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Abigail Adams
Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams by Benjamin Blythe, 1766
In office
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
Preceded by Martha Washington
Succeeded by Martha Jefferson Randolph
In office
May 16, 1789 – March 4, 1797
Preceded by None
Succeeded by Anna Thompson Gerry
Born September 11, 1744 (1744-09-11)
Weymouth, Province of Massachusetts Bay
Died October 28, 1818 (aged 73)
Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Spouse John Adams
Relations William and Elizabeth Quincy Smith
Children Abigail "Nabby", John Quincy, Susanna, Charles, Thomas and Elizabeth (stillborn)
Occupation First Lady of the United States, Second Lady of the United States
Religion Congregational

Abigail Adams (née Smith) (November 11, 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States, and mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth, and is regarded as the first Second Lady of the United States and the second First Lady of the United States though the terms were not coined until after her death. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Martha Custis Washington (née Dandridge) ( June 2, 1731 &ndash May 22, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph ( September 27, 1772 &ndash October 10, 1836) was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson, the Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Weymouth is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a crown colony chartered October 7, 1691 in North America by William and Mary, the joint Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Quincy is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. Abigail "Nabby" Adams Smith ( July 14 1765 &ndash August 15 1813) was the Firstborn of Abigail and John John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Charles Adams ( May 29, 1770 &ndash November 30, 1800) was the second son of President John Adams and his wife Abigail First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House.

Adams is remembered today for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the Continental Congresses. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the John Adams frequently sought the advice of his wife on many matters, and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics. The letters are invaluable eyewitness accounts of the Revolutionary War home front as well as excellent sources of political commentary. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots"

Contents

Early life and family

Abigail was born in the North Parish Congregational Church at Weymouth, Massachusetts on November 11, 1744 to Rev. Weymouth is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a William Smith and Elizabeth Quincy Smith. By the calendar used today, it would be November 22. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran On her mother's side, she was descended from the Quincys, a well-known family in the Massachusetts colony, by whom she descended from King Edward I of England and King Edward III of England. The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. [1][2] Her father (1707-1783), a liberal Congregationalist, and other forebears were Congregational ministers, and leaders in a society that held its clergy in high esteem. Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently However, he did not preach about the predestination, original sin, or the full divinity of Christ, instead emphasizing the importance of reason and morality. [3]

Although she did not receive a formal education, her mother taught her and her sisters Mary (1746-1811) and Elizabeth (known as Betsy) to read, write, and cipher; her father's, uncle's and grandfather's large libraries enabled them to study English and French literature. [3] As an intellectually open-minded woman for her day, Abigail's ideas on women's rights and government would eventually play a major role, albeit indirectly, in the founding of the U. S.

Marriage to John Adams and family

Abigail Smith met John Adams in 1759, and the two were exchanging love letters by 1762; John called her 'Miss Adorable' and Abigail called him 'Dearest Friend'. John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. They married on October 25, 1764, just before Abigail's 20th birthday. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1764 ( MDCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a John and Abigail Adams lived on a farm in Braintree (later renamed Quincy) before moving to Boston where his law practice expanded. For geographic and demographic information on the Census-designated place Braintree please see the article Braintree (CDP, Massachusetts. In ten years she gave birth to five children: Abigail (1765-1813), the future President John Quincy Adams (1767-1848), Susanna Boylston (1768-1770), Charles (1770-1800), and Thomas Boylston (1772-1832). Abigail "Nabby" Adams Smith ( July 14 1765 &ndash August 15 1813) was the Firstborn of Abigail and John John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Charles Adams ( May 29, 1770 &ndash November 30, 1800) was the second son of President John Adams and his wife Abigail A sixth child, Elizabeth, was stillborn in 1775. She looked after family and home when he went traveling as circuit judge. "Alas!" she wrote in December 1773, "How many snow banks divide thee and me. . . . "

In 1784, she and her daughter Abigail, who was known in the family as Nabby, joined her husband and her eldest son, John Quincy, at her husband's diplomatic post in Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city After 1785, she filled the role of wife of the first United States Minister to the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 They returned in 1788 to a house known as the "Old House" in Quincy, which she set about vigorously enlarging and remodeling. Peacefield also called Old House, is a Historic home formerly owned by second President of the United States, John Adams, and other members It is still standing and open to the public as part of Adams National Historical Park. Adams National Historical Park in Quincy Massachusetts, preserves the home of Nabby later died of breast cancer.

Wife of the Vice President

As wife of the first Vice President, Abigail became a good friend to Martha Washington and a valued help in official entertaining, drawing on her experience of courts and society abroad. Martha Custis Washington (née Dandridge) ( June 2, 1731 &ndash May 22, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first After 1791, however, poor health forced her to spend as much time as possible in Quincy. Illness or trouble found her resolute; as she once declared, she would "not forget the blessings which sweeten life. "

First Lady

When John Adams was elected President of the United States, she continued a formal pattern of entertaining, becoming the first hostess of the yet-uncompleted White House. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence The city was wilderness, the President's House far from completion. Her private complaints to her family provide blunt accounts of both, but for her three months in Washington she duly held her dinners and receptions. She mentioned that fires had to be lit constantly to keep the cold, cavernous place warm and she describes setting up her laundry in one of the great rooms. She took an active role in politics and policy, unprecedented by Martha Washington. She was so politically active that her political opponents came to refer to her as "Mrs. President".

The Adamses retired to Quincy in 1801 after John Adams' defeat in his bid for a second term as President of the United States. She followed her son's political career earnestly as her letters to contemporaries show.

Death

Adams later in life
Adams later in life

Abigail Adams died on October 28, 1818 of typhoid fever, several years before her son became president, and is buried beside her husband in a crypt located in the United First Parish Church (also known as the Church of the Presidents) in Quincy, Massachusetts. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium United First Parish Church in Quincy Massachusetts, is a Unitarian Universalist congregation established as the Parish church of Quincy in 1639 She was 73 years old; John Adams was 90 when he died.

Her last words were "Do not grieve, my friend, my dearest friend. I am ready to go. And John, it will not be long. "

Political viewpoints

Women's Rights

Adams was an advocate of married women's property rights and more opportunities for women, particularly in the field of education. Women, she believed, should not submit to laws not made in their interest, nor should they be content with the simple role of being companions to their husbands. They should educate themselves and thus be recognized for their intellectual capabilities, so they could guide and influence the lives of their children and husbands. She is best known for her March 1776 letter to John Adams and the Continental Congress, requesting that they

. Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a . . remember the ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation. [3]

To this, John answered:. . . as to your extraordinary code of laws, I cannot but laugh. . . Depend upon it, we know better Than to repeal our masculine systems. . .

Slavery

Along with her husband, Adams believed that slavery was not only evil, but a threat to the American democratic experiment. A letter written by her on March 31, 1776 explained that she doubted most of the Virginians had such the "passion for Liberty" they claimed they did, since they "deprive[d] their fellow Creatures" of freedom. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a [3]

A notable incident regarding this happened in 1791, where a local slave came to her house asking to be taught how to write. Subsequently, she placed the boy in a local evening school, though not without objections from a neighbor. Abigail responded that he was "a Freeman as much as any of the young Men and merely because his Face is Black, is he to be denied instruction? How is he to be qualified to procure a livelihood? . . . I have not thought it any disgrace to my self to take him into my parlor and teach him both to read and write. "

Religious beliefs

Abigail Adams, as well as her husband, was an active member of the First Parish Church in Quincy, which became Unitarian in doctrine by 1753. First Parish Church is an historic church in Duxbury Massachusetts. In a letter to John Quincy Adams dated May 5, 1816, she wrote of her religious beliefs:

I acknowledge myself a unitarian—Believing that the Father alone, is the supreme God, and that Jesus Christ derived his Being, and all his powers and honors from the Father . Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year . . There is not any reasoning which can convince me, contrary to my senses, that three is one, and one three. [3]

She also asked Louisa Adams in a letter dated January 3, 1818, "when will Mankind be convinced that true Religion is from the Heart, between Man and his creator, and not the imposition of Man or creeds and tests?"

Legacy

Memorials

Adams as part of the Boston Women's Memorial on Commonwealth Ave.
Adams as part of the Boston Women's Memorial on Commonwealth Ave.

An Adams Memorial is proposed in Washington, D. Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, born Louisa Catherine Johnson ( February 12 1775 &ndash May 15 1852) wife of John Quincy Adams Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Commonwealth Avenue (colloquially referred to as Comm Ave by locals the latter word pronounced in the same manner as "have" is a major street in the cities of The Adams Memorial is a proposed United States presidential memorial C. , honoring Abigail, her husband, and other members of their family. A cairn now crowns the nearby hill from which she and her son John Quincy Adams watched the Battle of Bunker Hill and the burning of Charlestown. The Abigail Adams Cairn marks the spot where Abigail Adams and her young son John Quincy Adams, watched the burning of Charlestown on Saturday June The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775 on Breed's Hill, as part of the Siege of Boston during the American Revolutionary At that time she was minding the children of Dr. Joseph Warren, President of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, who was killed in the battle

Theatre

Passages from Adams' letters to her husband figured prominently in songs from the Broadway musical 1776. Dr Joseph Warren ( June 11, 1741 &ndash June 17, 1775) was an American doctor and soldier remembered for playing a leading role 1776 is a Broadway musical with music and lyrics by Sherman Edwards and a book by Peter Stone. (In the musical, their time apart is given a comically suggestive twist, when she agrees to send him saltpeter, ostensibly to help with the preparation of gunpowder, but perhaps to quell down his sexual frustration as well. Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 )

Television

Adams was played by Kathryn Walker in the 1976 PBS mini-series The Adams Chronicles. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the The Adams Chronicles was a multi-Emmy award-winning thirteen-episode special by PBS that aired in the mid-1970s to commemorate the Bicentennial In the mini-series John Adams, which premiered in March 2008 on HBO, Adams was played by Laura Linney. Laura Leggett Linney (born February 5, 1964) is a three-time Academy Award -nominated a three time Golden Globe nominee and a three-time

Portrait on currency

The First Spouse Program under the Presidential $1 Coin Act authorizes the United States Mint to issue 1/2 ounce $10 gold coins to honor the first spouses of the United States. The Presidential $1 Coin Program is part of an Act of Congress,, which directs the United States Mint to produce $1 coins with The Presidential $1 Coin Program is part of an Act of Congress,, which directs the United States Mint to produce $1 coins with The United States Mint primarily produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its Trade and Commerce. The Abigail Adams coin was released on June 19, 2007, and sold out in just hours. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Obverse

Reverse

References

  1. ^ Ancestors of Abigail SMITH
  2. ^ GeneAll.net
  3. ^ a b c d e Abigail Adams

Bibliography

External links


Honorary titles
Preceded by
Martha Dandridge Custis Washington		 First Lady of the United States
1797–1801		 Succeeded by
Martha Jefferson Randolph
Martha Custis Washington (née Dandridge) ( June 2, 1731 &ndash May 22, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph ( September 27, 1772 &ndash October 10, 1836) was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson, the
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