popular support for American abolition. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life Among the Lowly is an anti- Slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14 1811 – July 1 1896 was an American Author and Abolitionist, whose Novel Uncle Tom's Cabin The Rev James Sherman (1796 - 1862 was a Congregationalist and Abolitionist; a popular preacher at the Surrey Chapel Blackfriars, London

Abolitionist Movement

The Abolitionist Movement set in motion actions in every state to abolish slavery. This succeeded in every northern state by 1804; although the emancipation was so gradual that there were still a dozen "permanent apprentices" in the 1860 census.

The principal organized bodies to advocate this reform were the Society of Friends, the Pennsylvania Antislavery Society, and the New York Manumission Society. The New York Manumission Society was an early American organization founded in 1785 to promote the abolition of the Slavery of African descendants within The latter was headed by powerful Federalist politicians, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and republican Aaron Burr. John Jay (December 12 1745 – May 17 1829 was an American Politician, Statesman, revolutionary, Diplomat, a Supreme Court This article discusses Aaron Burr (1756-1836 the US politician Thanks to the considerable efforts of the NYMS, New York abolished slavery (gradually) in 1799. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous In terms of numbers of slaves, this was the largest emancipation in American history (before 1863). New Jersey in 1804 was the last northern state to abolish slavery (again in gradual fashion). At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, agreement was reached that allowed the Federal government to abolish the international slave trade. The Philadelphia Convention (now also known as the Constitutional Convention, the Federal Convention, or the " Grand Convention at Philadelphia By that time, all the states had passed individual laws abolishing or severely limiting the trade, all but Georgia by 1798. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule ^[10]

After the Revolutionary War, Quaker and Moravian advocates helped persuade slaveholders in the Upper South to free their slaves. Many individual acts of manumission freed thousands of slaves. People were also moved by their own struggles in the Revolution; wills and deeds cited language about the equality of men in decisions to free slaves. Slaveholders were also encouraged to do so because the economics of the area was changing. They were shifting from labor-intensive tobacco culture to mixed crop cultivation and did not need as many slaves. After the Revolution, the percentage of free Negroes in the Upper South increased sharply from one to ten percent, with most of that increase in Virginia, Maryland and Delaware. By 1810 three-quarters of blacks in Delaware were free. By 1860 91. 7 percent of Delaware's blacks were free, and 49. 7 percent of those in Maryland. ^[11]

The importation of slaves into the United States was officially banned on January 1, 1808. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year ^[12]

Beginning in the 1830s, the U. S. Postmaster General refused to allow the mails to carry abolition pamphlets to the South. The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. ^[13] Northern teachers suspected of any tinge of abolitionism were expelled from the South, and abolitionist literature was banned. Southerners rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists, and pointed to John Brown's attempt in 1859 to start a slave uprising as proof that multiple Northern conspiracies were afoot to ignite bloody slave rebellions. John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery Although some abolitionists did call for slave revolts, no evidence of any other Brown-like conspiracy has been discovered. ^[14] The North felt threatened as well, for as Eric Foner concludes, "Northerners came to view slavery as the very antithesis of the good society, as well as a threat to their own fundamental values and interests". ^[15] However, many conservative Northerners were uneasy at the prospect of the sudden addition to the labor pool of a huge number of freed laborers who were used to working for very little, and thus seen as being willing to undercut prevailing wages. . The famous, "fiery" Abolitionist, Abby Kelley Foster, from Massachusetts, was considered an "ultra" abolitionist who believed in full civil rights for all black people. Abby Kelley (Abby Kelley Foster ( January 15, 1811 &ndash January 14, 1887) was an American abolitionist and radical social The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. She held to the views that the freed slaves would colonize Liberia. Parts of the anti-slavery movement became known as "Abby Kellyism". She recruited Susan B Anthony to the movement. Susan Brownell Anthony ( February 15, 1820 &ndash March 13, 1906) was a prominent American Civil rights leader who played

Colonization and the founding of Liberia

In the early part of the 19th century, a variety of organizations were established advocating the movement of black people from the United States to locations where they would enjoy greater freedom; some endorsed colonization, while others advocated emigration. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia. During the 1820s and 1830s the American Colonization Society (A. The American Colonization Society (in full The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America was an organization that helped in founding Liberia, a Colony C. S. ) was the primary vehicle for proposals to return black Americans to freedom in Africa. It had broad support nationwide among white people, including prominent leaders such as Abraham Lincoln,^[16] Henry Clay and James Monroe, who saw this as preferable to emancipation. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 Emancipation is a term used to describe various efforts to obtain Political rights or equality, often for a specifically Disenfranchised group or more There was, however, considerable opposition among African Americans, many of whom did not see colonization as a viable or acceptable solution to their daunting problems in the United States. One notable opponent of such plans was the wealthy free black abolitionist James Forten of Philadelphia. James Forten ( September 2, 1766 &ndash March 4, 1842) was an African-American abolitionist Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə

After a series of attempts to plant small settlements on the coast of West Africa, the A. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. C. S. established the colony of Liberia in 1821-22. Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire Over the next four decades, it assisted thousands of former slaves and free black people to move there from the United States. The disease environment they encountered was extreme, and most of the migrants died fairly quickly. Enough survived to declare independence in 1847. Liberia was set up by citizens of the United States as a Colony for former African-American Slaves from the U American support for colonization waned gradually through the 1840s and 1850s, largely because of the efforts of abolitionists to promote emancipation of slaves and granting of American citizenship. Americo-Liberians ruled Liberia continuously until the military coup of 1980. Americo-Liberians are a Liberian ethnicity of African American descent ^[17]

Emigration

The emigrationist tradition dated back to the Revolutionary War era. Initially, the thought was that free African Americans would want to emigrate to Africa, but over time other ideas became popular. After Haiti became independent, it tried to recruit African Americans to migrate there after it re-established trade relations with the United States. The Haytian Union was the name of a group formed to promote relations between the countries. ^[18]

Cincinnati's Black community sponsored founding the Wilberforce Colony, an initially successful settlement of African American immigrants to Canada. Wilberforce Colony was a Colony established by free American Black citizens founded at the end of the second decade of the 19th century north of present day The colony was one of the first such independent political entities. It lasted for a number of decades and provided a destination for black Americans emigrating from a number of locations in the United States. ^[19]

Garrison and immediate emancipation

A radical shift came in the 1830s, led by William Lloyd Garrison, who demanded "immediate emancipation, gradually achieved. William Lloyd Garrison ( December 12 1805 – May 24 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer " That is, he demanded that slave-owners repent immediately, and set up a system of emancipation. Theodore Weld, an evangelical minister, and Robert Purvis, a free African American, joined Garrison in 1833 to form the Anti-Slavery Society (Faragher 381). Theodore Dwight Weld ( November 23, 1803 – February 3, 1895) was one of the leading architects of the American abolitionist Robert Purvis ( August 4, 1810  – April 15, 1898) was an Antebellum African-American Abolitionist in the The following year Weld encouraged a group of students at Lane Theological Seminary to form an anti-slavery society. After the president, Lyman Beecher, attempted to suppress it, the students moved to Oberlin College. Lyman Beecher ( October 12, 1775 &ndash January 10, 1863) was a Presbyterian clergyman temperance movement leader and the father Oberlin College is a private Liberal arts college in Oberlin Ohio. Due to the students' antislavery position, Oberlin soon became one of the most liberal colleges and accepted African American students.

After 1840 "abolition" usually referred to positions like Garrison's; it was largely an ideological movement led by about 3000 people, including free blacks and people of color, many of whom, such as Frederick Douglass, and Robert Purvis and James Forten in Philadelphia, played prominent leadership roles. Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator Robert Purvis ( August 4, 1810  – April 15, 1898) was an Antebellum African-American Abolitionist in the James Forten ( September 2, 1766 &ndash March 4, 1842) was an African-American abolitionist Abolitionism had a strong religious base including Quakers, and people converted by the revivalist fervor of the Second Great Awakening, led by Charles Finney in the North in the 1830s. The Second Great Awakening  (1790–1840s was the second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival Charles Grandison Finney ( August 29, 1792 – August 16, 1875) was a minister of the gospel originally in upstate New York and grew to become Belief in abolition contributed to the breaking away of some small denominations, such as the Free Methodist Church. The Free Methodist Church, is a denomination of broader Methodism.

Evangelical abolitionists founded some colleges, most notably Bates College in Maine and Oberlin College in Ohio. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Bates College is a private liberal arts college located in Lewiston Maine, in the United States. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Oberlin College is a private Liberal arts college in Oberlin Ohio. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The well-established colleges, such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton, generally opposed abolition, although the movement did attract such figures as Yale president Noah Porter and Harvard president Thomas Hill. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Noah Porter ( December 14, 1811 - March 4, 1892) American educationalist and philosophical writer was born in Farmington Thomas Hill may refer to People In the arts: * Thomas Hill (actor, American actor * Thomas Hill (author

In the North most opponents of slavery supported other modernizing reform movements such as the temperance movement, public schooling, and prison- and asylum-building. See also Prohibition, Teetotalism The Temperance Movement attempted to reduce the amount of Alcohol consumed within a community or society in The term public school has two distinct (and virtually opposite meanings depending on the location of usage in the United States, Australia and They split bitterly on the role of women's activism.

Daniel O'Connell, the Roman Catholic leader of the Irish in Ireland, supported the abolition of slavery in the British Empire and in America. Daniel O'Connell ( 6 August 1775 &ndash 15 May 1847) ( Dónal Ó Conaill) known as The Liberator, or The Emancipator O'Connell had played a leading role in securing Catholic Emancipation (the removal of the civil and political disabilities of Roman Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland) and he was one of William Lloyd Garrison's models. Catholic Emancipation (Fuascailt na gCaitliceach or Catholic Relief, was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th William Lloyd Garrison ( December 12 1805 – May 24 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer Garrison recruited him to the cause of American abolitionism. O'Connell, the black abolitionist Charles Lenox Remond, and the temperance priest Theobold Mayhew organized a petition with 60,000 signatures urging the Irish of the United States to support abolition. Charles Lenox Remond (1 February 1810 &ndash 22 December 1873 was an American Orator, Abolitionist and military organizer during the American Civil War O'Connell also spoke in the United States for abolition.

The Repeal Associations in the United States mostly took a pro-slavery position. The Repeal Association was an Irish mass membership political movement set up by Daniel O'Connell to campaign for a repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 between Several reasons have been suggested for this: that Irish immigrants were competing with free blacks for jobs, and disliked having the same arguments used for Irish and for black freedom; that they were loyal to the United States Constitution, which defended their liberties, and disliked the fundamentally extra-constitutional position of the Abolitionists; and that they perceived abolitionism as Protestant and were therefore suspicious of them. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. In addition, slaveholders had no hesitation in voicing support for the freedom of Ireland, a white nation outside the United States.

Radical Irish nationalists - those who broke with O'Connell over his refusal to contemplate the violent overthrow of British rule in Ireland - had a diversity of views about slavery. John Mitchel, who spent the years 1853 to 1875 in America, was a passionate propagandist in favor of slavery; three of his sons fought in the Confederate Army. John Mitchel ( Irish: Seán Mistéil; b November 3, 1815 &ndash d The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. On the other hand, his former close associate Thomas Francis Meagher served as a Brigadier General in the United States Army during the American Civil War. Thomas Francis Meagher (ˈmɑrh ( August 3, 1823 July 1, 1867) was an Irish nationalist a Union Army general during the American Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

The Catholic Church in America had long ties in slaveholding Maryland and Louisiana. Despite a firm stand for the spiritual equality of black people, and the resounding condemnation of slavery by Pope Gregory XVI in his bull In Supremo Apostolatus issued in 1839, the American church continued in deeds, if not in public discourse, to support slaveholding interests. In Supremo Apostolatus is a Papal bull issued by Pope Gregory XVI regarding the institution of Slavery. The Bishop of New York denounced O'Connell's petition as a forgery, and if genuine, an unwarranted foreign interference. The Bishop of Charleston declared that, while Catholic tradition opposed slave trading, it had nothing against slavery. No American bishop supported abolition before the Civil War. While the war went on, they continued to allow slave-owners to take communion.

One historian observed that ritualist churches separated themselves from heretics rather than sinners; he observed that Episcopalians and Lutherans also accommodated themselves to slavery. (Indeed, one southern Episcopal bishop was a Confederate general. ) There were more reasons than religious tradition, however, as the Anglican Church had been the established church in the South during the colonial period. It was linked to the traditions of landed gentry and the wealthier and educated planter classes, and the Southern traditions longer than any other church. In addition, while the Protestant missionaries of the Great Awakening initially opposed slavery in the South, by the early decades of the 19th century, Baptist and Methodist preachers in the South had come to an accommodation with it in order to evangelize with farmers and artisans. By the Civil War, the Baptist and Methodist churches split into regional associations because of slavery. ^[20]

After O'Connell's failure, the American Repeal Associations broke up; but the Garrisonians rarely relapsed into the "bitter hostility" of American Protestants towards the Roman Church. Some antislavery men joined the Know Nothings in the collapse of the parties; but Edmund Quincy ridiculed it as a mushroom growth, a distraction from the real issues. The Know Nothing movement was a Nativist American political movement of the 1850s Although the Know-Nothing legislature of Massachusetts honored Garrison, he continued to oppose them as violators of fundamental rights to freedom of worship.

The evangelical Protestants William Lloyd Garrison and John Brown, however, regarded the United States Declaration of Independence as being as important as the Bible. William Lloyd Garrison ( December 12 1805 – May 24 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then In 1854, Garrison wrote:

I am a believer in that portion of the Declaration of American Independence in which it is set forth, as among self-evident truths, "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. " Hence, I am an abolitionist. Hence, I cannot but regard oppression in every form – and most of all, that which turns a man into a thing – with indignation and abhorrence. Not to cherish these feelings would be recreancy to principle. They who desire me to be dumb on the subject of slavery, unless I will open my mouth in its defense, ask me to give the lie to my professions, to degrade my manhood, and to stain my soul. I will not be a liar, a poltroon, or a hypocrite, to accommodate any party, to gratify any sect, to escape any odium or peril, to save any interest, to preserve any institution, or to promote any object. Convince me that one man may rightfully make another man his slave, and I will no longer subscribe to the Declaration of Independence. Convince me that liberty is not the inalienable birthright of every human being, of whatever complexion or clime, and I will give that instrument to the consuming fire. I do not know how to espouse freedom and slavery together. ^[21]

History of abolition in the United States

Main articles: Origins of the American Civil War and History of slavery in the United States

In The Struggle for Equality, historian James M. The main explanation for the origins of the American Civil War was slavery, especially the issue of the expansion of slavery into the territories. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth McPherson defines an abolitionist "as one who before the Civil War in the United States had agitated for the immediate, unconditional, and total abolition of slavery in the United States. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South "

Although there were several groups that opposed slavery (such as the Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage), at the time of the founding of the Republic, there were few states which prohibited slavery outright. The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage was the first American Abolition society formed April 14, 1775, in The Constitution had several provisions which accommodated slavery, although none used the word. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Passed unanimously by the Congress of the Confederation in 1787, the Northwest Ordinance forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory, a vast area which had previously belonged to individual states in which slavery was legal. The Congress of the Confederation or the United States in Congress Assembled was the governing body of the United States of America from March 1, The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States North-West of the River Ohio, and also known as the Freedom For the Canadian territory see Northwest Territories. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 see Northwestern United States.

American abolitionism began very early, well before the United States were formed as a nation. An early law abolishing slavery (but not temporary indentured servitude) in Rhode Island in 1652 foundered within 50 years. An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to ^[22] Samuel Sewall, a prominent Bostonian and one of the judges at the Salem Witch Trials, wrote The Selling of Joseph in protest of the widening practice of outright slavery as opposed to indentured servitude in the colonies. Samuel Sewall (March 28 1652 - January 1 1730 was a Massachusetts judge best known for his involvement in the Salem witch trials, for which he later apologized The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court Trials to prosecute people accused of Witchcraft in Essex This is the earliest-recorded anti-slavery tract published in the future United States.

Abolitionists included those who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society or its auxiliary groups in the 1830s and 1840s as the movement fragmented. The American Anti-Slavery Society (1833-1870 was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. ^[23] The fragmented anti-slavery movement included groups such as the Libery party; the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society; the American Missionary Association; and the Church Anti-Slavery Society. McPherson describes three types of abolitionists prior to the Civil War:

On the ideological spectrum, from immediate abolition on the Left to conservative antislavery on the Right, it is often hard to tell where "abolition" (which demanded unconditional emancipation and usually envisaged civil equality for the free slaves. ) ended and "antislavery" or "free soil" (which desired only the containment of slavery and was ambivalent on the question of equality) began. In New England particularly, many free soilers were abolitionists at heart; in the mid-Atlantic states and even more in the old Northwest, political abolitionists tended to submerge their abolitionist identity in the broader but shallower stream of free soil. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the

Vermont was the first territory (not a state at the time) in North America to abolish slavery outright in 1777. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The first state to abolish slavery outright was Pennsylvania in 1780. All of the other states north of Maryland began to gradually abolish slavery between 1781 and 1804. Rhode Island had limited slave trading in 1774 (Virginia had also attempted to do so before the Revolution, but the Privy Council had vetoed the act), all the other northern states also limited the slave trade by 1786, and Georgia in 1798. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state These northern emancipation acts typically provided that slaves born before the law was passed would be freed at a certain age, and so remnants of slavery lingered; in New Jersey, a dozen "permanent apprentices" were recorded in the 1860 census. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

The institution remained solid in the South, however and that region's customs and social beliefs evolved into a strident defense of slavery in response to the rise of a stronger anti-slavery stance in the North. In 1835 alone abolitionists mailed over a million pieces of anti-slavery literature to the south. In response southern legislators banned abolitionist literature and encouraged harassment of anyone distributing it. The anti-slavery sentiment, which existed before 1830 among many people in the North, was joined after 1840 by the vocal few of the abolitionist movement. The majority of Northerners rejected the extreme positions of the abolitionists; Abraham Lincoln, for example. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Indeed many northern leaders including Lincoln, Stephen Douglas (the Democratic nominee in 1860), John C. Fremont (the Republican nominee in 1856), and Ulysses S. Grant married into slave owning southern families without any moral qualms. Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23, 1813 - June 3, 1861) was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. John Charles Frémont ( January 21, 1813 July 13, 1890) was an American military officer, explorer, the Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States

Abolitionism as a principle was far more than just the wish to limit the extent of slavery. Most Northerners recognized that slavery existed in the South and the Constitution did not allow the federal government to intervene there. Most Northerners favored a policy of gradual and compensated emancipation. After 1849 abolitionists rejected this and demanded it end immediately and everywhere. John Brown was the only abolitionist known to have actually planned a violent insurrection, though David Walker promoted the idea. John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery David Walker ( September 17, 1785 – June 28, 1830) was an American black Abolitionist, most famous The abolitionist movement was strengthened by the activities of free African-Americans, especially in the black church, who argued that the old Biblical justifications for slavery contradicted the New Testament. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa African-American activists and their writings were rarely heard outside the black community; however, they were tremendously influential to some sympathetic white people, most prominently the first white activist to reach prominence, William Lloyd Garrison, who was its most effective propagandist. William Lloyd Garrison ( December 12 1805 – May 24 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer Garrison's efforts to recruit eloquent spokesmen led to the discovery of ex-slave Frederick Douglass, who eventually became a prominent activist in his own right. Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator Eventually, Douglass would publish his own, widely distributed abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. The North Star was an Abolitionist newspaper founded in 1847 by Frederick Douglass in Rochester New York.

In the early 1850s, the American abolitionist movement split into two camps over the issue of the United States Constitution. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. This issue arose in the late 1840s after the publication of The Unconstitutionality of Slavery by Lysander Spooner. The Garrisonians, led by Garrison and Wendell Phillips, publicly burned copies of the Constitution, called it a pact with slavery, and demanded its abolition and replacement. Wendell Phillips ( 29 November 1811 &ndash 2 February 1884) was an American Abolitionist, advocate for Native Americans Another camp, led by Lysander Spooner, Gerrit Smith, and eventually Douglass, considered the Constitution to be an antislavery document. Gerrit Smith ( March 6, 1797 &ndash December 28, 1874) was a leading United States social reformer Abolitionist, Using an argument based upon Natural Law and a form of social contract theory, they said that slavery existed outside of the Constitution's scope of legitimate authority and therefore should be abolished. Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that Social contract describes a broad class of republican theories whose subjects are implied agreements by which people form Nations and maintain a Social order

Another split in the abolitionist movement was along class lines. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. The artisan republicanism of Robert Dale Owen and Frances Wright stood in stark contrast to the politics of prominent elite abolitionists such as industrialist Arthur Tappan and his evangelist brother Lewis. Robert Dale Owen ( November 7, 1801 &ndash June 24, 1877) was a longtime exponent in his adopted United States of the socialist Frances Wright ( September 6 1795 &ndash December 13[[ 852]] also widely known as Fanny Wright, was a Scottish -born Lecturer Arthur Tappan ( May 22, 1786 &ndash July 23, 1865) was an American Abolitionist. Lewis Tappan (1788 - 1873 was a New York Abolitionist who was most responsible in making sure the Africans of the Amistad had their freedom While the former pair opposed slavery on a basis of solidarity of "wage slaves" with "chattel slaves", the Whiggish Tappans strongly rejected this view, opposing the characterization of Northern workers as "slaves" in any sense. The Whig Party was a Political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. (Lott, 129-130)

Many American abolitionists took an active role in opposing slavery by supporting the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and Safe houses used by 19th century Black slaves in the United States This was made illegal by the federal Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of Nevertheless, participants like Harriet Tubman, Henry Highland Garnet, Alexander Crummell, Amos Noë Freeman and others continued with their work. Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross; c 1820 – 10 March 1913 was an African-American Abolitionist, Humanitarian, and Union Henry Highland Garnet ( December 23, 1815 &ndash February 13, 1882) was an African American Abolitionist and Alexander Crummell was born on March 3 1819 in New York City to a former slave Boston Crummell and freeborn Charity Hicks seemingly destined to become an abolitionist Amos Noë Freeman (1809&mdash1893 was an Black American abolitionist, Presbyterian minister and educator Two significant events in the struggle to destroy slavery were the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue and John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. The Oberlin-Wellington Rescue was a key event and Cause celebre in the history of the Abolitionist movement in the United States, just before John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery In the South, members of the abolitionist movement or other people opposing slavery were often targets of lynch mob violence before the American Civil War. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South ^[24]

Numerous known abolitionists lived, worked, and worshipped in Downtown Brooklyn, from Henry Ward Beecher, who auctioned slaves into freedom from the pulpit of Plymouth Church, to Nathan Egelston, a leader of the African and Foreign Antislavery Society, who also preached at Bridge Street AME and lived on Duffield Street. His fellow Duffield Street residents, Thomas and Harriet Truesdell were leading members of the Abolitionist movement. Mr. Truesdell was a founding member of the Providence Anti-slavery Society before moving to Brooklyn in 1851. Harriet Truesdell was also very active in the movement, organizing an antislavery convention in Pennsylvania Hall in Philadelphia. The Tuesdell's lived at 227 Duffield Street. Another prominent Brooklyn-based abolitionist was Rev. Joshua Leavitt, trained as a lawyer at Yale who gave up the law to attend Yale Divinity School, and subsequently edited the abolitionist newspaper The Emancipator and campaigned against slavery, as well as advocating other social reforms. In 1841 Leavitt published his "Financial Power of Slavery," which argued that the South was draining the national economy by its reliance on slavery.

After the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, abolitionists continued to pursue the freedom of slaves in the remaining slave states, and to better the conditions of black Americans generally. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A slave state was a US state in which Slavery of African Americans was legal The passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 officially ended slavery in the United States. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those

Notable opponents of slavery

Main article: List of opponents of slavery

National abolition dates

Main article: abolition of slavery timeline

Slavery was abolished in these nations in these years:

• Hungary: Stephen I of Hungary the first Hungarian Christian king declared in his laws (near 1000) that any slave that lives, stays or enters the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary would become free immediately. This is a listing of notable opponents of slavery. Groups African Methodist Episcopal Church Abolition of slavery occurred as abolition in specific countries abolition of the trade in slaves and abolition throughout empires Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946
• Sweden, including Finland: 1335 ("for slaves born by Christian parents" (de facto everyone in the mainland), made illegal in the colony of St Barthélemy in 1813, slaves bought free by the state in 1847. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Saint Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemy officially the Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (French Collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy) is an Overseas collectivity )
• Japan: In 1587 Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered all slave trading to be abolished. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. His successor Tokugawa Ieyasu also continued abolishment of slavery although severe servitude was still on practice until the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 1860's.
• Portugal: 1761 in Portugal and Portuguese India (1836, African colonies)
• England and Wales: In practice, 1772, as a result of Somersett's case; although the legal effect of this was much more limited; see Slavery at common law
• Scotland: 1776 as a result of Wedderburne's case[3] [4]
• Vermont: 1777, Commonwealth of Vermont, an independent republic created after the American Revolution, on July 8, 1777. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception Somersett's Case ( R v Knowles ex parte Somersett) is a famous judgment of the English Court of King's Bench in 1772 which held that Slavery Slavery at common law refers to the legal status of Slavery and the Slave trade under the system of Law used in England and adopted by its former colonies Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Vermont joined the United States of America in 1791.
• Bukovina: 1783, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor issued an order abolishing slavery on 19 June 1783 in Czernowitz. Bukovina (Bucovina Буковина/ Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the Heir and co-regent Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Chernivtsi (Чернівці See #Name section) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast ( province) in western Ukraine ^[25]
• Central Great Lakes Region of the United States: 1787, pre-dating the United States Constitution by the Northwest Ordinance which re-affirmed it in 1789. The Great Lakes region includes much of the Canadian province of Ontario and portions of eight U The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States North-West of the River Ohio, and also known as the Freedom
• Haiti: 1791, revolt among nearly half a million slaves
• Upper Canada: 1793, by Act Against Slavery (this did not free any slaves, but stated that children of current slaves would become free at age 25)
• France (first time): 1794-1802, including all colonies (although abolition was never carried out in some colonies under British occupation)
• Lower Canada: In 1803, William Osgoode, then Chief Justice of Lower Canada, ruled that slavery was not compatible with British law; this freed many slaves, but some remained enslaved until the abolition of slavery in the entire British Empire in 1833
• Chile: 1811 partially, and in 1823 for all who remained as slave and "whoever slave setting a foot on Chilean soil". Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: The Province of Upper Canada (French Province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario The Act Against Slavery was an Act passed by Upper Canada on July 9, 1793 to prohibit slavery. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Province of Lower Canada (French Province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the William Osgoode (March 1754 – January 17 1824) was the first Chief Justice of Ontario, Canada. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the
• Argentina: 1813
• Gran Colombia (Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela): 1821, through a gradual emancipation plan (Colombia in 1853, Venezuela in 1854)
• Federal Republic of Central America, present (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica): 1824
• Mexico: 1829
• British Empire: 1833, including all colonies (with effect from 1 August 1834; in East Indies from 1 August 1838). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Gran Colombia ( Spanish for Great Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Federal Republic of Central America, also known as the United Central Provinces of America, was a short-lived American State in Central America Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Slavery was ruled illegal in England in 1772. In 1807 slave trading was abolished, and Royal Navy tasked with suppressing it, even when carried on by non-British subjects.
• Mauritius: 1 February 1835, under the British government. Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common This day is a public holiday.
• Spain: 1837, only for metropolis, not for colonies. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
• Denmark: 1848, including all colonies (July 3rd, Danish West Indies)
• France (second time): 1848, including all colonies
• Peru: 1851
• Moldavia: 1855
• Wallachia: 1856
• Russia: In 1861 Emancipation of Serfs, releasing 20 million, occurred under Tsar Alexander II; Emancipation reform of 1861
• The Netherlands: 1863, including all colonies, but kept using 'Recruits' from Africa until 1940
• The United States: 1865, after the U.S. Civil War (Many states abolished slavery for themselves at various dates between 1777 and 1864)
• Puerto Rico 1873 and Cuba: 1886 (both were colonies of Spain at the time)
• Ottoman Empire: 1876. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia was the first and most important of liberal reforms affected during the reign of Alexander II of Russia. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
• Brazil: 1888. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The last country to do so in the Americas. ^[26] The Imperial Princess Isabel de Bragança abolished all forms of slavery existent in the Brazilian Empire. Isabel The Redeemer Princess Imperial of Brazil de jure Empress D The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II.
• Korea: 1894 (hereditary slavery ended in 1886)
• Madagascar: 1896
• Zanzibar: 1897 (slave trade abolished in 1873)
• Siam (Thailand): 1905^[27]
• China: 1910^[28] (However, still in 1930, there were still about 4 million children treated as slaves in China. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ^[29])
• Somalia: 1920^[30]
• Afghanistan: 1923^[31]
• Sudan: Officially abolished in 1924, actually still practiced today. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. ^[32] See Slavery in Sudan. Since 1995 international rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and CASMAS have reported that slavery in Sudan is a common fate of captives in the
• Iraq: 1924^[33]
• Nepal: 1926^[34][35]
• Iran: 1928
• Burma: 1929
• Morocco: Slavery was outlawed in the 1930s. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa ^[36]
• Northern Nigeria: 1936^[37]
• Ethiopia: 1936, by order of the Italian occupying forces (see Second Italo-Abyssinian War). Northern Nigeria is a geographical region of Nigeria. It is more arid and has less population density than the south NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page See also First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Second Italo–Abyssinian War (also referred to as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War) was a After Ethiopia regained independence in 1942 during World War II, Emperor Haile Selassie did not re-establish slavery. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Haile Selassie I ( Ge'ez: am ኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ "Power of the Trinity " 23 July 1892 &ndash 27 August 1975 born Tafari Makonnen, was
• Qatar: 1952
• Saudi Arabia: 1962
• Yemen: 1962
• United Arab Emirates: 1963
• Oman: 1970
• Mauritania: July 1980 (still formally abolished by French authorities in 1905, then implicitly in the new constitution of 1961 and expressly in October of that year when the country joined the United Nations), actually still practiced. Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007. Slavery in Africa continues today Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans - as did a slave trade that exported millions
• Niger: 2003. Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Slave markets in Niger were closed during the French colonization, but slavery in Niger was finally criminalized as late as in 2003 (came into force a year later). ^[38]

Commemoration

The abolitionist movements and the abolition of slavery has been commemorated in different ways around the world in modern times. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 as the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (having welcomed the This proclamation marked the bicentenary of the birth of the first black state, Haiti. Numerous exhibitions, events and research programmes were connected to the initiative.

2007 witnessed major exhibitions in British museums and galleries to mark the anniversary of the 1807 abolition act - 1807 Commemorated 2008 marks the 201st anniversary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire. See Slave Trade Act 1807 UK http://www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/huk-1807act.htm It also marks the 175th anniversary of the Abolition of Slavery in the British Empire. See Slavery Abolition Act 1833 UK http://www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/huk-1833act.htm

The Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa is holding a major international conference entitled, "Routes to Freedom: Reflections on the Bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade," from March 14-16, 2008. See http://www.abolition1807-2007.uottawa.ca. Celebrated actor and human rights activist, Danny Glover, will deliver the keynote speech announcing the creation of two major scholarships intended for University of Ottawa law students specializing in international law and social justice at the conference's gala dinner on March 15, 2008.

Brooklyn, New York has begun work on commemorating the abolitionist movement in New York.

Slavery today

Although outlawed in most countries today slavery is, nonetheless, practiced in secret in many parts of the world, with outright enslavement still taking place in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. ^[39] There are an estimated 27 million victims of slavery worldwide. ^[40] In Mauritania alone it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved, many of them used as bonded labour. Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods ^[41]

Contemporary abolitionism

Slavery still exists today. Groups such as Anti-Slavery International, the American Anti-Slavery Group and Free the Slaves continue to campaign to rid the world of slavery. Anti-Slavery International is a charity and lobby group based in the United Kingdom. The American Anti-Slavery Group (AASG is a coalition of Abolitionist organizations engaged in political activism to abolish Slavery in the world today Free the Slaves is an international Non-governmental organization and lobby group established to campaign against the modern practice of Slavery around the world

On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais Article 4 states:

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Since 1997, the United States Department of Justice has, through work with the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, prosecuted six individuals on charges of slavery in the agricultural industry. For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department The Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW is "a community-based worker organization" whose members are "largely Latino Haitian and Mayan Indian immigrants working in low-wage These prosecutions have led to freedom for over 1000 slaves in the tomato and orange fields of South Florida.

This is only one example of the contemporary fight against slavery worldwide, which is especially pervasive in the agriculture, apparel, and sex industries.

See also

• Anti-Slavery Society
• American Anti-Slavery Society
• List of opponents of slavery
• Abolition of slavery timeline
• Compensated emancipation
• The Slave Power

References

Britain and World

• Brown, Christopher Leslie. The Anti-Slavery Society was the everyday name of two different British organizations The American Anti-Slavery Society (1833-1870 was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. This is a listing of notable opponents of slavery. Groups African Methodist Episcopal Church Abolition of slavery occurred as abolition in specific countries abolition of the trade in slaves and abolition throughout empires Compensated emancipation was a method of ending Slavery in countries where slavery was legal The Slave Power (sometimes referred to as the " Slaveocracy " was a term used in the Northern United States (primarily in the period 1840-1875 to characterize Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism (2006)
• Davis, David Brion, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (1999); The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1988)
• Gould, Philip. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture written by David Brion Davis and published by Cornell University Press in 1966 won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction Barbaric Traffic: Commerce and Antislavery in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World (Harvard: University Press, 2003)
• Hochschild, Adam. Bury the Chains, Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves (Basingstoke: Pan Macmillan, 2005)
• Hellie, Richard. Slavery in Russia: 1450-1725 (1982)
• Kolchin, Peter. Unfree Labor; American Slavery and Russian Serfdom (1987)
• Rodriguez, Junius P. , ed. "Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World" (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2007)
• Thistlethwaite, Frank. Anglo-American Connection in the Early Nineteenth Century. 1971. ISBN 0-8462-1540-3
• Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440 – 1870 (London: Phoenix Press, 2006)

USA

• Abzug, Robert H. Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination. Oxford, 1994. ISBN 0-19-503752-9.
• Bacon, Jacqueline. The Humblest May Stand Forth: Rhetoric, Empowerment, and Abolition. Univ of South Carolina Press, 2002. ISBN 1-57003-434-6.
• Barnes, Gilbert H. The Anti-Slavery Impulse 1830-1844. Reprint, 1964. ISBN 0-7812-5307-1.
• Berlin, Ira and Leslie Harris. Slavery in New York. New Press, 2005. ISBN 1-56584-997-3.
• Blue, Frederick J. No Taint of Compromise: Crusaders in Antislavery Politics. Louisiana State Univ Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8071-2976-3.
• Bordewich, Fergus M. Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America. HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-052430-8.
• Davis, David Brion, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World Oxford, 2006. ISBN 0-19-514073-7.
• Filler, Louis. The Crusade Against Slavery 1830-1860. 1960. ISBN 0-917256-29-8.
• David Nathaniel Gellman. Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery And Freedom, 1777-1827 Louisiana State Univ Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8071-3174-1.
• Griffin, Clifford S. Their Brothers' Keepers: Moral Stewardship in the United States 1800-1865. Rutgers Univ Press, 1967. ISBN 0-313-24059-0.
• Harrold, Stanley. The Abolitionists and the South, 1831-1861. Univ Press of Kentucky, 1995. ISBN 0-8131-0968-X.
• Harrold, Stanley. The American Abolitionists. Longman, 2000. ISBN 0-582-35738-1.
• Harrold, Stanley. The Rise of Aggressive Abolitionism: Addresses to the Slaves. Univ Press of Kentucky, 2004. ISBN 0-8131-2290-2.
• Horton, James Oliver. "Alexander Hamilton: Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation" New-York Journal of American History 2004 65(3): 16-24. ISSN 1551-5486
• Huston, James L. "The Experiential Basis of the Northern Antislavery Impulse. " Journal of Southern History 56:4 (November 1990): 609-640.
• Mayer, Henry All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery St. Martin's Press, 1998. ISBN 0-312-18740-8.
• McKivigan, John R. The War Against Proslavery Religion: Abolitionism and the Northern Churches, 1830-1865 Cornell Univ Press, 1984. ISBN 0-8014-1589-6.
• McPherson, James M. The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP Princeton Univ Press, 1975. ISBN 0-691-04637-9.
• Osofsky, Gilbert. "Abolitionists, Irish Immigrants, and the Dilemmas of Romantic Nationalism" American Historical Review 1975 80(4): 889-912. ISSN 0002-8762 in JSTOR
• Perry, Lewis and Michael Fellman, eds. Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists. Louisiana State Univ Press, 1979. ISBN 0-8071-0889-8.
• Peterson, Merrill D. John Brown: The Legend Revisited. Univ Press of Virginia, 2002. ISBN 0-8139-2132-5.
• Pierson, Michael D. Free Hearts and Free Homes: Gender and American Antislavery Politics. Univ of North Carolina Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8078-2782-7.
• Schafer, Judith Kelleher. Becoming Free, Remaining Free: Manumission and Enslavement in New Orleans, 1846-1862. Louisiana State Univ Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8071-2862-7.
• Salerno, Beth A. Sister Societies: Women's Antislavery Organizations in Antebellum America. Northern Illinois Univ Press, 2005. ISBN 0-87580-338-5.
• Speicher, Anna M. The Religious World of Antislavery Women: Spirituality in the Lives of Five Abolitionist Lecturers. Syracuse Univ Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8156-2850-1.
• Stauffer, John. The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race. Harvard Univ Press, 2002. ISBN 0-674-00645-3.
• Vorenberg, Michael. Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. Cambridge Univ Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-65267-7.
• Zilversmit, Arthur. The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North. University of Chicago Press, 1967. ISBN 0-226-98332-3.

Footnotes

External links

• Largest Surviving Anti Slave Trade Petition from Manchester, UK 1806
• Original Document Proposing Abolition of Slavery 13th Amendment
• "John Brown's body and blood" by Ari Kelman: a review in the TLS, February 14, 2007. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade - schools resource
• Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery
• Elijah Parish Lovejoy: A Martyr on the Altar of American Liberty
• Brycchan Carey's pages listing British abolitionists
• Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com
• The National Archives (UK): The Abolition of the Slave Trade
• The slavery debate
• The slave trade: myths and preconceptions
• John Brown Museum
• American Abolitionism
• History of the British abolitionist movement by Right Honourable Lord Archer of Sandwell
• Abolitionism and Animal Rights / Gary L. Francione
• "Slavery - The emancipation movement in Britain", lecture by James Walvin at Gresham College, 5 March 2007 (available for video and audio download)
• Underground Railroad: Escape from Slavery | Scholatic.com
• "Black Canada and the Journey to Freedom"
• 1807 Commemorated