Citizendia

Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
1941 - 1989
Place of birthAs-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh, British Mandate of Palestine
Place of deathPeshawar, Pakistan
AllegianceMaktab al-Khadamat

Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (born 1941 As-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh, British Mandate of Palestine – died November 24, 1989, Peshawar, Pakistan) (Arabic عبدالله عزام) was a highly influential Palestinian Sunni Islamic scholar and theologian, and a central figure in preaching for defensive jihad by Muslims to help the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet invaders. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Maktab al-Khidamat, also Maktab Khadamāt al-Mujāhidīn al-'Arab ( Arabic: مكتب الخدمات or مكتب خدمات المجاهدين العرب MAK The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective There are two types of armed religious warfare in Islam namely the defensive jihad and the Offensive jihad. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving He raised funds, recruited and organized the international Islamic volunteer effort of Afghan Arabs through the 1980s, and emphasised the political ascension of Islamism. Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) were Arab and other Muslim fighters who came to Afghanistan during and following the Soviet-Afghan War to He is also famous as a teacher and mentor of Osama bin Laden who persuaded bin Laden to come to Afghanistan and help the jihad. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March After joining with Ayman Zawahiri, bin Laden rejected Azzam's political route. [1][2][3] He was assassinated by a bomb blast in November 1989.

Contents

Early life in the West Bank

Abdullah Yusuf Azzam was born in 1941 in the village of As-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh (Seilat al-Harithia village), a few kilometers northwest of the city of Jenin, in the Jenin Sanjak (District), then administered as the British Mandate of Palestine. Jenin ( Arabic:; ג'נין a city in the West Bank 's Jenin Governorate, is a major Palestinian agricultural center Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants sinjaq sanjaq) are the most common English transcriptions of the Turkish word sancak The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement

After completing his elementary and secondary school education in his home village, he studied agriculture at Khadorri College near Tulkarm. Kadoorie Agricultural High School is an agricultural school and Youth village in Israel situated next to Tulkarm or Tulkarem ( طولكرم Ṭūlkarm; טול כרם) is a Palestinian city in the Tulkarm Governorate in the After college graduation, Sheikh Azzam worked as a teacher in the south Jordanian village of Adder. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh He subsequently joined Sharia College at the University of Damascus where he obtained a B. The University of Damascus ( جامعة دمشق, Jāmi‘atu Dimashq) is the largest University in A. in Sharia in 1966. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. After the 1967 Six-Day War ended in Israeli military occupation of the West Bank, Azzam left the West Bank and followed the Palestinian exodus to Jordan, where he joined the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The 1948 Palestinian exodus (الهجرة الفلسطينية al-Hijra al-Filasteeniya) referred to by Palestinians as al Naqba (النكبة Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern The Muslim Brothers ( Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwān al-muslimūn, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان

His father, Mustafa Azzam, died in 1990. His mother was Zakia Saleh who died in 1988, one year before the Sheikh was killed. She was buried in the Pabi camp, in Peshawar, Pakistan, where Abdullah Azzam was later assassinated in a massive car bombing. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

Life in Jordan and Egypt

In Jordan, Azzam participated in paramilitary operations against the Israeli occupation but became disillusioned with the secular and provincial nature of the Palestinian resistance coalition held together under the umbrella of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and led by Yasser Arafat. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11 Instead of pursuing the PLO’s Marxist-oriented national liberation struggle supported by the Soviet Union, Azzam envisioned a pan-Islamic trans-national movement that would transcend the political map of the Middle East drawn by non-Islamic colonial powers. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [4] He is believed to have had a role in founding the Islamist Hamas movement in Palestine. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة [5]

Azzam then went to Egypt to continue Islamic studies at Cairo’s Al-Azhar University where he earned a Master’s degree in Sharia. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. He returned to teach at the University of Jordan in Amman, but in 1970, the Jordanian military expelled PLO militants from Jordan during what became known as Black September, thereby preventing the use of Jordanian territory for anti-Israeli and anti-western attacks. The University of Jordan ( Arabic الجامعة الأردنية) founded in 1962, is the first university established Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom In 1971, Azzam received a scholarship to once again attend Al-Azhar University where he obtained his Ph. D. in the Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (Usool ul-Fiqh) in 1973. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (usool al-fiqh is a subject that provides a critical analysis of the sources and principles that Islamic Jurisprudence ( Fiqh

During theological studies in Egypt, Azzam met Omar Abdel-Rahman, Dr. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman (عمر عبد الرحمن (born May 3, 1938) is a blind Egyptian Muslim leader who is currently serving Ayman al-Zawahiri and other followers of Sayyed Qutb, an extremely influential leader of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, who had been executed by President Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1966. Sayyid Qutb (ˈsaɪjɪd ˈqʊtˁb (also Saïd Syed Seyyid Sayid or Sayed last name also Koteb (rather common Qutub Kotb or Kutb (سيد قطب October 9, 1906 The Muslim Brothers ( Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwān al-muslimūn, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President Azzam adopted elements of Sayyed Qutb’s ideology, including beliefs in an inevitable “clash of civilizations” between the Islamic world and non-Islamic world, and in the necessity of violent revolution against secular governments to establish an Islamic state. The Clash of Civilizations is a Theory, proposed by Political scientist Samuel P

Life in Saudi Arabia

After obtaining his Doctorate in Egypt in 1973, Azzam returned to teach at the University of Jordan, but his radical views were suppressed there. So Azzam then moved to Saudi Arabia. Since the 1960s, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia had welcomed exiled teachers from Syria, Egypt, and Jordan, so that by the early 1970s it was common to find many Saudi high school and university teachers who had become involved with exiled dissident members of the Muslim Brotherhood. King Faisal may refer to Faisal of Saudi Arabia Faisal I of Iraq Faisal II of Iraq King Faisal Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية

As one of those Jordanian dissidents in the early 1970s, Azzam took a position as lecturer at King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where he remained until 1979. King Abdulaziz University ( KAU) (جامعة الملك عبد العزيز was founded in 1967 in Saudi Arabia and had 2000 teachers and more than 37000 students Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Osama bin Laden had grown up in Jeddah, and was enrolled as a student in the university there between 1976 and 1981 and he probably first made contact with Azzam at that time. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March [6]

Life in Pakistan and Afghanistan

1979 became a pivotal year for Islamic fundamentalism, with three huge revolutionary events in the Muslim world. First, on January 16, 1979 the Iranian Revolution began with the forced exile of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which then brought about the world's first modern Muslim theocracy under the rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler Ayatollah ( Persian: آيت‌الله, âyato-llâh, from Arabic: آية الله, āyatu 'llāh, meaning 'the sign of Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989

The second major attempt at Islamic revolution that year was the November 20, 1979 Grand Mosque Seizure at Mecca, in western Saudi Arabia, the holiest site in Islam. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Grand Mosque Seizure on November 20, 1979, was an armed attack and takeover by armed Islamic fundamentalist Dissidents of the Al-Masjid Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The hostage-taking, two week siege, and bloody ending shocked the Muslim world, as hundreds were killed in the ensuing battles and executions. The event was explained as a fundamentalist dissident revolt against the Saudi regime. The Saudi regime responded with repression, and in 1979, Azzam was expelled from the university at Jeddah. He then moved to Pakistan to be close to the nascent Afghan Jihad. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

In the third major event of the year, on December 25, 1979 the Soviet Union, attempting to suppress a growing Islamic rebellion, deployed the 40th Army into Afghanistan, in support of advisors it already had in place there. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

Support for Afghan mujahideen

When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Azzam issued a fatwa, Defense of the Muslim Lands, the First Obligation after Faith [7] declaring that both the Afghan and Palestinian struggles were jihads in which killing occupiers of your land (no matter what their faith) was fard ayn (a personal obligation) for all Muslims. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty The edict was supported by Saudi Arabia's Grand Mufti (highest religious scholar), Abd al-Aziz Bin Bazz. This page is about the title and persons carrying the title For the former Grand Mufti of Jerusalem (from 1921-1948 see Mohammad Amin al-Husayni

In Pakistan in 1980, Azzam began to teach at International Islamic University in Islamabad. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Soon thereafter, he moved from Islamabad to Peshawar, closer to the Afghan border, where he then established Maktab al-Khadamat (Services Office) to organize guest houses in Peshawar and paramilitary training camps in Afghanistan to prepare international recruits for the Afghan war front. The Maktab al-Khidamat, also Maktab Khadamāt al-Mujāhidīn al-'Arab ( Arabic: مكتب الخدمات or مكتب خدمات المجاهدين العرب MAK Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

Peshawar is a major border city of a million people in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and From there, Azzam was able to organize resistance directly on the Afghan frontier. Peshawar is only 15 km east of the historic Khyber Pass, through the Safed Koh mountains, connected to the southeastern edge of the Hindu Kush range. The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar (درہ خیبر (altitude  m   ft is the Mountain pass that links Pakistan and Safed Koh ("white mountain" is a range of mountains on the Pakistan - Afghanistan border up to 15620 ft (4761 m above Sea-level at Mount The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. This route became the major avenue of inserting foreign fighters and material support into into eastern Afghanistan for the resistance against the Soviets, and also in later years. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

After Osama bin Laden graduated from the university in Jeddah in 1981, he also came to live for a time in Peshawar, "Azam prevailed on him to come and use his money" for training recruits, according to Rahimullah Yusufzai, executive editor of the English-language daily The News International. The News International ( is the second largest English language Newspaper in Pakistan. [8]

Through al-Khadamat, bin Laden's fortune paid for air tickets and accommodation, dealt with paperwork with Pakistani authorities and provided other such services for the jihad fighters. To keep al Khadamat running, bin Laden set up a network of couriers travelling between Afghanistan and Peshawar, which continued to remain active after 2001, according to Yusufzai.

After orientation and training, Muslim recruits volunteered for service with various Afghan militias tied to Azzam. In 1984, Osama bin Laden founded Bait ul-Ansar (House of Helpers) in Peshawar to expand Azzam’s ability to support “Afghan Arab” jihad volunteers and, later, to create his own independent militia. Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) were Arab and other Muslim fighters who came to Afghanistan during and following the Soviet-Afghan War to

In 1998, Azzam convinced Ahmed Said Khadr to fundraise for an alleged new charity named al-Tahaddi based in Peshawar. An Egyptian Canadian Aid worker and patriarch of the Khadr family, Ahmed Said Khadr (أحمد سعيد خضر (March 1 1948 – October 2 He granted Khadr a letter of commendation to take back to Canadian mosques, calling for donations. However, the pair had a sensationalist show-down when Khadr insisted that he had a right to know how the money would be spent, and Azzam's supporters labelled Khadr a Western spy. A Sharia court was convened in bin Laden's compound, and Azzam was found guilty of spreading allegations against Khadr, though no sentence was imposed. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. [9]

Employing tactics of asymmetric warfare, the Afghan resistance movement was able to fend off the Soviet Union’s superior military forces throughout most of the war, although the lightly armed Afghan mujahideen suffered enormous casualties. Asymmetric warfare originally referred to War between two or more belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or The Saudi Arabian government and the U. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) gradually increased financial and military assistance to the Afghan mujahideen forces throughout the 1980s in an effort to stem Soviet expansionism and to destabilize the Soviet Union.

Azzam frequently joined Afghan militias and international Muslim units as they battled the Soviet Union’s forces in Afghanistan. He sought to unify elements of the resistance by resolving conflicts between mujahideen commanders and he became an inspirational figure among the Afghan resistance and freedom-fighting Muslims worldwide for his passionate attachment to jihad against foreign occupation.

In the 1980s, Azzam traveled throughout the Middle East, Europe and North America, including 50 cities in the United States, to raise money and preach about jihad. He inspired young muslims with stories of miraculous deeds, mujahideen who defeated vast columns of Soviet troops virtually single-handed, who had been run over by tanks but survived, who were shot but unscathed by bullets. Angels were witnessed riding into battle on horseback, and falling bombs were intercepted by birds, which raced ahead of the jets to form a protective canopy over the warriors. [10] Critics complain these stories proliferated because Sheikh Abdullah paid mujahids to bring "him wonderful tales. "[11]

Global jihad

Azzam's trademark slogan was "Jihad and the rifle alone: no negotiations, no conferences and no dialogues. " In Join the Caravan, Azzam implored Muslims to rally in defense of Muslim victims of aggression, to restore Muslim lands from foreign domination, and to uphold the Muslim faith. [12]

Sheikh Azzam built a scholarly, ideological and practical paramilitary infrastructure for the globalization of Islamist movements that had previously focused on separate national, revolutionary and liberation struggles. Sheikh Azzam’s philosophical rationalization of global jihad and practical approach to recruitment and training of Muslim militants from around the world blossomed during the Afghan war against Soviet occupation and proved crucial to the subsequent development of the al-Qaida militant movement. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The

Like earlier influential Islamist Sayyid Qutb, Azzam urged the creation of `pioneering vanguard`, as the core of a new Islamic society. Sayyid Qutb (ˈsaɪjɪd ˈqʊtˁb (also Saïd Syed Seyyid Sayid or Sayed last name also Koteb (rather common Qutub Kotb or Kutb (سيد قطب October 9, 1906 `This vanguard constitutes the solid base` [qaeda in Arabic] for the hoped-for society . . . . We shall continue the jihad no matter how long the way, until the last breath and the last beat of the pulse - or until we see the Islamic state established. '[13] From its victory in Afghanistan jihad would liberate Muslim land (or formerly Muslim land in the case of Spain) ruled by unbelievers: the southern Soviet Republics of Central Asia, Bosnia, the Philippines, Kashmir, Somalia, Eritrea, and Spain. He believed the natural place to continue the jihad was his birthplace, Palestine. Azzam planned to train brigades of Hamas fighters in Afghanistan, who would then return to carry on the battle against Israel. " [14]

This put him at odds with another influential faction of the Afghan Arabs the Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) and it leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri. Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) were Arab and other Muslim fighters who came to Afghanistan during and following the Soviet-Afghan War to The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد The next group of "unbelievers" the EIJ wanted to jihad against were not Israeli Jews, Europeans Christians or Indian Hindus, but self-professed Muslims of the Egyptian government and other secular Muslim governments. For the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, takfir against the allegedly impious Egyptian government was central,[15] but Azzam opposed takfir of Muslims - including takfir of Muslim governments - which he believed spread fitna and disunity within the Muslim community. For the Salafist extremist group see Takfir wal-Hijra In Shia terminology "takfir" See also Fitna Fitna (فتنة is an Arabic word generally regarded as very difficult to translate but at the same time is considered to be an all-encompassing

Assassination

In 1989, a first attempt on his life failed, when a lethal amount of TNT explosive was placed beneath the pulpit from which he delivered the sermon every Friday. Trinitrotoluene ( TNT) is a Chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO23CH3 The Arab mosque was in the University Town neighbourhood in western Peshawar, in Gulshan Iqbal Road. The University of Peshawar (UOP was established in October 1950 by the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. Abdullah Azzam used the mosque as the jihad center, according to a Reuters inquiry in the neighborhood. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Had the bomb exploded, reportedly it would have destroyed the mosque, and killed everybody in it. [16]

But then on November 24, 1989, Azzam and his two sons, Ibrahim and Muhammad, among others, were killed outside the mosque, while on their way to Friday prayers in Peshawar, when unknown assassins detonated land mines as Sheik Azzam’s vehicle approached. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Among the dead was one of the sons of the late Sheikh Tameem Adnani. The explosive that time consisted of an estimated 20 kg of TNT. Sheikh Abdullah Azzam and his sons were buried near the same site as his mother the year before, the Pabi Graveyard of the Shuhadaa' (martyrs), in Peshawar.

By this time the Soviet Union had withdrawn all troops from Afghanistan. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Suspects in the assassination include competing Afghan militia leaders, Pakistani Interservices Intelligence Agency, the CIA, and the Israeli Mossad. History After independence in 1947 two new intelligence agencies were created in Pakistan called the Intelligence Bureau (IB and Military Intelligence near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations [17]

Azzam's son-in-law, Abdallah Anas, accused the EIJ of killing his father-in-law on the grounds that it "considered Sheikh Abdullah Azzam to be a rogue who had strayed from the right path of the faith . . . Sheikh Abdullah Azzam was murdered because he had issued a fatwa in which he stated that once the Russians were ejected from Afghanistan, it would not be permissible for us to take sides. " [18][19]

Others suspect the killing was part of a purge of those who favored moving the jihad to Palestine. In March 1991, Mustapha Shalabi, who ran the Maktab al-Khidmat, the Services Bureau in New York and was also "said to prefer a `Palestine next` strategy, turned up dead in his apartment. " He was replaced by Wadih el-Hage, who later became bin Laden's personal secretary. [20] Osama bin Laden has also been accused of being a suspect in the murder, but seems to have remained on good terms with Sheikh Azzam during this time. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March [21]

Legacy

After his death, Azzam’s militant ideology and related paramilitary manuals were promoted through print and Internet media by Azzam Publications, which described itself as "an independent media organisation providing authentic news and information about Jihad and the Foreign Mujahideen everywhere. " The publishing house operated from a London post office box (Azzam Publications — BMC UHUD, LONDON, WC1N 3XX) and an Internet site, www. azzam. com, that were shut down shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks and are no longer active, though mirror sites persisted for some time afterwards. In Computing, a mirror is an exact copy of a Data set On the Internet, a mirror site is an exact copy of another Internet site Babar Ahmad, the alleged administrator of azzam. com, is awaiting extradition from Great Britain to the USA.

In terms of ideas, Azzam’s belief in jihad - 'one hour in the path of jihad is worth more than 70 years of praying at home' - has had considerable impact. Azzam is thought to had influence on jihadists such as al-Qaeda with the third stage of his "four-stage process of jihad". Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The This third stage was "ribat," defined as "placing oneself at the frontlines where Islam was under siege". This idea is thought to reinforce militants "perception of a civilizational war between Islam and the West". [22]

Quotes

Written works

See also

References

  1. ^ Kepel, Gilles, Jihad, Harvard University Press, (2002), p. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only The Muslim Brothers ( Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwān al-muslimūn, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد Jamaat-e-Islami ( Urdu: جماعتِ اسلامی, " Islamic Block " Jamaat, JI) is an Islamist A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Adam Yahiye Gadahn (آدم يحيى غدن born Adam Pearlman, September 1 1978 is an American -born English -speaking senior operative cultural interpreter Hassan al-Banna ( October 14, 1906 – February 12, 1949, Arabic:حسن البنا was an Egyptian social and Javed Ahmad Ghamidi ( Urdu: جاوید احمد غامدی) (b Khurshīd Ahmad ( Urdu: خورشید احمد, also known as Professor Khurshid) ( March 23, 1932 in Delhi -) is a Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (محمد أمين الحسيني properly transliterated al-Husseini, 1895 / 1897 - July 4, 1974) a member Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi (Urdu سید ابو الاعلىٰ مودودی - alternative spellings of last name Maudoodi, and Mawdudi) ( -) also known Sayyid Qutb (ˈsaɪjɪd ˈqʊtˁb (also Saïd Syed Seyyid Sayid or Sayed last name also Koteb (rather common Qutub Kotb or Kutb (سيد قطب October 9, 1906 Yusuf al-Qaradawi ( Arabic: يوسف القرضاوي Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwiy) (born September 9, 1926) is an Egyptian Muslim 145
  2. ^ Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, by Lawrence Wright, NY, Knopf, 2006
  3. ^ BBC News: Bin Laden biography, Tuesday, November 20, 2001
  4. ^ Defence of the Muslim Lands; The First Obligation After Iman; Biography of Abdullah Azzam and Introduction, by Sheikh Abdullah Azzam (Shaheed), English translation work done by Brothers in Ribatt
  5. ^ Abdullah Azzam, 'The Godfather of Jihad'
  6. ^ Letter From Jedda, Young Osama, How he learned radicalism, and may have seen America, by Steve Coll, The New Yorker Fact, Issue of 2005-12-12, Posted 2005-12-05
  7. ^ Defence of the Muslim Lands; The First Obligation After Iman, by Sheikh Abdullah Azzam (Shaheed), English translation work done by Brothers in Ribatt
  8. ^ Rahimullah Yusufzai, executive editor of the English-language daily The News International, in a statement to Reuters in Peshawar on December 29, 2001. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Yusufzai met bin Laden twice in Afghanistan in 1998.
  9. ^ Michelle Shephard, "Guantanamo's Child", 2008. Michelle Shephard is an Investigative reporter with the Toronto Star newspaper in Canada
  10. ^ examples can be found in "The Signs of ar-Rahmaan in the Jihad of the Afghan,` www. Islamicawakening. com/viewarticle. php?articleID=877& accessed 2006 and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, "Abul-Mundhir ash-Shareef," www. islamicawakening. com/viewarticle. php?articleID=30& accessed 2006
  11. ^ Mohammed Loay Baizid in interview, from Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, by Lawrence Wright, NY, Knopf, 2006, p. 106
  12. ^ Join the Caravan, by Imam Abdullah Azzam, Downloaded from the website www. al-haqq. org in December 2001
  13. ^ "The Solid Base" (Al-Qaeda), Al-Jihad (journal), April 1988, n. 41
  14. ^ Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, by Lawrence Wright, NY, Knopf, 2006, p. 130
  15. ^ Sageman, Marc, Understanding Terror Networks by Marc Sageman, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 37
  16. ^ Profiles of Ash Shuhadaa, SHEIKH ABDULLAH AZZAM, Ummah Forum, posted 07-04-2002, 02:44 AM
  17. ^ Peter L. Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know, New York: Free Press, 2006, p. 97
  18. ^ Al-Sharq al-Awsat, London, October 6, 2001 (check for date of year)
  19. ^ see also Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, by Lawrence Wright, NY, Knopf, 2006, p. 130
  20. ^ The Age of Sacred Terror, by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, Random House, c2002, p. 104
  21. ^ Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, by Lawrence Wright, NY, Knopf, 2006, p. 143
  22. ^ Statement of Magnus Ranstorp to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States March 31, 2003

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