| Aberdeen | |
| Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dheathain | |
| Scots: Aiberdeen | |
| Granite City, Oil Capital of Europe, Silver City | |
  |
|
  Aberdeen shown within Scotland |
|
| Population | 202,370 [1] |
|---|---|
| - Density | 2,820/sq mi (1,089/km²) [2] |
| Language | English |
| Scots (Doric) | |
| OS grid reference | |
| - Edinburgh | 94 mi (151 km) [3] |
| - London | 403 mi (649 km) [3] |
| Council area | City of Aberdeen |
| Lieutenancy area | Aberdeen |
| Constituent country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ABERDEEN |
| Postcode district | AB10-AB13 (part), AB15, AB16, AB22-AB25 |
| Dialling code | 01224 |
| Police | Grampian |
| Fire | Grampian |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
| European Parliament | Scotland |
| UK Parliament | Aberdeen South |
| Aberdeen North | |
| Gordon | |
| Scottish Parliament | North East Scotland |
| Aberdeen Central | |
| Aberdeen North | |
| Aberdeen South | |
| Website: aberdeencity.gov.uk | |
| List of places: UK • Scotland • Aberdeen | |
Aberdeen (pronounced /ˌæbɚˈdiːn/ ; Scots: Aiberdeen, Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dheathain) is Scotland's third largest city with an official population of 202,370,[1] and one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Doric was formerly used to refer to all dialects of Lowland Scots but is now usually used as a name for the dialect spoken in the north-east of Scotland The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. For local government purposes Scotland is divided into 32 areas designated as "council areas" which are all governed by unitary authorities designated as The Politics of Aberdeen, Scotland have changed significantly in recent years The Lieutenancy areas of Scotland are the areas used for the ceremonial lord-lieutenants, the monarch 's representatives in Scotland. Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system UK Postal codes are known as postcodes. UK postcodes are Alphanumeric. The, also known as the Aberdeen postcode area, is a group of postal districts around Aberdeen, Aberlour, Aboyne, Alford, Ballater The UK Telephone numbering plan, also known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, is the system used for assigning Telephone numbers in the United There are a number of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom. Grampian Police is the police force for the north east of Scotland, covering the Council areas of Aberdeenshire, City of Aberdeen and The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Grampian Fire and Rescue Service is the Statutory fire and rescue service for the area of Grampian, Scotland. SASDivmap copyjpg|right|200px]] Helimed5jpg|thumb|right|EC-135 G-SASA "Helimed 5" based at Glasgow City Heliport]] The Scottish Ambulance Service ( Scottish Scotland constitutes a single Constituency of the European Parliament. This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as at the 2005 general election Aberdeen South is a Burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and it elects one Member of Parliament Aberdeen North is a Burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and it elects one Member of Parliament Gordon is a County constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster) which elects one Member The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral Constituencies and local government areas In terms of first past the post constituencies the region covers Election results 2007 Scottish Parliament Aberdeen Central is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Aberdeen North is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Aberdeen South is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) A Gazetteer of place names in the United Kingdom showing each place's County, Unitary authority or council area and its geographical coordinates This List of places in Scotland is a complete collection of lists of places in Scotland. see also:CategoryAreas of Aberdeen and:TemplateAreas of Aberdeen Areas of Aberdeen is a list of Areas A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Local government in Scotland is organised through 32 unitary authorities consisting of Councillors elected every four years by registered voters in each of the For local government purposes Scotland is divided into 32 areas designated as "council areas" which are all governed by unitary authorities designated as
Nicknames include the Granite City and the Silver City with the Golden Sands. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, whose mica deposits sparkle like silver. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. [4] The city has a long, sandy coastline. The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s, other nicknames have been the Oil Capital of Europe or the Energy Capital of Europe. North Sea oil refers to oil and Natural gas ( Hydrocarbons produced from Oil reservoirs beneath the North Sea. [5]
The area around Aberdeen has been settled for at least 8000 years,[6] when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the River Dee and River Don. The River Dee ( Scottish Gaelic: Uisge Dè) is a River in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The River Don is a River in the northeast of Scotland. It rises in the Grampians and flows eastwards through Aberdeenshire,
In 1319, Aberdeen received Royal Burgh status from Robert the Bruce, transforming the city economically. A royal burgh was a type of Scottish Burgh which had been founded by or subsequently granted a Royal charter. Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( The city's two universities, the University of Aberdeen, founded in 1495, and the Robert Gordon University, which was awarded university status in 1992, make Aberdeen the educational centre of the north-east. The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. The Robert Gordon University (often known as RGU) is a modern University located in Aberdeen, Scotland. The traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen's seaport. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by Oil tankers and pipelines ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world[7] and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland. [8]
Aberdeen has won the Britain in Bloom competition a record breaking ten times,[9] and hosts the Aberdeen International Youth Festival. Britain in Bloom is a horticultural competition in the United Kingdom. Aberdeen International Youth Festival is the world's leading Festival of Youth Arts and one of Scotland ’s major international cultural events
Contents |
History
The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years. The History of Aberdeen, Scotland is long and distinguished with a human presence in the area since the Stone Age. [6] The city began as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary. A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. Old Aberdeen is part of the city of Aberdeen in Scotland. Old Aberdeen was originally a separate Burgh, which was erected into a Burgh of barony The earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I. A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified William I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric; Modern Gaelic Uilleam mac Eanraig) known as the Lion or Garbh, "the Rough" David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning and financially independent community. Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( Granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the city's Common Good Fund which still benefits Aberdonians. Aberdeen's Common Good Fund is a fund to benefit the people of Aberdeen, Scotland. Aberdeen's Common Good Fund is a fund to benefit the people of Aberdeen, Scotland. [10][11]
During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Aberdeen was under English rule, so Robert the Bruce laid siege to Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308 followed by the massacring of the English garrison and the retaking of Aberdeen for the townspeople. The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( Aberdeen Castle was a late Middle Ages fortification in Aberdeen, Scotland. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended, and called New Aberdeen. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. The city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of 1644-1647 the city was impartially plundered by both sides. Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms covers Scotland 's involvement in the wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms between 1644 and 1650 In 1644, it was taken and ransacked by Royalist troops after the Battle of Aberdeen. The Battle of Aberdeen was an engagement in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms which took place between Royalist and Covenanter forces outside the city of [12] In 1647 an outbreak of bubonic plague killed a quarter of the population. Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as
In the eighteenth century, a new Town Hall was built and the first social services appeared with the Infirmary at Woolmanhill in 1742 and the Lunatic Asylum in 1779. Aberdeen Royal Infirmary or ARI is a Teaching hospital on the Foresterhill site in Aberdeen, Scotland. Woolmanhill Hospital is a Hospital in the centre of Aberdeen, Scotland. The council began major road improvements at the end of the century with the main thoroughfares of George Street, King Street and Union Street all completed at the start of the next century. Union Street is a major street and shopping thoroughfare in Aberdeen, Scotland.
A century later, the increasing economic importance of Aberdeen and the development of the shipbuilding and fishing industries led to the existing harbour with Victoria Dock, the South Breakwater, and the extension to the North Pier. The expensive infrastructure program had repercussions, and in 1817 the city was bankrupt. However, a recovery was made in the general prosperity which followed the Napoleonic wars. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Gas street lighting arrived in 1824 and an enhanced water supply appeared in 1830 when water was pumped from the Dee to a reservoir in Union Place. An underground sewer system replaced open sewers in 1865. [11]
The city was first incorporated in 1891. A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to cities, counties, Towns Although Old Aberdeen still has a separate charter and history, it and New Aberdeen are no longer truly distinct. They are both part of the city, along with Woodside and the Royal Burgh of Torry to the south of the River Dee. A royal burgh was a type of Scottish Burgh which had been founded by or subsequently granted a Royal charter. Torry is an area within the City of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Setting and historical development Torry lying on the south bank
Toponymy
Old Aberdeen is the approximate location of Aberdon the first settlement of Aberdeen; this literally means "at the confluence of the Don [ie. The Etymology of Aberdeen (which is the meaning / origin of the word is that of the name first used for the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. Old Aberdeen is part of the city of Aberdeen in Scotland. Old Aberdeen was originally a separate Burgh, which was erected into a Burgh of barony with the sea]" in relation to the local river. The modern name, Aberdeen literally means between the Dee and Don (the other local river) The Celtic prefix; "Aber-" means "the confluence of" in relation to the rivers. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. [13]
Gaelic scholars believe the name came from the prefix Aber- and da-aevi (variation;Da-abhuin, Da-awin) - which means "the mouth of two rivers". Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. In Gaelic the name is Obar Dheathain (variation; Obairreadhain) and in Latin, the Romans referred to it as Devana. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Mediaeval (or ecclesiastical) Latin has it as Aberdonia.
Governance
Aberdeen is locally governed by Aberdeen City Council, which comprises forty-three councillors who represent the city's wards and is headed by the Lord Provost who is currently Provost Peter Stephen. In Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, a ward is an Electoral district The Lord Provost of the City of Aberdeen is the Convener of the City of Aberdeen local authority in Scotland.
From May 2003 until May 2007 the council was run with a Liberal Democrat and Conservatives coalition. The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Following the May 2007 elections the Liberal Democrats formed a new coalition with the Scottish National Party. The Scottish National Party (SNP (Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba Scottis Naitional Pairtie is a Centre-left political party which campaigns for Scottish [14] The council consists of: 15 Liberal Democrat, 13 SNP, 10 Labour, 4 Conservative councillors and a single independent councillor. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the [15]
Aberdeen is represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom by three constituencies: Aberdeen North, Aberdeen South and Gordon, of which the first two are wholly within the Aberdeen City council area while the latter also encompasses a large swathe of Aberdeenshire. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures goals or loyalty Aberdeen North is a Burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and it elects one Member of Parliament Aberdeen South is a Burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and it elects one Member of Parliament Gordon is a County constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster) which elects one Member Aberdeenshire (Siorrachd Obar Dheathain is one of the 32 unitary Council areas in Scotland.
In the Scottish Parliament the city is represented again by three constituencies, all of which are solely within the council area: Aberdeen North, Aberdeen Central and Aberdeen South and by a further seven MSPs elected as part of the North East Scotland electoral region. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral Aberdeen North is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Aberdeen Central is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Aberdeen South is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Constituencies and local government areas In terms of first past the post constituencies the region covers Election results 2007 Scottish Parliament
In the European Union, the city is represented by seven MEPs, as part of the all inclusive Scotland constituency in the European Parliament. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in A Member of the European Parliament ( English abbreviation MEP) is a member of the European Union 's legislative body the European Parliament. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU
Heraldry
Symbols of the city typically show three castles, such as in the case of the flag and coat of arms. The Heraldry of Aberdeen, Scotland is important as it represents the long history of the city and its people The image has been around since the time of Robert the Bruce and represents the buildings that stood on the three hills of Aberdeen; Aberdeen Castle on Castle Hill (today's castlegate); an unknown building on Windmill Hill and a church on St. Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( Aberdeen Castle was a late Middle Ages fortification in Aberdeen, Scotland. The Castlegate is a small area of Aberdeen, Scotland, located centrally at the east-end of the city's main thoroughfare Union Street. Catherine's Hill (now levelled). [16]
Bon Accord, is the motto of the city and is French literally for "Good Agreement". A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Legend tells that its use dates from the fourteenth century password used by Robert the Bruce during the Wars of Scottish Independence, when he and his men laid siege to Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308. The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th [10]
The leopard has traditionally been associated with the city and its emblem can be seen on the city crest. The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring The local magazine is called the "Leopard" and when Union Bridge was constructed in the nineteenth century small statues of the creature in a sitting position were cast and placed on top of the railing posts.
The city's toast is "Happy to meet, sorry to part, happy to meet again", this has been commonly misinterpreted as the translation of Bon Accord. [17]
Geography
The mean temperature is 8 °C (47 °F) and it varies between an average low of 5 °C (41 °F) and 11 °C (52 °F). Geography of Aberdeen, Scotland is of a city located between the River Dee and the River Don. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 In summer (June - August) the average high is 16 °C (63 °F) and average low 9 °C (49 °F). In winter (December - February) the average high is 6 °C (43 °F) and average low 0 °C (33 °F). [18]
The average yearly precipitation is 753 millimetres (29. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to 7 in), with 64 millimetres (2. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. 5 in) in summer (June - August) and 62 millimetres (2. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. 5 in) in winter (December - February). The wettest months are October and November. [18]
| Average (unless stated) per Month | Average | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High temperature Celsius (°F) | 11 (52) | 5 (42) | 6 (43) | 7 (46) | 10 (50) | 12 (55) | 15 (60) | 17 (64) | 17 (64) | 15 (59) | 11 (53) | 8 (47) | 6 (44) |
| Low temperature Celsius (°F) | 5 (41) | 0 (32) | 0 (33) | 1 (35) | 2 (37) | 5 (42) | 8 (47) | 10 (51) | 10 (50) | 7 (46) | 5 (42) | 2 (37) | 1 (35) |
| Highest recorded temp. Celsius (°F) | Highest ever: 30 (86) | 17 (63) | 17 (63) | 20 (68) | 23 (74) | 24 (76) | 26 (79) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 24 (76) | 21 (70) | 16 (62) | 15 (60) |
| Lowest recorded temp. Celsius (°F) | Lowest ever: -18 (-2) | -18 (-2) | -15 (5) | -11 (12) | -3 (25) | -3 (26) | 0 (33) | 2 (37) | 0 (32) | -2 (28) | -3 (25) | -15 (5) | -13 (7) |
| Source: Washington Post Weather | |||||||||||||
Being sited between two river mouths, the city has little natural exposure of bedrock. This leaves local geologists in a slight quandary : despite the high concentration of geoscientists in the area (courtesy of the oil industry), there is only a vague understanding of what underlays the city. To the south side of the city, coastal cliffs expose high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Grampian Group; to the south-west and west are extensive granites intruded into similar high-grade schists; to the north the metamorphics are intruded by gabbroic complexes instead. And under the city itself? The small amount of geophysics done, and occasional building-related exposures, combined with small exposures in the banks of the River Don, suggest that it's actually sited on an inlier of Devonian "Old Red" sandstones and silts. The outskirts of the city spread beyond the (inferred) limits of the outlier onto the surrounding metamorphic/ igneous complexes formed during the Dalradian period (approximately 480-600 million years ago) with sporadic areas of igneous Diorite granites to be found, such as that at the Rubislaw quarry which was used to build much of the Victorian parts of the city. Dalradian is a geological term that describes a series of Metamorphic rocks typically developed in the high ground which lies southeast of the Great Glen Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock Diorite (ˈdaɪəraɪt is a grey to dark grey intermediate intrusive Igneous rock composed principally of Plagioclase Feldspar (typically Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Rubislaw Quarry was opened in 1740 and is located at the Hill of Rubislaw in the west end of the Scottish city of Aberdeen. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities [19]
On the coast, Aberdeen has a long sand beach between the two rivers, the Dee and the Don, which turns into high sand dunes north of the Don stretching as far as Fraserburgh ; to the south of the Dee are steep rocky cliff faces with only minor pebble and shingle beaches in deep inlets. The River Dee ( Scottish Gaelic: Uisge Dè) is a River in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The River Don is a River in the northeast of Scotland. It rises in the Grampians and flows eastwards through Aberdeenshire, In physical Geography, a dune is a Hill of Sand built by Aeolian processes. Fraserburgh, called The Broch in Scots, is a small town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland in the extreme Northeast corner approximately 40 miles North A number of granite outcrops along the south coast have been quarried in the past, making for spectacular scenery and good rock-climbing.
The city extends to 71. 22 square miles (184. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 46 km²), and includes the former burghs of Old Aberdeen, New Aberdeen, Woodside and the Royal Burgh of Torry to the south of River Dee. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Old Aberdeen is part of the city of Aberdeen in Scotland. Old Aberdeen was originally a separate Burgh, which was erected into a Burgh of barony A royal burgh was a type of Scottish Burgh which had been founded by or subsequently granted a Royal charter. Torry is an area within the City of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Setting and historical development Torry lying on the south bank The River Dee ( Scottish Gaelic: Uisge Dè) is a River in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. This gives the city a population density of 2,819 per square mile (1,089 per km²). The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of [2] The city is built on many hills, with the original beginnings of the city growing from Castle Hill, St. Catherine's Hill and Windmill Hill. [20]
Demography
In 1396 the population was about 3,000. By 1801 it had become 26,992; (1901) 153,503; (1941) 182,467. [22] In 2001 the UK census records the Aberdeen City Council area's population at 212,125,[23] but the Aberdeen locality's population at 184,788. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population The Politics of Aberdeen, Scotland have changed significantly in recent years [24] The latest official population estimate, published by the General Register for Scotland for 2005, is 202,370. [1] Data from the Aberdeen specific locality of the 2001 UK census shows that the demographics include a median male age of 35 and female age of 38 which are younger than Scotland's average and a 49% to 51% male to female ratio. [23]
The census showed that there are fewer young people in Aberdeen, with 16. 4 % under 16, opposed to the national average of 19. 2 %. [25] Ethnically, 15. 7 % were born outside of Scotland, higher than the national average of 12. 9 %. Of this population 8. 4 % were born in England. [25] 3 % of Aberdonians stated to be from an ethnic minority (non-white) in the 2001 census, with 0. 7% from the Indian-subcontinent and 0. 6% Asian, in comparison Scotland's overall population of non-white origin is 2 %. However this is a lower percentage than any of Scotland's other three main cities, Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Dundee. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Dundee (Dùn Dèagh is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council [25] However there are large numbers of Poles, Lithuanians and Russians. There is also a growing number of people from Africa, especially from Nigeria. The most multicultural part of the city is George Street, which has many ethnic restaurants, supermarkets and hairdressers
In the household, there were 97,013 individual dwellings recorded in the city of which 61% were privately owned, 9% privately rented and 23% rented from the council. The most popular type of dwellings are apartments which compromise 49% of residences followed by semi-detached at just below 22%. [26] The average income of a household in the city is £16,813[27] (2005) which places approximately 18% households in the city below the poverty line (defined as 60% of the mean income). Conversely, an Aberdeen postcode has the second highest number of millionaires of any postcode in the UK. [1]
Religion
Traditionally Christian, Aberdeen's largest denominations are the Church of Scotland through the Presbytery of Aberdeen and the Roman Catholic Church. Religion in Aberdeen is traditionally Christian with the city being represented by a number of denominations particularly the Church of Scotland through A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. The Presbytery of Aberdeen is one of the forty-six presbyteries of the Church of Scotland, being the local presbytery for the city of Aberdeen. The last census revealed that Aberdeen is the least religious city in Scotland, with nearly 43 % of people claiming to have no religion[25] and several former churches in the city have been converted into bars and restaurants. [28]
In the Middle Ages, the Kirk of St Nicholas was the only burgh kirk and one of Scotland's largest parish churches. The Kirk of St Nicholas is a historic church located in the city centre of Aberdeen, Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Like a number of other Scottish kirks, it was subdivided after the Reformation, in this case into the East and West churches. The Scottish Reformation was Scotland 's formal break with the Roman Catholic Church in 1560 and the events surrounding this At this time, the city also was home to houses of the Carmelites (Whitefriars) and Franciscans (Greyfriars), the latter of which surviving in modified form as the chapel of Marischal College as late as the early twentieth Century. The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel by Synecdoche; Latin: Ordo fratrum Beatæ The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel by Synecdoche; Latin: Ordo fratrum Beatæ The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic
St Machar's Cathedral was formed twenty years after David I (1124-53) transferred the pre-Reformation Diocese from Mortlach in Banffshire to Old Aberdeen in 1137. David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. The County of Banff is a Registration county for property and Banffshire (ˈbæmfʃə ( Siorrachd Bhanbh in Gaelic) is a Lieutenancy area With the exception of the episcopate of William Elphinstone (1484-1511), building progressed slowly. William Elphinstone ( 1431 - October 25, 1514) Scottish Statesman, Bishop of Aberdeen and founder of the University Gavin Dunbar, who followed him in 1518, completed the structure by adding the two western spires and the southern transept. Gavin Dunbar can refer to Gavin Dunbar (Bishop of Aberdeen (died 1532 Gavin Dunbar (Archbishop of Glasgow (c
St. Mary's Cathedral is a Roman Catholic Cathedral in Gothic style, erected in 1859. The Cathedral Church of St Mary of the Assumption, usually know as St Mary's Cathedral is a cathedral of the Roman Catholic Church in the city of Aberdeen See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period.
St. Andrew's Cathedral is the Scottish Episcopal Cathedral, constructed in 1817 as Archibald Simpson's first commission. St Andrew's Cathedral, or the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew, is a Cathedral of the Scottish Episcopal Church situated in the Scottish city The Scottish Episcopal Church (Eaglais Easbaigeach na h-Alba is a Christian denomination in Scotland and a member of the Anglican Communion, although it It is notable for having consecrated the first bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States.
The Salvation Army citadel dominates the east end of Union Street. The Salvation Army is a Christian charity and church that is internally organised like a military service.
There is also an Islamic Mosque in Old Aberdeen and an Orthodox Jewish Synagogue established in 1945. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. There are no formal Buddhist or Hindu buildings. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. The University of Aberdeen has a small Bahá'í society. The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind
Economy
Traditionally, Aberdeen was home to fishing, textile mills, shipbuilding and paper making. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. this article covers the non-oil related economy see Oil Industry in Aberdeen for that area Retail in Aberdeen, Scotland is extremely important to the local economy and the city has the largest selection of shopping facilities of towns the north of Scotland The Oil industry in Aberdeen began with the discovery of significant oil deposits in the North Sea during the mid 20th Century These industries have been largely replaced. High technology developments in the electronics design and development industry, research in agriculture and fishing and the oil industry, which has been largely responsible for Aberdeen's economic boom in the last three decades, are now major parts of Aberdeen's economy. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by Oil tankers and pipelines
Until the 1970s, most of Aberdeen's leading industries dated from the eighteenth Century; mainly these were textiles, foundry work, shipbuilding and paper-making, the oldest industry in the city, with paper having been first made there in 1694. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Paper-making has reduced in importance since the closures of Donside Paper Mill in 2001 and the Davidson Mill in 2005 leaving the Stoneywood Paper Mill with a workforce of approximately 500. Textile production ended in 2004 when Richards of Aberdeen closed. Richards of Aberdeen was a Textile company based in the Hutcheon Street area of Aberdeen, Scotland.
Grey granite was quarried at Rubislaw quarry for more than 300 years, and used for paving setts, kerb and building stones, and monumental and other ornamental pieces. A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or Minerals are extracted Rubislaw Quarry was opened in 1740 and is located at the Hill of Rubislaw in the west end of the Scottish city of Aberdeen. Aberdeen granite was used to build the terraces of the Houses of Parliament and Waterloo Bridge in London. Waterloo Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Quarrying finally ceased in 1971.
Fishing was once the predominant industry, but was surpassed by deep-sea fisheries, which derived a great impetus from improved technologies throughout the twentieth Century. Catches have fallen due to overfishing and the use of the harbour by oil support vessels,[29] and so although still an important fishing port it is now eclipsed by the more northerly ports of Peterhead and Fraserburgh. Peterhead is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is Aberdeenshire's largest settlement having a population of approximately 19000 Fraserburgh, called The Broch in Scots, is a small town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland in the extreme Northeast corner approximately 40 miles North The Fisheries Research Services is based in Aberdeen, including its headquarters, and a marine research lab in Torry. Fisheries Research Services (FRS is an Executive Agency of the Scottish Government.
Aberdeen is well regarded for the agricultural and soil research that takes place at The Macaulay Institute, which has close links to the city's two universities. The Macaulay Institute, sometimes referred to simply as The Macaulay, is a research institute based in Aberdeen, Scotland, its work covers The Rowett Research Institute is a world renowned research centre for studies into food and nutrition located in Aberdeen. The Rowett Research Institute is a research centre for studies into Food and Nutrition located in Aberdeen, Scotland. It has produced three Nobel laureates and there is a high concentration of life scientists working in the city. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles [30][31]
There is also a dynamic and fast growing electronics design and development industry.
With the discovery of significant oil deposits in the North Sea during the late twentieth Century, Aberdeen became the centre of Europe's petroleum industry. North Sea oil refers to oil and Natural gas ( Hydrocarbons produced from Oil reservoirs beneath the North Sea. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit With the second largest heliport in the world and an important service ship harbour port serving oil rigs off-shore, Aberdeen is often called the Oil Capital of Europe. An oil platform or oil rig is a large structure used to house workers and machinery needed to drill and/or extract oil and Natural gas through wells [32]
There is now a concerted effort to transform Aberdeen's reputation as the Oil Capital of Europe into the Energy Capital of Europe as oil supplies may start to dwindle in coming years, and there is considerable interest in the development of new energy sources; and technology transfer from oil into renewable energy and other industries is underway. [33]
The city ranks third in Scotland for shopping. The traditional shopping streets are Union Street and George Street which are now complemented by shopping centres, notably the Bon Accord-St Nicholas Centre and the The Mall Trinity. Union Street is a major street and shopping thoroughfare in Aberdeen, Scotland. George Street is a street in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. At its northern end it meets the area of Kittybrewster. The Bon Accord St Nicholas Shopping Centre (formerly The Bon Accord Shopping Centre Aberdeen & The St The Mall Aberdeen (formerly The Trinity Shopping Centre) is a one floor shopping centre in Aberdeen, Scotland. A new retail development, Union Square, is nearing completion. Major retail parks away from the city centre include the Berryden Retail Park, the Kittybrewster Retail Park and the Beach Boulevard Retail Park.
Landmarks
Aberdeen's architecture is known for its principal use during the Victorian era of granite, which has led to its local nickname of the Granite City or more romantically the less commonly used name the Silver City, since the quartz in the stone sparkles in the sun. Architecture of Aberdeen is known for its principal use of Granite in Victorian times. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in [34]
The hard grey stone is one of the most durable materials available and helps to explain why the city's buildings look brand-new when they have been newly cleaned and the cement has been pointed. Unlike other Scottish cities where sandstone has been used the buildings are not weathering and need very little structural maintenance on their masonry. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains.
Amongst the notable buildings in the city's main street, Union Street, are the Town and County Bank, the Music Hall, the Trinity Hall of the incorporated trades (originating between 1398 and 1527), now a shopping mall; the former office of the Northern Assurance Company, and the National Bank of Scotland. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. In Architecture and City planning, a terrace(d or row house or townhouse (though the latter term can also refer to Patio houses Union Street is a major street and shopping thoroughfare in Aberdeen, Scotland. The Music Hall is a concert hall in Aberdeen, Scotland, formerly the city's Assembly Rooms located on Union Street in the city centre In Castle Street, a continuation eastwards of Union Street, is the Town House, built in 1873 by Peddie and Kinnear. [35]
Marischal College on Broad Street, opened by King Edward VII in 1906, is the second largest granite building in the world (after the Escorial, Madrid)[36]. Marischal College is a building in the Scottish city of Aberdeen belonging to the University of Aberdeen. El Escorial is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery royal palace museum and school Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain.
Transport
Aberdeen Airport (ABZ), at Dyce in the north of the city, serves a number of domestic and international destinations including France, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Austria, Ireland and Scandinavian countries. see also Aberdeen for walkways in Aberdeen see Green Spaces and Walkways in Aberdeen for future transport infrastructure see Aberdeen Airport is the third largest Airport in Scotland, and one of the UK 's top 10 by number of flight movements. Dyce is a suburb of Aberdeen, Scotland, about six miles (about nine kilometres northwest of Aberdeen city best known for being the location of the city's airport This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The heliport which serves the oil industry and rescue services is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world. [7]
Aberdeen railway station is on the main UK rail network and connects directly to major cities such as Edinburgh and London. Aberdeen railway station is a railway station in Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
Until 2007, a 1950s style concrete bus station at Guild Street served out of the city locations; it has since transferred to a new and well presented bus station just 100 metres to the East off Market Street as part of the Union Square development.
There are five major roads in and out of the city. The A90 is the main arterial route into the city from the north and south, linking Aberdeen to Edinburgh, Dundee and Perth in the south and Ellon, Peterhead and Fraserburgh in the north. Dundee (Dùn Dèagh is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council Perth (Peairt is a town and former Royal burgh in central Scotland. Ellon is a sizeable town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, approximately 16 Miles north of Aberdeen, lying on the River Ythan (pronounced Peterhead is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is Aberdeenshire's largest settlement having a population of approximately 19000 Fraserburgh, called The Broch in Scots, is a small town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland in the extreme Northeast corner approximately 40 miles North The A96 links to Elgin and Inverness and the north west. Elgin (Eilginn is a former Cathedral city and a former Royal Burgh in Moray, Scotland and is the administrative and commercial centre for Moray Inverness (Inbhir Nis iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ is a city in northern Scotland. The A93 is the main route to the west, heading towards Royal Deeside and the Cairngorms. The Cairngorms are a mountain range in the eastern Highlands of Scotland closely associated with the mountain of the same name - Cairn Gorm. After Braemar, it turns south, providing an alternative tourist route to Perth. Braemar is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, around 58 miles west of Aberdeen in the Highlands. The A92 was the original southerly road to Aberdeen prior to the building of the A90, and is now used as a tourist route, connecting the towns of Montrose, Arbroath and Brechin on the east coast. Montrose is a coastal Resort town and former Royal burgh in Angus, Scotland. Arbroath or Aberbrothock ( Scottish Gaelic: Obair Bhrothaig which translates literally as 'at the mouth of the Brothock' is a former Royal burgh Brechin is a former Royal burgh in Angus, Scotland. Traditionally Brechin is often described as a city because of its cathedral and its status The A947 exits the city at Dyce and goes on to Newmachar, Oldmeldrum and Turriff finally ending at Banff and Macduff. Newmachar is a Village in the north-east of Scotland 10 miles to the north-west of Aberdeen with a population of just under 2500 Oldmeldrum is a village and parish in Aberdeenshire, not far from Inverurie in north east Scotland. Turriff is a town and parish in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is approximately 166 feet above Sea level. Banff ( Gaelic Banbh) and Macduff (Gaelic MacDhuibh) are neighbouring towns situated on Banff Bay, both of which are former
Aberdeen Harbour is important as the largest in the north of Scotland and as a ferry route to Orkney and Shetland. Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Shetland (formerly spelled Zetland, from etland; Old Norse non Hjaltland; Sealtainn is an Archipelago off the northeast coast of Established in 1136, it has been referred to as the oldest business in Britain. [37]
First Group, headquartered in Aberdeen, operate the city buses in the city under the name FirstBus Aberdeen. FirstGroup plc ( is a Scottish Transport company operating in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Canada, USA
Aberdeen is connected to the UK National Cycle Network, and has a track to the south connecting to cities such as Dundee and Edinburgh and one to the north that forks about 10 miles from the city into two different tracks heading to Inverness and Fraserburgh respectively. The National Cycle Network is a network of cycle routes in the United Kingdom. Fraserburgh, called The Broch in Scots, is a small town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland in the extreme Northeast corner approximately 40 miles North Two particularly popular footpaths along old railway tracks are the Deeside Way to Banchory (which will eventually connect to Ballater) and the Formartine and Buchan Way to Ellon, both are used by a mixture of cyclists, walkers and occasionally horses. The Deeside Way ( commonly known as the Old Deeside Line; the Royal Deeside Line or simply the Deeside Line), is a pathway that Banchory ( Scottish Gaelic: Beannchar, 'blessed place' is a Burgh or town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, lying approximately 18 miles The Formartine and Buchan Way is a Long distance footpath that goes from Dyce north to Peterhead and Fraserburgh. It has four Park and Ride sites which service the city, Stonehaven and Ellon (approx 12-17miles out from city centre) and Kingswells and Bridge of Don (approx 3-4miles out from city centre).
Education
Universities and colleges
Aberdeen has two universities, the University of Aberdeen and The Robert Gordon University. Education in Aberdeen, Scotland has a strong tradition with two Universities and Scotland's largest further education college The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. The Robert Gordon University (often known as RGU) is a modern University located in Aberdeen, Scotland. Aberdeen's student rate of 11. 5% is higher than the national average of 7%. [38]
The University of Aberdeen began life as King's College, Aberdeen, which was founded in 1495 by William Elphinstone (1431-1514), Bishop of Aberdeen and Chancellor of Scotland. The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. King's College in Old Aberdeen, Scotland, is a formerly independent university founded in 1495 and an integral part of the University of Aberdeen. William Elphinstone ( 1431 - October 25, 1514) Scottish Statesman, Bishop of Aberdeen and founder of the University The Bishop of Aberdeen (originally Bishop of Mortlach) was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Aberdeen, one of Scotland 's 13 medieval bishoprics Marischal College, a separate institution, was founded in "New" Aberdeen by George Keith, fifth Earl Marischal of Scotland in 1593. Marischal College is a building in the Scottish city of Aberdeen belonging to the University of Aberdeen. These institutions were amalgamated to form the present University of Aberdeen in 1860. The university is the fifth oldest in the English speaking world. [39]
Robert Gordon's College (originally Robert Gordon's Hospital) was founded in 1729 by the merchant Robert Gordon, grandson of the map maker Robert Gordon of Straloch, and was further endowed in 1816 by Alexander Simpson of Collyhill. Robert Gordon's College (known by the acronym RGC) is a private Co-educational day school in Aberdeen, Scotland. Robert Gordon may refer to Robert Gordon of Straloch, (1580–1661 Scottish cartographer Robert Gordon (philanthropist (1668–1731 Originally devoted to the instruction and maintenance of the sons of poor burgesses of guild and trade in the city, it was reorganised in 1881 as a day and night school for secondary and technical education. In 1903, the vocational education component of the college was designated a Central Institution and was renamed as the Robert Gordon Institute of Technology in 1965. A Central Institution ( CI) was a type of higher education institute in 20th and 21st century Scotland responsible for providing degree-level education but emphasising In 1992, university status was gained and it became the Robert Gordon University. The Robert Gordon University (often known as RGU) is a modern University located in Aberdeen, Scotland.
Aberdeen is also home to two artistic schools: Gray's School of Art, founded in 1886, which is one of the oldest established colleges of art in the UK, and is now incorporated into Robert Gordon University; and The Scott Sutherland School of Architecture and The Built Environment, which is situated on the Garthdee Campus of the Robert Gordon University, next to Gray's School of Art. Gray's School of Art is an integral part of the Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, Scotland. The Scott Sutherland School of Architecture and Built Environment (previously the Scott Sutherland School of Architecture; the Scott Sutherland School of Art Architecture
Aberdeen College has several campuses in the city and offers a wide variety of part-time and full-time courses leading to several different qualifications. Aberdeen College is the largest further education college in Scotland. It is the largest further education institution in Scotland. [40]
Schools
There are currently 12 secondary schools and 54 primary schools which are run by the city council. The most notable are Harlaw Academy, Cults Academy, Oldmachar Academy and Aberdeen Grammar School (founded in 1257) which were all rated in the top 50 Scottish secondary schools league tables published by The Times in 2005. Harlaw Academy is a six year comprehensive Secondary school situated some 200 yards from the junction of Union Street and Holburn Street in the centre of the Cults Academy is an Aberdeen City Council secondary school in Cults, Aberdeen, Scotland. Oldmachar Academy is situated to the north of the city of Aberdeen in an area of private housing Aberdeen Grammar School, known to students as The Grammar or AGS, is a state Secondary school in the City of Aberdeen Scotland The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. [41]
There are a number of private schools in Aberdeen; Albyn School for Girls (co-educational as of 2005), St Margaret's School for Girls, the Hamilton School (a Montessori school), Robert Gordon's College, the Total French School (for French oil industry families), the International School of Aberdeen and a Waldorf/Steiner School. The Albyn School is a private independent educational establishment founded in 1867 in Aberdeen, Scotland. St Margaret's School for Girls is a girl's school in Aberdeen, Scotland. The Hamilton is an Independent Day School in Aberdeen presently offering Education to pupils from three months to twelve years The Montessori method is an educational method for children based on theories of Child development originated by Italian educator Maria Montessori (1870-1952 Robert Gordon's College (known by the acronym RGC) is a private Co-educational day school in Aberdeen, Scotland. Total SA () is an oil company headquartered in Paris, France, and one of the six " Supermajor " oil companies in the world The International School of Aberdeen (ISA is a school in Milltimber, Aberdeen, Scotland. Waldorf education (also known as Steiner or Steiner-Waldorf education is a Pedagogy based upon the Educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, the founder
Culture
The city has a wide range of cultural activities, amenities and museums. See also Green Spaces and Walkways in Aberdeen and Media in Aberdeen The city of Aberdeen in Scotland has amenities The city is regularly visited by Scotland's National Arts Companies. Scotland's national arts companies are directly funded by the Scottish Executive. The Aberdeen Art Gallery houses a collection of Impressionist, Victorian, Scottish and twentieth Century British paintings as well as collections of silver and glass. Aberdeen Art Gallery is the main visual arts exhibition space in the city of Aberdeen in Scotland. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities It also includes The Alexander Macdonald Bequest, a collection of late nineteenth century works donated by the museum's first benefactor and a constantly changing collection of contemporary work and regular visiting exhibitions. [42]
Museums and galleries
The Aberdeen Maritime Museum, located in Shiprow, tells the story of Aberdeen's links with the sea from the days of sail and clipper ships to the latest oil and gas exploration technology. Aberdeen Maritime Museum is a Maritime museum in Aberdeen, Scotland. A clipper was a very fast Sailing ship of the 19th century that had multiple masts and a Square rig. It includes an 8. 5 m (28 feet) high model of the Murchison oil production platform and a nineteenth century assembly taken from Rattray Headlighthouse. Rattray Head (historically Rattray Point) is a headland in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, on the north east coast Scotland. [43]
Provost Ross' House is the second oldest dwelling house in the city. Provost John Ross was Lord Provost in Aberdeen, Scotland from 1710–1712 It was built in 1593 and became the residence of Provost John Ross of Arnage in 1702. Provost John Ross was Lord Provost in Aberdeen, Scotland from 1710–1712 The house retains some original medieval features, including a kitchen, fire places and beam-and-board ceilings. [44] The Gordon Highlanders Museum tells the story of one of Scotland's best known regiments. The Gordon Highlanders Museum is based in Aberdeen, Scotland and celebrates the story of the Gordon Highlanders which were active from 1881 to 1994 [45]
Marischal Museum holds the principal collections of the University of Aberdeen, comprising some 80,000 items in the areas of fine art, Scottish history and archaeology, and European, Mediterranean & Near Eastern archaeology. The Marischal Museum is the main museum in the city centre of Aberdeen, Scotland. The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. The permanent displays and reference collections are augmented by regular temporary exhibitions. [46]
Performing arts
Aberdeen is home to a host of events and festivals including the Aberdeen International Youth Festival (the world's largest arts festival for young performers), Aberdeen Jazz Festival, Rootin' Aboot (folk and roots music event based at the Lemon Tree), Triptych, and the University of Aberdeen's literature festival Word. Aberdeen International Youth Festival is the world's leading Festival of Youth Arts and one of Scotland ’s major international cultural events The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland.
In 2006 Simon Farquhar's play Rainbow Kiss was staged at London's Royal Court Theatre. Simon Farquhar (born 15 December, 1972) is a Scottish Writer hailing from Cullen, Aberdeenshire. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Court Theatre The Royal Court Theatre is a non-commercial theatre on Sloane Square, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Directed by Richard Wilson and starring Joe McFadden and Dawn Steele, the play was an uncompromising depiction of Aberdeen life which, despite its strong sexual and violent content, won rave reviews from the liberal press and was applauded by MP for Aberdeen South Anne Begg. For other people named Richard Wilson see Richard Wilson (disambiguation Ian Colquhoun Wilson, better known as Richard Wilson, Dawn Anne Steele (born 11 December 1975 in Glasgow) is a Scottish actress Aberdeen South may refer to Aberdeen South (UK Parliament constituency Aberdeen South (Scottish Parliament constituency Anne Begg (b 6 December 1955 in Brechin, Angus) is a British politician and is the Labour Party Member of Parliament
Music and film
Aberdeen's music scene includes a variety of live music venues including pubs, clubs, and church choirs. The bars of Belmont Street are particularly known for featuring live music. Belmont Street is a north-south street in the centre of Aberdeen, Scotland. Cèilidhs are also common in the city's halls. A céilidh ( (in modern usage is a traditional Gaelic social Dance originating in Ireland and Scotland, but now common throughout the The many popular venues include The Moorings, The Lemon Tree, Drummonds, Moshulu (now owned by Barfly), Snafu, The Tunnels, the Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre, and Aberdeen Music Hall. The Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre also known as the AECC, is a large exhibition and conference complex in Aberdeen, Scotland. The Music Hall is a concert hall in Aberdeen, Scotland, formerly the city's Assembly Rooms located on Union Street in the city centre
Notable Aberdonian musicians include Evelyn Glennie and Annie Lennox. Dame Evelyn Elizabeth Ann Glennie, DBE (born July 19 1965 in Aberdeen) is a Scottish virtuoso Percussionist. Annie Lennox (born 25 December 1954 is a Scottish born British Musician, Vocalist and Academy Award -winning Songwriter Contemporary composers John McLeod and Martin Dalby also hail from Aberdeen. John McLeod (born 1795 - died sometime after 1842 was a Scottish -born explorer of Canada, in his capacity as a Fur trader with the North West
Cultural cinema, educational work and local film events are provided by The Belmont Picturehouse on Belmont Street, Peacock Visual Arts and The Foyer. The Belmont Picturehouse is an arts cinema on Belmont Street, Aberdeen, Scotland which shows films that generally would not be shown in a chain cinema Belmont Street is a north-south street in the centre of Aberdeen, Scotland.
Open spaces
Aberdeen has long been famous for its 45[9] outstanding parks and gardens, and citywide floral displays which include two million roses, eleven million daffodils and three million crocuses. The Scottish city of Aberdeen has a number of famous green spaces and walkways. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. The city has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Britain in Bloom 'Best City' award ten times,[9] the overall Scotland in Bloom competition twenty times[9] and the large city category every year since 1968. The Royal Horticultural Society ( RHS) was founded in 1804 in London, England as the Horticultural Society of London, and gained its present Britain in Bloom is a horticultural competition in the United Kingdom. [9] At one point after winning a period of nine years straight, Aberdeen was banned from the Britain in Bloom competition to give another city a chance. [47] The city won the 2006 Scotland in Bloom "Best City" award along with the International Cities in Bloom award. The suburb of Dyce also won the Small Towns award. Dyce is a suburb of Aberdeen, Scotland, about six miles (about nine kilometres northwest of Aberdeen city best known for being the location of the city's airport [48][49]
Duthie Park opened in 1899 on the north bank of the river Dee. Green Spaces and Walkways in Aberdeen Duthie park, situated in Aberdeen, Scotland, by the banks of the River Dee, comprises 44 acres of land gifted It was named after and gifted to the city by Miss Elizabeth Crombie Duthie of Ruthrieston in 1881. It has extensive gardens, a rose hill, boating pond, bandstand, and play area as well as Europe's second largest enclosed gardens the David Welch Winter Gardens. Hazlehead Park, is large and forested, located on the outskirts of the city, it is popular with walkers in the forests, sports enthusiasts, naturalists and picnickers. Hazlehead Park is a large public park in the Hazlehead area of Aberdeen, Scotland. There are football pitches, two golf courses, a pitch and putt course and a horse riding school.
Aberdeen's success in the Britain in Bloom competitions is often attributed to Johnston Gardens, a small park of one hectare in the west end of the city containing many different flowers and plants which have been renowned for their beauty. Green Spaces and Walkways in Aberdeen Johnston Gardens is a small public garden in Aberdeen, Scotland. The garden was in 2002, named the best garden in Britain. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands [9]
Seaton Park, formerly the grounds of a private house, is on the edge of the grounds of St Machar's Cathedral. Green Spaces and Walkways in Aberdeen Seaton Park is located in Aberdeen, Scotland and is one of the city's biggest Parks. The Cathedral Walk is maintained in a formal style with a great variety of plants providing a popular display. The park includes several other areas with contrasting styles to this.
Union Terrace Gardens opened in 1879 and is situated in the centre of the city. Green Spaces and Walkways in Aberdeen Union Terrace Gardens is a park in the centre of Aberdeen, Scotland. It is a popular rendezvous location in the heart of the city and is filled with trees of over 200 years old and flowers arranged in the city's coat of arms in summer.
Situated next to each other, Victoria Park and Westburn Park cover 26 acres between them. Green Spaces and Walkways in Aberdeen Victoria Park is a small Park in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. Green Spaces and Walkways in Aberdeen Westburn Park is located in Aberdeen, Scotland and is a large Aberdeen City Council owned public park Victoria Park opened in 1871. Green Spaces and Walkways in Aberdeen Victoria Park is a small Park in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. There is a conservatory used as a seating area and a fountain made of fourteen different granites, presented to the people by the granite polishers and master builders of Aberdeen. Opposite to the north is Westburn Park opened in 1901. Green Spaces and Walkways in Aberdeen Westburn Park is located in Aberdeen, Scotland and is a large Aberdeen City Council owned public park With large grass pitches it is widely used for field sports. There is large tennis centre with indoor and outdoor courts, a children's cycle track, play area and a grass boules lawn.
Dialect
The local dialect of Lowland Scots is often known as the Doric, and is spoken not just in the city, but across the north-east of Scotland. Doric was formerly used to refer to all dialects of Lowland Scots but is now usually used as a name for the dialect spoken in the north-east of Scotland Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern It differs somewhat from other Scots dialects most noticeable are the pronunciation f for what is normally written wh and ee for what in standard English would usually be written oo (Scots ui). Every year the annual Doric Festival[50] takes place in Aberdeenshire to celebrate the history of the north-east's language. As with all Scots dialects in urban areas, it is not spoken as widely as it used to be in Aberdeen.
Media
Aberdeen is home to Scotland's oldest newspaper the Press and Journal, first published in 1747. The Press and Journal, often called the P&J, is a daily regional Newspaper serving the northern areas of Scotland including the cities Media in Aberdeen have long been published or broadcast The city and surrounding area's main newspaper the Press and Journal The Press and Journal, often called the P&J, is a daily regional Newspaper serving the northern areas of Scotland including the cities The Press and Journal and its sister paper the Evening Express are printed six days a week by Aberdeen Journals. Aberdeen Journals Ltd is a Newspaper Publisher based in Aberdeen, Scotland. There are three free newspapers: Aberdeen Record PM, Aberdeen Citizen and Aberdeen Independent.
BBC Scotland has a small building in Aberdeen's Beechgrove area, and BBC Aberdeen produces the Beechgrove Garden television and radio programmes. The Beechgrove Garden is a Television programme broadcast on BBC Two Scotland since 1978 but since 10 April 2007 now broadcast on [51] The city is home for the STV headquarters alongside Glasgow, which has replaced Grampian Television and Scottish Television. STV is the brand used by both ITV licensees in Northern and Central Scotland formerly known as Grampian TV (now legally STV North Ltd Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Grampian Television (now legally known as STV North Ltd and referred to on-air as STV) is the ITV franchisee for the North of Scotland based Scottish Television (now legally known as STV Central Ltd and referred to on-air as STV) is Scotland's largest ITV franchisee, and has held the The local news programme North Tonight is produced from the STV Aberdeen headquarters and broadcasted to northern Scotland. North Tonight is a Scottish nightly regional news programme covering the North of Scotland produced by STV North (formerly Grampian Television
There are two commercial radio stations operating within the city, Northsound Radio, which runs Northsound One and Northsound Two, and Original 106 run by CanWest. Northsound Radio was the name for the original Northsound Radio station that broadcast from Aberdeen, Scotland to the north-east area Northsound 1 is a commerical radio station serving Aberdeen and the north east of Scotland. Northsound 2 is a commercial local radio station serving Aberdeen and the north east of Scotland on 1035kHz on the Medium wave band although it can Other radio stations include NECR FM (North-East Community Radio FM) DAB station[52] and shmu FM [2], managed by Station House Media Unit [3] which supports community members to run Aberdeen's first (and only) full-time community radio station, broadcasting on 99. Digital Audio Broadcasting ( DAB) also known as Eureka 147, is a Digital radio technology for Broadcasting Radio stations used in 8 MHz FM.
Sport
The Scottish Premier League football club, Aberdeen FC play at Pittodrie. Pittodrie Stadium is a football Stadium situated in the Scottish City of Aberdeen. Sport in Aberdeen, Scotland is a major affair with Aberdeen being home to Commonwealth Games swimmers and Aberdeen Football Club Football The Scottish Premier League, currently known as the Clydesdale Bank Premier League for sponsorship reasons and often known as the Premier League or SPL Aberdeen Football Club (also known as The Dons, The Reds and The Dandies) is a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen Pittodrie Stadium is a football Stadium situated in the Scottish City of Aberdeen. The club won the European Cup Winners Cup and the European Super Cup in 1983, and three Scottish Premier League Championships between 1980 and 1985. The European Super Cup ( UEFA Super Cup) is at stake in an annual football game between the reigning champions of the UEFA Cup and the Champions The Scottish Premier League, currently known as the Clydesdale Bank Premier League for sponsorship reasons and often known as the Premier League or SPL The other senior team is Cove Rangers F.C. of the Highland Football League (HFL), who play at Allan Park in the suburb of Cove Bay. Cove Rangers are a senior Scottish football club currently playing in the Highland Football League. The Highland Football League (HFL is a league of football clubs operating not in just the Scottish highlands as the name may suggest but also the north east For the park near Cults, see Allan Park Aberdeen (park. Allan Park is a football ground located in Cove, Cove Bay is a Suburb on the south-east edge of Aberdeen. Prior to 1975 it was a village in the extreme north-east corner of Kincardine, governed from [53] Cove won the HFL championship in 2001. There was also a historic senior team Bon Accord F.C. who no longer play. Bon Accord were a football team from Aberdeen, Scotland who suffered the worst defeat in any British senior football match losing 36-0 Local junior teams include Banks O' Dee F.C., Culter F.C., F.C. Stoneywood, Glentanar F.C. and Hermes F.C.. Banks O' Dee FC are a Junior football club from the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. Culter FC are a Junior football club from the village of Peterculter, Aberdeen, Scotland. FC Stoneywood are a Junior football team from the Stoneywood area of Aberdeen, Scotland. Glentanar FC is a Junior football team based in Woodside, an area of the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. Hermes FC are a Junior football team based in Bridge of Don, an area of the city of Aberdeen, Scotland.
Aberdeen hosted Caledonia Reds a Scottish rugby franchise, before they merged with the Glasgow Warriors in 1998. Caledonia Reds were a Scottish Rugby union region who participated in the precursor to the Celtic League. The Glasgow Warriors, formerly Glasgow Rugby, is one of two professional Rugby union teams in Scotland, Edinburgh being the other Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The city is also home to the BT Premiership Division Two rugby club Aberdeen GSFP RFC who play at Rubislaw Playing Fields, and Aberdeenshire RFC which was founded in 1875 and runs Junior, Senior Mens, Senior Landies and Touch sections from the Woodside Sports Complex [4] and also Aberdeen Wanderers RFC. Scottish Hydro Electric Premiership Division Two is one of Scotland 's national Rugby union league divisions and therefore part of the Scottish Hydro Electric Aberdeen Grammar School Former Pupils Rugby Football Club is a BT Premiership 2 club based in Aberdeen, Scotland. Rubislaw Playing Fields in Aberdeen, Scotland is an 18 acre sports field for Aberdeen Grammar School and for the Scottish BT Premiership 1 Former Wanderers' player Jason White was captain of the Scotland national rugby union team. For other people named Jason White see Jason White (disambiguation Jason Phillip Randall White (born 17 April The Scotland national rugby union team represent Scotland in international Rugby union.
The Royal Aberdeen Golf Club, founded in 1780 and the oldest golf club in Aberdeen, hosted the Senior British Open in 2005. Royal Aberdeen Golf Club in Aberdeen, Scotland, was founded in 1780 and claims to be the sixth oldest Golf club in the world The Senior Open Championship, or simply The Senior Open (sometimes referred to as the Senior British Open outside the UK) is a professional golf tournament [54] The club has a second course, and there are public golf courses at Auchmill, Balnagask, Hazlehead and King's Links. Balnagask is an area of Torry, a Burgh of Aberdeen in Scotland Hazlehead Park is a large public park in the Hazlehead area of Aberdeen, Scotland. [55] The 1999 winner of the The Open Championship, Paul Lawrie, hails from the city. The Open Championship, or simply The Open (often referred to as the British Open outside the UK) is the oldest of the four major championships Career outline Lawrie became a member of the European Tour in 1992 and performed steadily without doing much to draw attention to himself aside from a 6th place finish
The City of Aberdeen Swim Team (COAST) is based in Northfield swimming pool and has been in operation since 1996. The team comprises several smaller swimming clubs, and has enjoyed success throughout Scotland and in international competitions. Three of the team's swimmers qualified for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. The Commonwealth Games is a multinational Multi-sport event. Held every four years it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. [56]
The city council operates public tennis courts in various parks including an indoor tennis centre at Westburn Park. The Beach Leisure Centre is home to a climbing wall and gymnasium and there are numerous swimming pools dotted around the city notably the largest, the Bon-Accord Baths.
Public services
Aberdeen's health is provided for most people by NHS Scotland through the NHS Grampian health board. NHS Scotland (sometimes NHSScotland) ( Gaelic: SNN Alba or Bòrd slàinte na Alba) is the publicly funded healthcare system of NHS Grampian is one of the fourteen regions of NHS Scotland. It was formed on April 1, 2004 by the amalgamation of Grampian University Hospitals Aberdeen Royal Infirmary is the main hospital in the city, with the Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital for children, the Royal Cornhill Hospital for mental health and the Woodend Hospital and Woolmanhill Hospitals. Aberdeen Royal Infirmary or ARI is a Teaching hospital on the Foresterhill site in Aberdeen, Scotland. The Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital or RACH is a Children's hospital in Aberdeen, Scotland. The Royal Cornhill Hospital is a Psychiatric hospital in Aberdeen, Scotland. Woodend Hospital is a Hospital in the Mastrick area of Aberdeen, Scotland. Woolmanhill Hospital is a Hospital in the centre of Aberdeen, Scotland.
Privately there is the Albyn Hospital on Albyn Place which is owned and operated by BMI Healthcare. Albyn Hospital is a private hospital in Aberdeen, Scotland situated on Albyn Place and is run by BMI Healthcare.
Aberdeen City Council is responsible for city owned infrastructure which is paid for by a mixture of council tax and income from HM Treasury. The Politics of Aberdeen, Scotland have changed significantly in recent years HM Treasury, in full Her Majesty's Treasury, informally The Treasury, is the United Kingdom government department responsible for developing and executing Infrastructure and services run by the council include: clearing snow in winter, maintaining parks, refuse collection, sewage, street cleaning and street lighting. Infrastructure in private hands includes electricity, gas and telecoms. Water supplies are provided by Scottish Water. Scottish Water is a Statutory corporation in Scotland that provides Water and Sewerage services
- Police: Policing in Aberdeen is responsibility of Grampian Police (the British Transport Police has responsibility for railways). Grampian Police is the police force for the north east of Scotland, covering the Council areas of Aberdeenshire, City of Aberdeen and The British Transport Police ( BTP) (Heddlu Trafnidiaeth Prydeinig is a Special police force empowered to police those railways and light-rail systems in The Grampian Police headquarters (and Aberdeen divisional headquarters) is located in Queen Street, Aberdeen.
- Ambulance: The North East divisional headquarters of the Scottish Ambulance Service is located in Aberdeen[5]. SASDivmap copyjpg|right|200px]] Helimed5jpg|thumb|right|EC-135 G-SASA "Helimed 5" based at Glasgow City Heliport]] The Scottish Ambulance Service ( Scottish
- Fire and rescue: This is the responsibility of the Grampian Fire and Rescue Service; the service operates distinctive white painted fire engines (other UK fire brigades use red vehicles). Grampian Fire and Rescue Service is the Statutory fire and rescue service for the area of Grampian, Scotland. A fire apparatus, fire engine, fire truck, or fire appliance is a vehicle designed to assist in fighting Fires by transporting Firefighters
- Lifeboat: The Royal National Lifeboat Institution operates Aberdeen lifeboat station. The founder Sir William Hillary Sir William Hillary came to live on the Isle of Man in 1808 It is located at Victoria Dock Entrance in York Place [6]. The current building was opened in 1997.
Twin Towns
- Regensburg, Germany (1955)[57]
- Clermont-Ferrand, France (1983)[57]
- Bulawayo, Zimbabwe (1986)[57]
- Stavanger, Norway (1990)[57]
- Gomel, Belarus (1990)[57]
Notable people
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Fictional references
- Stuart MacBride's crime novels, Cold Granite, Dying Light, Broken Skin and Flesh House (a series with main protagonist, DS Logan MacRae) are all set in Aberdeen. Scott Booth (born 16 December, 1971 in Aberdeen) is a former Scottish football player who is now a pundit at Setanta Sports Aberdeen Football Club (also known as The Dons, The Reds and The Dandies) is a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association. Stuart MacBride is a Scottish Writer of crime thrillers which are set in the "Granite City" of Aberdeen all the places described in Sergeant is a rank used in some form by most militaries police forces and other uniformed organizations around the world DS Logan MacRae is a Grampian Police officer and locations found in the books can be found in Aberdeen and the surrounding countryside. Sergeant is a rank used in some form by most militaries police forces and other uniformed organizations around the world Grampian Police is the police force for the north east of Scotland, covering the Council areas of Aberdeenshire, City of Aberdeen and
- A large part of the plot of the WWII Spy thriller Eye of the Needle takes place in wartime Aberdeen, from which a German spy is trying to escape to a submarine waiting offshore. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Genre of spy fiction —sometimes called political thriller or spy thriller or sometimes shortened simply to Spy-fi —arose before
- Stuart Home's sex and literary obsessed contemporary novel 69 Things to Do with a Dead Princess is set in Aberdeen
See also
References
- ^ a b c 2005 Mid Year Population Estimate. An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter There are a number of future developments in Aberdeen, Scotland that have been proposed or have begun to be constructed or inititated already The Aberdeen Bestiary ( Aberdeen University Library MS 24 is a 12th century English Illuminated manuscript Bestiary that was first listed Aberdeen City Council. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ a b General Register for Scotland. Land Area and Population Density. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ a b Indo. com. How Far Is It?. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ The Granite City. Aberdeen and Grampian Tourist Board. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ About Aberdeen. University of Aberdeen. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ a b Welcome to Aberdeen. Aberdeen Accommodation Index. Retrieved on 2007-02-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum
- ^ a b BAA Aberdeen Airport. Retrieved on 2007-07-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently
- ^ Architecture of Aberdeen, Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-05-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ a b c d e f Floral Capital of Scotland. British Publishing (2007-02-20). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ a b Keith, Alexander (1987). A Thousand Years of Aberdeen. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
- ^ a b Fraser, W. Hamish (2000). Aberdeen, 1800 to 2000: A New History. Edinburgh: Tuckwell Press.
- ^ Brown, Chris (2002). The Battle of Aberdeen 1644. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing.
- ^ Richard Stephen Charnock. Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names. Houlston and Wright.
- ^ Lib Dems and SNP in Aberdeen deal, BBC News, May 14 2007
- ^ Aberdeen City Councillors. Aberdeen City Council. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Gazetter for Scotland. Aberdeen City. Retrieved on 2007-05-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
- ^ Aberdeen Official Guide. Aberdeen City Council. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ a b Aberdeen, United Kingdom. Retrieved on 2007-02-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule
- ^ Gazetter for Scotland. Details of Aberdeen City. Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Aberdeen City. The Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-02-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ Data Documentation. Retrieved on 2007-05-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
- ^ Aberdeen Population. Retrieved on 2007-02-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum
- ^ a b Comparative Population Profile: Aberdeen City Council Area, Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ Comparative Population Profile: Aberdeen Locality, Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ a b c d Aberdeen City Council. 2001 Census: Key Statistics - Aberdeen City. Retrieved on 2007-02-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule
- ^ Comparative Household Profile: Aberdeen City Council Area, Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ Aberdeen City Council. Low Income Households in Aberdeen. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ Minister thrown out of trendy nightclub that used to be his church, The Scotsman, May 24, 2006
- ^ Aberdeen Harbour: A History of Service. The Scotsman is a Scottish national Newspaper, published in Edinburgh. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Aberdeen Harbour Board. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
- ^ History and Background. Rowett Research Institute. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ A Scientist's guide to Scotland. New Scientist. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Aberdeen - Introduction to the city. Scottish Enterprise. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
- ^ A burst of energy in Europe's oil capital. British Broadcasting Corporation (2003-11-12). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days
- ^ The Granite City
- ^ Overview of Town House
- ^ Overview of Marischal College
- ^ It's a fact: 50 things you may not have known about Aberdeen. Aberdeen Official Guide. Retrieved on 2007-02-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Comparative Education Profile: Aberdeen City Council Area, Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ Carter, Jennifer (1994). Crown and Gown: Illustrated History of the University of Aberdeen, 1495-1995. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
- ^ Leading Scottish figures to be honoured by the University of Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen Media Release, November 19, 2004
- ^ Times newspaper Scottish state schools league table (English) (2005). The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-01-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled
- ^ Aberdeen Art Gallery. Aberdeen Art Galleries and Museums. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
- ^ Aberdeen Maritime Museum. Aberdeen Art Galleries and Museums. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
- ^ Provost Ross' House. The Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
- ^ The Gordon Highlanders Museum. Army Museums Ogilby Trust. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
- ^ Marischal Museum: Introduction. University of Aberdeen. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
- ^ Simpson, Maureen. "We're top of Brit parade", Press and Journal, 2006-09-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians
- ^ 2006 winners. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ "Aberdeen's blooming success goes worldwide", Press and Journal, 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ The Doric Festival
- ^ The Beechgrove Garden. Tern Television.
- ^ Digital Radio Now, Station List.
- ^ Cove Rangers FC. Highland Football League. Retrieved on 2007-02-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ Golf event to swing into Aberdeen. British Broadcasting Corporation (2006-05-08). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
- ^ Aberdeen City Golf Homepage. Aberdeen City Council. Retrieved on 2007-02-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ City of Aberdeen Swim Team. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ a b c d e Twinning. Aberdeen City Council. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
Further reading
- Brown, Chris (2002). The Battle of Aberdeen 1644. Tempus Publishing.
- Carter, Jennifer (1994). Crown and Gown: Illustrated History of the University of Aberdeen, 1495-1995. Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 1857522400.
- Fraser, W. Hamish (2000). Aberdeen, 1800 to 2000: A New History. Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1862321752.
- Keith,, Alexander (1987). A Thousand Years of Aberdeen. Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0900015292.
External links
- Aberdeen City Council
- Aberdeen travel guide from Wikitravel
- Map sources for Aberdeen
- Aberdeen Facts
- A brief history of Aberdeen
- Undiscovered Scotland Aberdeen History
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