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| Convent of Saint Gall* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| State Party |  Switzerland |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | ii, iv |
| Reference | 268 |
| Region† | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1983 (7th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO. |
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The Abbey of St. Imperial abbeys ( German: Reichsabteien, also Reichsklöster and Reichsstifte) were religious houses within the Holy Roman Empire which The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia in southwest Germany Säntis was the name of a canton of the Helvetic Republic from 1798 to 1803, consisting of the territory of St Imperial abbeys ( German: Reichsabteien, also Reichsklöster and Reichsstifte) were religious houses within the Holy Roman Empire which The Canton of St Gallen (German Kanton) is a canton of Switzerland. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital St Gallen ( Saint-Gall San Gallo is the capital of the canton of St For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler Events By Place Europe Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit or Reichsunmittelbarkeit) was a privileged feudal and political status a form of statehood which a City, religious The Old Swiss Confederacy was the precursor of modern-day Switzerland. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli The Old Swiss Confederacy was the precursor of modern-day Switzerland. Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap The German Mediatisation was the series of mediatisations and secularisations that occurred in Germany in 1795 &ndash 1814, during In Swiss history, the Helvetic Republic ( 1798 &ndash 1803) represented an early attempt to impose a central authority over Switzerland, Säntis was the name of a canton of the Helvetic Republic from 1798 to 1803, consisting of the territory of St Säntis was the name of a canton of the Helvetic Republic from 1798 to 1803, consisting of the territory of St Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In Swiss history, the Helvetic Republic ( 1798 &ndash 1803) represented an early attempt to impose a central authority over Switzerland, The Act of Mediation was issued by Napoleon Bonaparte on 19 February, 1803 establishing the Swiss Confederation. During the French Revolutionary Wars, the revolutionary armies boiled eastward enveloping Switzerland in their battles against Austria. The Canton of St Gallen (German Kanton) is a canton of Switzerland. The Canton of St Gallen (German Kanton) is a canton of Switzerland. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Gall (German: Sankt Gallen) was for many centuries one of the chief Benedictine abbeys in Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or It is located in the city of St. Gallen in present-day Switzerland. St Gallen ( Saint-Gall San Gallo is the capital of the canton of St Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Abbey has existed since 613 and became an independent principality during the 13th Century. Events By Place Europe Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince The library at the Abbey is considered one of the richest medieval libraries in the world[1]. Since 1983, it has been an UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex
Contents |
History
The monastery was founded in 613 and named after Gallus, an Irishman. Events By Place Europe Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. Saint Gall, Gallen, or Gallus (c 550 - c 646 was an Irish disciple and one of the traditionally twelve companions of Saint Columbanus Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Saint Gallus was a disciple and companion of Saint Columbanus, and died there in 646[2]. Not to be confused with St Columba, also Irish and partly his contemporary Events An edict of the Taika Reforms is promulgated in Japan Alexandria is recaptured by the Arabs after a Byzantine
Charles Martel appointed a certain Othmar as a custodian of St Gall's relics. Charles "The Hammer" Martel (Carolus Martellus Charles "the Hammer" (ca During the reign of Pepin the Short Othmar founded the famous schools of St. Pepin or Pippin (714 &ndash 24 September 768) called the Short, and often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III, was Gall, where arts, letters and sciences flourished. Under Abbot Waldo of Reichenau (740-814) copying manuscripts was undertaken and a famous library was gathered. Waldo of Reichenau (sometimes Walto) (c 740 - 814, Paris) was a Carolingian Abbot and Bishop. Numerous Anglo-Saxon and Irish monks came to copy manuscripts. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world At Charlemagne's request Pope Adrian I sent distinguished chanters from Rome, who propagated the use of the Gregorian chant. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Pope Adrian, or Hadrian I, (d December 25, 795) was Pope from February 9 772 to December 25 795 History Gregorian chant was organized codified and notated mainly in the Frankish lands of western and central Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries with later additions
In the subsequent century, St. Gall came into conflict with the nearby Bishopric of Constance which had recently acquired jurisdiction over the Abbey of Reichenau on Lake Constance. The Bishopric of Constance was a Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church that existed from about 585 until 1821 Reichenau Island lies in Lake Constance in southern Germany, at approximately. Under the designation Lake Constance or Lake of Constance ( German Bodensee) one summarizes the three independent bodies of water Obersee It wasn't until King Louis the Pious (ruled 814-840) confirmed the independence of the Abbey, that this conflict ceased[2]. The Franks were originally led by dukes (military leaders and reguli (petty kings Louis the Pious (778 &ndash 20 June 840) also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and co-Emperor Events By Place Europe Charlemagne dies in Aachen, aged 67 or 72 (depending on source Louis the Pious Events By Place Europe After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German From this time until the 10th Century, the Abbey flourished. It was home to several famous scholars including; Notker of Liège, Notker the Stammerer, Notker Labeo and Hartker (who developed the Antiphonal liturgical books for the Abbey). Notger von Lüttich or Notker of Liège (940– 10 April[[ 008]] was a Benedictine monk Provost of St Notker the Stammerer ( Notker Balbulus) also called Notker the Poet or Notker of Saint Gall ( c Notker Labeo, also known as Notker Teutonicus ie "the German" Notker the German, or Notker III (born c An Antiphonary, Antiphonal, or Antiphoner (Latin antiphonarium antiphonarius antiphonarius liber antiphonale; Greek ’antíphonon antiphon antiphone A liturgical book is a book published by the authority of a Church, that contains the text and directions for the Liturgy of its official Religious services During the 9th Century a new, larger church was built and the library was expanded. Manuscripts on a wide variety of topics were purchased by the Abbey and copies were made. Over 400 manuscripts from this time have survived and are still in the library today[2].
Between 924 and 933 the Magyars threatened the abbey and the books had to be removed to Reichenau for safety. For the automobile see Porsche 924. Events By Place Europe King Athelstan succeeds to the throne of Mercia Events By Place Europe Cotentin and Jersey are seized by William Longsword, Duke of Normandy. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Not all the books were returned. In 937 the Abbey was nearly totally destroyed in a fire, however the library was undamaged. Events By Place Europe Battle of Brunanburh: King Athelstan of England defeats the Viking king of
In the 13th century, the abbey and the town became an independent principality, over which the abbots ruled as territorial sovereigns ranking as Princes of the Holy Roman Empire. A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince A Prince-abbot is a cleric who is a Prince of the church (like a prince-bishop in the sense of an ex officio temporal lord of a feudal entity known as prince-abbacy The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in As the Abbey became more involved in local politics, it entered a period of decline[2]. During the 14th Century "Humanists[2]" were allowed to carry off some of the rare texts. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal In the 16th Century the Abbey was raided by calvinist groups which scattered many of the old books[2]. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the In 1530, Abbot Diethelm began an restoration that stopped the decline and led to an expansion of the schools and library.
Under abbot Pius (1630–74) a printing press was started. In 1712, a great change came to St. Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Gall with the pillage by the Swiss. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Most of the books and manuscripts were taken by them to Zürich and Berne. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the The city of Berne or Bern (, Berne, Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the Bundesstadt ( Federal For security, the Abbey was forced to request the protection of the townspeople of St. Gallen. Until the Reformation the townspeople had been serfs of the Abbey, but they had grown in power until they were protecting the Abbey. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time
Following the disturbances, the Abbey was still the largest religious city-state in Switzerland with over 77,000 inhabitants[3]. A final attempt to expand the Abbey resulted in the demolition of most of the medieval monastery. The new structures, including the cathedral, were designed in the late Baroque style and constructed between 1755 and 1768. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Year 1755 ( MDCCLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Year 1768 ( MDCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The large and ornate new Abbey did not remain in a monastery for very long. In 1798 the Prince-Abbot's secular power was suppressed and the Abbey was secularized. Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The German Mediatisation was the series of mediatisations and secularisations that occurred in Germany in 1795 &ndash 1814, during The monks were driven out and moved into other abbeys. The Abbey became a separate See in 1846 with the Abbey church as its cathedral and a portion of the monastic buildings for the bishop. An episcopal see is the ecclesiastical domain of authority of a Bishop. In the Catholic Church, a Bishop is an ordained minister who holds the fullness of the priesthood.
Cultural treasures
The Abbey library of St. Gallen is recognised to be one of the richest medieval libraries in the world. The Abbey Library of St Gallen was founded by Irish monk St Gallus in 612 It is home to one of the most comprehensive collections of early medieval books in the German-speaking part of Europe. As of 2005, the library consists of over 160,000 books whereof 2100 are handwritten. Nearly half of the handwritten books are from the Middle Ages and 400 are over 1000 years old[1]. Lately the Stiftsbibliothek has launched a project for the digitisation of the priceless manuscript collection, which currently (April 2008) contains 144 documents which are available on the Codices Electronici Sangallenses webpage[1]. The library is open to the public and includes exhibitions as well as concerts and other events[4].
The library also preserves a unique 9th-century document, known as the Plan of St. Gall, the only surviving major architectural drawing from the roughly 700-year period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 13th century. The Plan of Saint Gall is a famous Medieval architectural drawing of a monastic compound dating from the early 9th century. The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. The Plan drawn was never actually built, and was so named because it was kept at the famous medieval monastery library, where it remains to this day. The plan was an ideal of what a well-designed and well-supplied monastery should have, as envisioned by one of the synods held at Aachen for the reform of monasticism in the Frankish empire during the early years of emperor Louis the Pious (between 814 and 817). ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, Louis the Pious (778 &ndash 20 June 840) also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and co-Emperor
In 1983, the Convent of St. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Gall was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "a perfect example of a great Carolingian monastery". United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex
References
- ^ a b c Codices Electronici Sangallenses-Description
- ^ a b c d e f
"Abbey of St. Gall" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. - ^ Religious/Secular Land Holders in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. The Historical Dictionary of Switzerland is an Encyclopedia on the History of Switzerland that aims to take into account the results of modern historical research
- ^ St. Gall Library Website (limited English information)(German)
External links
- "Abbey of St. Gall" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
- Stiftsbibliothek Sankt Gallen
- Codices Electronici Sangallenses — project for the digitisation of the medieval manuscripts at Sankt Gallen
- UNESCO World Heritage Listing for the Convent of St Gall
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