الخلافة العباسية الاسلامية Islamic Abbasid Caliphate ← 750 – 1258 →   → Flag Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent Capital Baghdad, Cairo Language(s) Arabic (official), Aramaic, Armenian, Berber languages, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Middle Persian, Turkish Religion Islam Government Monarchy Amir al-Mu'minin¹  - 721–754 As-Saffah  - 786–809 Harun al-Rashid  - 1261–1262 Al-Mustansir  - 1242–1258 Al-Musta'sim History  - Established 750  - Disestablished 1258 Area 10,000,000 km² (3,861,022 sq mi) Population  -  est. The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Aramaic is a Semitic language with The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Amir al-Mu'minin ( Arabic أمير المؤمنين Latinized as Miramolinus hence Italian Miramolino usually translated Commander of the Faithful Abu al-`Abbās `Abdu'llāh as-Saffāh ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah ibn Abbas ibn Mutalib ibn Hashim (Arabic أبو العباس Hārūn al-Rashīd (and Persian: هارون الرشيد) also spelled Harun ar-Rashid; English: Aaron the Upright, Aaron the Al-Mustansir II of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1261 and 1262 Al-Musta'sim Billah (Arabic المستعصم بالله (full name al-Musta'sim-Billah Abu-Ahmad Abdullah bin al-Mustansir-Billah) (1213 &ndash February 20 This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. 50,000,000       Density 5 /km²  (12. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 9 /sq mi) Currency Abbasid Dinar ¹ Amir al-Mu'minin (أمير المؤمنين), Caliph (خليف)

History of the Arab States
Arab Caliphate  Rashidun 632-661 Umayyads 661-750 Abbasids 750-1258 Fatimids 909–1171
Mashriq Dynasties  AD Tulunids 868-905 Hamdanid dynasty 890-1004 Ikhshidid dynasty 935-969 Uqaylid Dynasty 990-1096 Zengid dynasty 1127-1250 Ayyubid dynasty 1171-1246 Bahri Mamluks 1250-1382 Burji Mamluks 1382–1517
Maghrib Dynasties  Saadi dynasty 750–1258 Muhallabids 771-793 Rustamid Dynasty 776-909 Idrisid dynasty 788-985 Aghlabid 800-909 Almoravid dynasty 1073-1147 Almohad dynasty 1147-1269 Hafsid dynasty 1229-1574 Marinid dynasty 1258-1420 Wattasid dynasty 1420-1547

Abbasid (Arabic: لعبّاسيّون‎, al-‘Abbāsīyūn) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Muslim caliphates of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al Andalus. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The Dinar is the name of the official currency in several countries Amir al-Mu'minin ( Arabic أمير المؤمنين Latinized as Miramolinus hence Italian Miramolino usually translated Commander of the Faithful The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history This article is about the Mashriq region For other uses see Mashriq (disambiguation The Mashriq or Mashreq (also in use Mashrek The Tulunids were the first independent dynasty in Islamic Egypt (868&ndash905 AD The Hamdanid dynasty (حمدانيون was a Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Iraq ( Al-Jazirah) and Syria (890- 1004) The Ikhshidid dynasty of Egypt (sometimes Transliterated other ways ruled from 935 to 969. The ' Uqailid or ' Uqaylid Dynasty was a Muslim Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria The Zengid (or Zangid) dynasty was a Muslim Dynasty of Turkish origin which ruled parts of Northern Iraq and Syria during The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks (al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya المماليك البحرية) was a Mamluk Dynasty of mostly Kipchak The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517 The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset The Saadi Dynasty (Arabic سعديون) (in English also Saadite or Saadian original name Bani Zaydan began with the reign of Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh The Muhallabids were a dynasty of governors in Ifriqiya under the Abbasid Caliphate ( 771 - 793) Although subject to the Abbasids they The Rustamid (or Rustumid, Rostemid) dynasty of Ibāḍī Kharijite imāms ruled the central Maghreb as a Muslim theocracy The Idrisids ( Arabic, الأدارسة) were the first Sayyid Shia dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 The Aghlabid dynasty of emirs members of the Arab tribe of Bani Tamim, ruled Ifriqiya (northern Africa nominally on behalf of the Abbasid The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i Hafsid was a dynasty ruling Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) from 1229 to 1574. The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin (also Benī Merīn, which is the source of the Spanish name The Wattassids (وطاسيون waṭāsīyūn or Banû Watâs (بنو الوطاس banū al-waṭās were an Amazigh dynasty of Kingdom of Fez. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or It was built by the descendant of Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib ( ar العباس بن عبد المطلب) (c It was created in Harran in 750 of the Christian era and shifted its capital in AD 762 from Harran to Baghdad. Events By Geography Asia Gopala is proclaimed as the first ruler of the Pala Empire. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Within 150 years of gaining power across Persia, they were forced to cede power to local dynastic amirs who only nominally acknowledged their power, and had to cede Al Andalus to an escaped Umayyad royal and the Maghreb and Ifriqiya to independent entities such as the Aghlabids and the Fatimids. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset In medieval history, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah (إفريقية was the area comprising the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia The Aghlabid dynasty of emirs members of the Arab tribe of Bani Tamim, ruled Ifriqiya (northern Africa nominally on behalf of the Abbasid Their rule was ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad. This article is about the founder of the Ilkhanate For the head of the Chagatai khanate please see Qara Hülëgü Hulagu Khan, also known as The Battle of Baghdad in 1258 was a victory for the Mongol leader Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. While they continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Egypt, the dynasty's secular authority had ended. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Descendants of the Abbasids include the al-Abbasi tribe who live northeast of Tikrit in modern-day Iraq. Tikrit (تكريت Tikrīt also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.

Contents 1 Rise 2 Fall 3 Political Situation 3.1 Consolidation and schisms 3.2 Rift with the Arabs 3.3 Rift with the Shia 3.4 Loss of North Africa 3.5 Communication with Provinces 4 Fracture of Central Authority 4.1 Loss of Power 4.2 The end of the dynasty 5 Golden Age 5.1 Science under the Abbasids 6 Role of the Mamluks 7 List of Abbasid Caliphs 7.1 Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad 7.2 Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

Rise

The Abbasid caliphs officially based their claim to the caliphate on their descent from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566 – 662), one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad, by virtue of which descent they regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of Muhammad as opposed to the Umayyads. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib ( ar العباس بن عبد المطلب) (c Events Births Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad Emperor Gaozu of Tang Events The regent Grimuald usurps the kingship of the Lombards, driving Perctarit into exile and killing Godepert. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The Umayyads were descended from Umayya, and were a clan separate from Muhammad's in the Quraish tribe. Umayya ibn Abd Shams is whom the clan of Banu Umayyad is named after Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش

The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their moral character and administration in general. According to Ira Lapidus "The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers of Marw with the addition of the Yemeni faction and their Mawali". Mawali or mawala ( Arabic, موالي) is a term in Classical Arabic used to address non-Arab Muslims ^[1] The Abbasids also appealed to non-Arab Muslims, known as mawali, who remained outside the kinship-based society of Arab culture and were perceived of as a lower class within the Umayyad empire. Mawali or mawala ( Arabic, موالي) is a term in Classical Arabic used to address non-Arab Muslims Muhammad ibn 'Ali, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign for the return of power to the family of Muhammad, the Hashimites, in Persia during the reign of Umar II, Muhammad ibn Ali. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (c 682 - February 720 (عمر بن عبد العزيز was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 717 to 720

During the reign of Marwan II, this opposition culminated in the rebellion of Ibrahim the Imam, the fourth in descent from Abbas. Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan or Marwan II (688-750 (Arabic مروان بن محمد بن مروان بن الحكم was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled Supported by the province of Khorasan, Iran, he achieved considerable successes, but was captured in the year 747 and died in prison; some hold that he was assassinated. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Events By Place Asia Abu Muslim unites the Abbasid Empire against the Umayyads Ibrahim the Imam leader The quarrel was taken up by his brother Abdallah, known by the name of Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, who, with victory on the Greater Zab River (750), defeated the Umayyads and was proclaimed Caliph. Abu al-`Abbās `Abdu'llāh as-Saffāh ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah ibn Abbas ibn Mutalib ibn Hashim (Arabic أبو العباس Events By Geography Asia Gopala is proclaimed as the first ruler of the Pala Empire. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah

Fall

The Abbasid dynasty fell due to poor leadership, the Fatimid revolt, and because the Seljuks captured Baghdad and launched attacks on the Muslim Empire. The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Many were so fond of easy living that they ignored their government responsibilities.

Political Situation

Consolidation and schisms

The first change the Abbasids made was to move their the empire's capital from Damascus, in Syria, to Baghdad in Iraq. Events By Place Asia Tahir, the son of a slave is rewarded with the governorship of Khurasan for supporting the Caliphate Events By Place Byzantine Empire A Byzantine fleet destroys Damietta, Egypt. This was to both appease as well to be closer to the Persian mawali support base that existed in this region more influenced by Persian history and culture, and part of the Persian mawali demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. Baghdad was established on the Tigris River in 762. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern A new position, that of the vizier, was also established to delegate central authority, and even greater authority was delegated to local emirs. A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian Eventually, this meant that many Abbasid caliphs were eventually relegated to a more ceremonial role than under the Umayyads, as the viziers began to exert greater influence, and the role of the old Arab aristocracy was slowly replaced by a Persian bureaucracy. A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian ^[2]

Rift with the Arabs

The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians in their overthrow of the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor, al-Mansur, moved their capital from Damascus to the new city of Baghdad and welcomed non-Arab Muslims to their court. Mansur Arabic منصور (also spelled Mansoor Mansour) is a Male Arabic and Persian Given name that means "victorious by divine aid" literally Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated many of their Arab supporters, particularly the Khorasanian Arabs who had supported them in their battles against the Umayyads.

These fissures in their support led to immediate problems. This article is about the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tamid of Baghdad The Umayyads, while out of power, were not destroyed. The only surviving member of the Umayyad royal family, which had been all but annihilated, ultimately made his way to Spain where he established himself as an independent Emir (Abd ar-Rahman I, 756). Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Abd ar-Rahman I Arabic (عبد الرحمن الداخل (known as the "Falcon of Andalus" or "The Falcon of the Quraish " (born 731 ruled from 756 through In 929, Abd ar-Rahman III assumed the title of Caliph, establishing Al Andalus from Córdoba as a rival to Baghdad as the legitimate capital of the Islamic Empire. Abd-ar-Rahman III ( ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh; Arabic: عبد الرحمن الثالث January 11 889 – October Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.

Rift with the Shia

The Abbasids also found themselves at odds with the Shias, many of whom had supported their war against the Umayyads, since the Abbasids claimed legitimacy by their familial connection to Muhammed. Once in power, the Abbasids embraced Sunni Islam and disavowed any support for Shi'a beliefs. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic That led to numerous conflicts, culminating in an uprising in Mecca in 786, followed by widespread bloodshed and the flight of many Shi'a to the Maghreb, where the survivors established the Idrisid kingdom. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored For the processors see 80786 - 7th generation x86 like Athlon and Intel Pentium 4. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset The Idrisids ( Arabic, الأدارسة) were the first Sayyid Shia dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 Shortly thereafter, Berber Kharijites set up an independent state in North Africa in 801. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the Events By Place Europe December 28 — Louis the Pious occupies Barcelona.

Loss of North Africa

Within 50 years the Idrisids in the Maghreb and Aghlabids of Ifriqiya and a little later the Tulunids and Ikshidids of Misr were effectively independent in Africa. The Idrisids ( Arabic, الأدارسة) were the first Sayyid Shia dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset The Aghlabid dynasty of emirs members of the Arab tribe of Bani Tamim, ruled Ifriqiya (northern Africa nominally on behalf of the Abbasid In medieval history, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah (إفريقية was the area comprising the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia The Tulunids were the first independent dynasty in Islamic Egypt (868&ndash905 AD The Ikhshidid dynasty of Egypt (sometimes Transliterated other ways ruled from 935 to 969.

Communication with Provinces

The Abbasid leadership had to work hard in the last half of the eighth century (750-800), under several competent caliphs and their viziers to overcome the political challenges created by the far flung nature of the empire, and the limited communication across it and usher in the administrative changes to keep order. ^[3] While the Byzantine Empire was fighting Abbasid rule in Syria and Anatolia, military operations during this period were minimal, as the caliphate focused on internal matters as local governors, who, as a matter of prodecure, operated mostly independently of central authority. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The problem that the caliphs faced was that these governors had begun to exert greater autonomy, using their increasing power to make their positions hereditary. ^[2]

Fracture of Central Authority

Part of a series on Sunni Islam
Schools of Law
Hanafi • Shafi`i • Maliki Hanbali
Schools of Theology
Maturidi • Ash'ari • Athari • Mu'tazili
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Deobandi • Barelwi • Salafi
Five Pillars
Shahada • Salah Zakah • Sawm • Hajj
Rightly Guided Caliphs
Abu Bakr • Umar ibn al-Khattab Uthman ibn Affan • Ali ibn Abi Talib
Hadith Collections
Sahih Bukhari • Sahih Muslim Al-Sunan al-Sughra Sunan Abi Dawood Sunan al-Tirmidhi Sunan ibn Maja • Al-Muwatta Sunan al-Darami
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Even by 820, the Samanids had begun the process of exercising independent authority in Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan, the Shia Hamdanids in Northern Syria, and the successive Tahirid, Alid and Saffarid dynasties of Iran. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being Islamic theology is a branch of Islamic studies regarding the beliefs associated with the Islamic faith In Islam, a Maturidi ( Arabic: الماتريدي) is one who follows Abu Mansur Al Maturidi 's theology which is a close variant of the The Ash'ari theology ( Arabic الأشاعرة al-asha`irah) is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan Athari ( al-Athariyya) in English is translated as textualism which is derived from the Arabic word Athar, which means "Narrations" Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. The Deobandi ( Urdu: دیو بندی devbandī) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist movement which started in India and has more recently Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH The six major Hadith collections (Arabic Al-Sihah al-Sittah) are the works of some individuals from Islamic scholars who by their Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections as-Sunan as-Sughra (السنن الصغرى also known as Sunan an-Nasa'i (Arabic سنن النسائي is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections Sunan Abu Da'ud (سُنن أبو داوود is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections, collected by Abu Da'ud. Jami al-Tirmidhi (جامع الترمذي popularly Sunan al-Tirmidhi (سُـنَن الترمذي is one of the Sunni Six major Hadith collections Sunan Ibn Maja (سُنن ابن ماجه is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections collected by Ibn Maja. The Muwaṭṭa (الموطأ is an early statement of Muslim law compiled and edited by Imam Malik. Sunan al-Darami by Al-Darami (181H-255H is a Hadith collection considered by Sunnis to be among the nine the Six major Hadith collections The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود Greater Khorasan (خراسان بزرگ (also written Khorasaan, Khurasan and Khurasaan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia The Hamdanid dynasty (حمدانيون was a Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Iraq ( Al-Jazirah) and Syria (890- 1004) The Tahirid dynasty, (سلسله طاهریان Persian: ( 821 - 873) ruled the northeastern Persian Empire region The Alid dynasties descended from Ali ibn Abi Talib, son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Saffarid dynasty ( Persian: سلسله صفاریان ruled a empire in Sistan, which is a historical region now in southeastern Iran and southwestern By the early 10th century, the Abbasids almost lost control to the growing Persian faction known as the Buwayhids that replaced the Samanids as the Buwayhids were quietly able to assume real power in the bureaucracy at Baghdad.

All these autonomous provinces slowly took on the characteristic of de facto states with hereditary rulers, armies, and revenues and operated under only nominal caliphal suzeranity, which may not necessarily be reflected by any contribution to the treasury. ^[3] The eventual rise of the Ghaznavid Empire and the Seljuks to displace all these factions marked the end of Abbasid political dominion over the area. The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in

Loss of Power

Mahmud of Ghazni took the title of sultan, as opposed to the "amir" that had been in more common usage, signifying the Ghaznavid Empire's independence from Caliphial authority even as a matter of form. Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī ( November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) also known as Yāmīn The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. By the 11th century, the loss of respect for the caliphs had gone even further, as the Seljuks, Khwarezmshahs, Almoravids and other Islamic rulers no longer mentioned the caliph's name in the Friday Khutba, or struck it off their coinage^[3]. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in The Khwarezmian Empire, more commonly known as the empire of the Khwarezm Shahs ( Khwārezmšhāḥīān, "Kings of Khwarezmia " The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during Khutbah ( Arabic: (خطبة khuṭbah) serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition The Fatimids contested the Abbasids for even the titular authority. The Buwayhids were defeated in the mid-11th century with the aid of the Seljuks under Toghril Beg; however, the Seljuks then themselves took over de facto lordship of the Empire, and the Caliph bestowed on Toghril Beg the title of Sultan of the East and the West. For the Kerait ruler Toghrul protector of Genghis Khan see Wang Khan. The Seljuks publicly pledged allegiance to the Caliph, but left him in control of little actual terrritory beyond Baghdad. ^[3] Caliph Al-Muqtafi was the 1st Abbasid Caliph to regain the independence of the Caliphate,after nearly 250 years of foreign rule,he successfully defended Baghdad against the Seljuqs,thus securing Iraq for the Abbasids. see Seljuk siege of Baghdad 1157

The end of the dynasty

Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad on (February 10, 1258), causing great loss of life. See Sieges of Baghdad for other sieges The Siege of Baghdad was the This article is about the founder of the Ilkhanate For the head of the Chagatai khanate please see Qara Hülëgü Hulagu Khan, also known as The Battle of Baghdad in 1258 was a victory for the Mongol leader Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Muslims feared that supernatural disaster would strike if the blood of Al-Musta'sim, the last reigning Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, a direct descendent of Muhammad's uncle, was spilled. Al-Musta'sim Billah (Arabic المستعصم بالله (full name al-Musta'sim-Billah Abu-Ahmad Abdullah bin al-Mustansir-Billah) (1213 &ndash February 20 Despite the advice of the Learned Shiites of Persia that no such calamity had happened after the deaths of John the Baptist, Jesus Christ, or the Shiite saint Hosein, as a precaution, Hulagu had Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a carpet and then trodden to death by horses on February 20, 1258. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The Al-Musta'sim family was also executed, with the lone exceptions of his youngest son and a daughter who were sent to Mongolia to be slaves in the harem of Hulagu. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East HAREM is the first evaluation contest of Named entity recognition (NER for Portuguese and its call for participation was announced in September 2004 ^[4]
The Abbasids still maintained a feeble show of authority, confined to religious matters, in Egypt under the Mamluks, but the dynasty finally disappeared with Al-Mutawakkil III, who was carried away as a prisoner of the palace to Constantinople by Selim I where he only had a ceremonial role, until his death when the Caliphate title was transferred to Selim I. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Muhammad al-Mutawakkil III (died 1543 (محمد المتوكل على الله reigned 1509 to 1516 and again in 1517 was the last Caliph of the later Egyptian Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Selim I ( Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ISelim; also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave" Yavuz in Selim I ( Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ISelim; also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave" Yavuz in

Golden Age

Main article: Islamic Golden Age

Further information: Early Islamic philosophy and Inventions in the Muslim world

The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous ^[5] The Abbassids were influenced by the Qur'anic injunctions and hadith such as "the ink of scientists is more holy then the blood of martyrs" stressing the value of knowledge. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic ^[5] During this period the Muslim world became the unrivaled intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established a "House of Wisdom" in Baghdad; where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language ^[5] Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and later in turn translated into Turkish, Persian, Hebrew and Latin. ^[5] During this period the Muslim world was a cauldron of cultures which collected, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, North African, Greek and Byzantine civilizations. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca ^[5]

At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer to home. Former supporters of the Abbasids had broken away to create a separate kingdom around Khorosan in northern Persia. Harun al-Rashid (786 – 809) turned on the Barmakids, a Persian family that had grown significantly in power within the administration of the state. Hārūn al-Rashīd (and Persian: هارون الرشيد) also spelled Harun ar-Rashid; English: Aaron the Upright, Aaron the For the processors see 80786 - 7th generation x86 like Athlon and Intel Pentium 4. Events By Place Asia Emperor Saga succeeds Emperor Heizei as Emperor of Japan. The Barmakids ( Persian: برمکیان Barmakīyān; Arabic: البرامكة al-barāmika, also called Barmecides

Science under the Abbasids

Main article: Islamic science

Further information: Alchemy (Islam), Islamic astronomy, Islamic mathematics, Islamic medicine, and Timeline of science and technology in the Islamic world

The reigns of Harun al-Rashid (786 – 809) and his successors fostered an age of great intellectual achievement. Hārūn al-Rashīd (and Persian: هارون الرشيد) also spelled Harun ar-Rashid; English: Aaron the Upright, Aaron the For the processors see 80786 - 7th generation x86 like Athlon and Intel Pentium 4. Events By Place Asia Emperor Saga succeeds Emperor Heizei as Emperor of Japan. In large part, this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of Arab culture as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids' welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims. It is well established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled their administration on that of the Sassanids. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire ^[6] One Abbasid caliph is even quoted as saying:

"The Persians ruled for a thousand years and did not need us Arabs even for a day. We have been ruling them for one or two centuries and cannot do without them for an hour. "^[7]

A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting Islamic science to the Christian West. They contributed to making Aristotle known in Christian Europe. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the Alexandrian mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of Euclid and Claudius Ptolemy. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Euclid ( Greek:.) fl 300 BC also known as Euclid of Alexandria, is often referred to as the Father of Geometry Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca These recovered mathematical methods were later enhanced and developed much further by other Islamic scholars, notably by Al-Biruni, and Abu Nasr Mansur. Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq (c 960 - 1036 was a was a Persian Muslim mathematician.

Algebra was also pioneered by Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī during this time in his landmark text, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala, from which the term algebra is derived. Algebra is a branch of Mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation, and Quantity. Al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī hīsāb al-ğabr wa’l-muqābala ( Arabic for "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" The terms algorism and algorithm are also derived from the name of al-Khwarizmi, who was responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals and Hindu-Arabic numeral system beyond the Indian subcontinent. Algorism is the technique of performing basic Arithmetic by writing numbers in Place value form and applying a set of memorized rules and facts to the digits In Mathematics, Computing, Linguistics and related subjects an algorithm is a sequence of finite instructions often used for Calculation The arabic numerals (often capitalized are the ten Digits (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 which—along with the system The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a Positional Decimal Numeral system first documented in the ninth century This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia.

Medicine was an area of science that advanced particularly during the Abbasids' reign. During the ninth century, Baghdad contained over 800 doctors, and great discoveries in the understanding of anatomy and diseases were made. The clinical distinction between measles and smallpox was discovered during this time. Famous scientist Ibn Sina (known to the West as Avicenna) produced treatises and works that summarized the vast amount of knowledge that scientists had accumulated, and is often known as the father of modern medicine for his encyclopedias, The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical The work of him and many others directly influenced the research of European scientists during the Renaissance and even later.

Three speculative thinkers, al-Kindi, al-Farabi, and Avicenna, combined Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism with other ideas introduced through Islam, and Avicennism was later established as a result. ( أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (c TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age.

Role of the Mamluks

In the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army loyal only to their caliphate, drawn mostly from Turkish slaves, known as Mamluks, with some Slavs and Berbers participating as well. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. This force, created in the reign of al-Ma'mun (813 – 833), and his brother and successor al-Mu'tasim (833 – (842), prevented the further distintegration of the empire. Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun ibn Harun (also spelled Almamon and el-Mâmoûn) ( September 14, 786 &ndash August 9, 833) (المأمون Events By Place Byzantine Empire June 22 — Byzantine Emperor Michael I Rangabe is defeated in a war against the Events By Place Asia Al-Mu'tasim succeeds his brother Al-Ma'mun as Abbasid Caliph. Abu Ishaq al-Mu'tasim ibn Harun (أبو إسحاق المعتصم بن هارون ʾAbū ʾIsḥāq al-Muʿtaṣim ibn Hārūn 794 &ndash January 5, 842) was an Events By Place Asia Al-Mu'tasim succeeds his brother Al-Ma'mun as Abbasid Caliph. Events By Place Europe February 14 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty

The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems. However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to Samarra created a division between the caliphate and the peoples they claimed to rule. Sāmarrā ( Arabic, سامَرّاء) is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew until al-Radi (934 – 941) was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to Mahommed bin Raik. Ar-Radi (الراضي was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 934 to his death at the age of thirty-three in 940 Events By Place Asia The Goryeo army defeats Hubaekje forces in present-day Hongseong County. Events By Place Asia The Rus'-Byzantine War (941 is fought By Topic Religion Oda In the following years, the Buwayhids, who were Shi'ites, seized power over Baghdad, ruling central Iraq for more than a century. The Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Iranian Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.

List of Abbasid Caliphs

Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad

• Abu'l Abbas As-Saffah 750 - 754
• Al-Mansur 754 - 775
• Al-Mahdi 775 - 785
• Al-Hadi 785 - 786
• Harun al-Rashid 786 - 809
• Al-Amin 809 - 813
• Al-Ma'mun 813 - 833
• Al-Mu'tasim 833 - 842
• Al-Wathiq 842 - 847
• Al-Mutawakkil 847 - 861
• Al-Muntasir 861 - 862
• Al-Musta'in 862 - 866
• Al-Mu'tazz 866 - 869
• Al-Muhtadi 869 - 870
• Al-Mu'tamid 870 - 892
• Al-Mu'tadid 892 - 902
• Al-Muktafi 902 - 908
• Al-Muqtadir 908 - 932
• Al-Qahir 932 - 934
• Ar-Radi 934 - 940
• Al-Muttaqi 940 - 944
• Al-Mustakfi 944 - 946
• Al-Muti 946 - 974
• At-Ta'i 974 - 991
• Al-Qadir 991 - 1031
• Al-Qa'im 1031 - 1075
• Al-Muqtadi 1075 - 1094
• Al-Mustazhir 1094 - 1118
• Al-Mustarshid 1118 - 1135
• Ar-Rashid 1135 - 1136
• Al-Muqtafi 1136 - 1160
• Al-Mustanjid 1160 - 1170
• Al-Mustadi 1170 - 1180
• An-Nasir 1180 - 1225
• Az-Zahir 1225 - 1226
• Al-Mustansir 1226 - 1242
• Al-Musta'sim 1242 - 1258

Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo

• Al-Mustansir 1261-1262
• Al-Hakim I (Cairo) 1262-1302
• Al-Mustakfi I of Cairo 1303-1340
• Al-Wathiq I 1340-1341
• Al-Hakim II 1341-1352
• Al-Mu'tadid I 1352-1362
• Al-Mutawakkil I 1362-1383
• Al-Wathiq II 1383-1386
• Al-Mu'tasim 1386-1389
• Al-Mutawakkil I (restored) 1389-1406
• Al-Musta'in 1406-1414
• Al-Mu'tadid II 1414-1441
• Al-Mustakfi II 1441-1451
• Al-Qa'im 1451-1455
• Al-Mustanjid 1455-1479
• Al-Mutawakkil II 1479-1497
• Al-Mustamsik 1497-1508
• Al-Mutawakkil III 1508-1517

Notes

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

External links

• Abbasids (750-1517)
• Abbasids the 2nd dynasty of caliphs
• Abbasid Caliphs (In Our Time, Radio 4), in Streaming RealAudio
• An On-Going Detailed Account of the History of the Abbasids from an Islamic perspective. Most of the narrations have been sifted through to avoid "biased" theories regardless if the historians as mentioned are Shiite or Sunni.
• Abbasid Caliphate entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica

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