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For other uses, see AVE (disambiguation).
A Talgo 350 train operating an AVE service between Tarragona and Madrid.
A Talgo 350 train operating an AVE service between Tarragona and Madrid. Talgo is a Spanish manufacturer of railway vehicles It is best known for a design of articulated railway passenger cars in which the wheels are mounted
Train number 102-014 near Montblanc
Train number 102-014 near Montblanc

AVE, an acronym for Alta Velocidad Española (literally, "Spanish High Speed," but also a play on the word ave, meaning "bird" in Spanish), is a service of high speed trains operating at speeds of up to 300 km/h (186 mph) on dedicated track. Acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms are Abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name

Unlike the rest of the Spanish broad-gauge network, the AVE uses standard gauge, permitting direct connections outside Spain in the future. Broad gauge Railways use a Rail gauge (distance between the rails greater than the Standard gauge of. The standard gauge (also named the Stephenson gauge after George Stephenson, or Normal gauge) is a widely-used Rail gauge. All AVE trains are currently operated by RENFE, the Spanish state railway company, although it is possible that private companies may be allowed to run lines in the future. Renfe Operadora is the State-owned company which operates freight and passenger Trains on the 1668-mm " Iberian gauge " and 1435-mm " On the line from Madrid to Sevilla, the service guarantees arrival within a 5 minutes of the advertised time, and offers a full refund if the train is delayed further, although only 0. 16% of trains have been so. In this regard, the punctuality of the AVE is exceptional compared to other non long distance RENFE services. Renfe Operadora is the State-owned company which operates freight and passenger Trains on the 1668-mm " Iberian gauge " and 1435-mm " On other AVE lines, this punctuality promise is more lax (15 minutes on the Barcelona line).

Contents

History

New railway access to Andalucia

Map showing high-speed railway lines currently in operation (with opening date), under construction, and planned. Also shows upgraded lines.
Map showing high-speed railway lines currently in operation (with opening date), under construction, and planned. Also shows upgraded lines.
Map showing high speed lines already in operation, under construction, planned or in study (February 2008). Also shows upgraded lines.
Map showing high speed lines already in operation, under construction, planned or in study (February 2008). Also shows upgraded lines.

Towards the end of the 1980s a new line was planned to join the Castilian Meseta with Andalusia without passing through the Despeñaperros national park. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area After considering various options it was decided that a standard-gauge line, allowing for Spain's first high speed rail link, would be built. The project was named N. A. F. A. (Nuevo Acceso Ferroviario a Andalucía/New Rail Link to Andalusia) and was meant to help revitalise the stagnant southern Spanish economy. The line was inaugurated on the 14 April 1992 to coincide with Expo 92 being held in Seville. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Seven days later on 21 April 1992 commercial service began with six daily services stopping at Madrid, Seville, Córdoba, Puertollano and Ciudad Real. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Puertollano is an industrial city in Ciudad Real Province, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Ciudad Real ( Spanish for Royal City) is a city in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. In October 1992 RENFE began the AVE Lanzadera service between Madrid and Puertollano and Ciudad Real. Puertollano is an industrial city in Ciudad Real Province, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Ciudad Real ( Spanish for Royal City) is a city in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.

It has been suggested that the PSOE government chose the French Alstom bid over the Siemens and Talgo bids for political rather than technical reasons, rewarding the French government for its assistance in capturing ETA activists who took "sanctuary" across the border in southern France. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, commonly abbreviated by its Spanish initials PSOE ( P artido S ocialista O brero E spañol is Alstom ( is a large French multinational conglomerate which holds interests in the power generation and Transport markets Talgo is a Spanish manufacturer of railway vehicles It is best known for a design of articulated railway passenger cars in which the wheels are mounted eu '''Euskadi Ta Askatasuna''' or ETA ( Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom" ˈɛːta is an illegal armed Basque nationalist Separatist Sanctuary has multiple meanings A sanctuary is the consecrated area of a church or temple around its tabernacle or altar [1] Seville's hosting of the 1992 World's Fair prompted its choice for the inaugural AVE line, but there were also accusations that the Spanish head of government Felipe González favoured his home city;[2] apparently, he conceded to support Barcelona in bidding for the 1992 Olympics if Sevilla would be connected to the AVE first. Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the Felipe González Márquez (born 5 March 1942 is a Spanish socialist politician [3] On the other hand, Sevilla is still the fourth biggest city in Spain, after Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia, with a population of some 700,000. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous

In January 1993 the Talgo 200 Madrid–Málaga service commenced, which used AVE lines as far as Cordoba and then Spanish gauge conventional track to reach Malaga. On 23 April of that year, the AVE set a new top speed of 356. 8 km/h (222 mph) on a test run. Later in 1993 the mixed-method services Talgo 200 Madrid–Cádiz and Talgo 200 Madrid–Huelva began.

In 1994 AVE trains on the Madrid - Seville line began to run at 300 km/h (186 mph), cutting journey times by 40 minutes and covering the 471 km (293 mi) in just 2,5 hours. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States

Although in 1999 RENFE began a mixed-service Talgo 200 Madrid–Algeciras route, this was, along with the other mixed services, transferred to Grandes Líneas Renfe (RENFE's Spanish gauge long-distance brand) following changes to plans for high speed rail in Spain.

The last segment of the Madrid - Málaga line was completed on December 24, 2007. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Media Distancia

AVE "Alstom" trainset at Córdoba.
AVE "Alstom" trainset at Córdoba.

In December 2004 a new medium distance service (AV Media Distancia) began between Seville and Cordoba using new S-104 trains, reducing journey times between the two cities to 40 minutes. In 2005 a medium distance service also began on the Madrid–Ciudad Real–Puertollano route, which had previously been operated by AVE Lanzadera.

The construction of a 21 km stretch of high speed line from Madrid to Toledo allowed the inauguration of a medium distance service in November 2005. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain The journey time between the two cities is now less than 30 minutes. The high speed link combined with high property prices in Madrid has encouraged many Madrid commuters to settle in Ciudad Real, the first stop on the Madrid-Seville line. Ciudad Real ( Spanish for Royal City) is a city in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. There has, however, been controversy over the construction of this line as the change to standard gauge track meant that large towns such as Getafe, Aranjuez and Algodor, which now has no commercial services, lost their direct services to Toledo. Getafe is a city in the southern zone of the Madrid metropolitan area, Spain, and one of the most populated and industrialized cities in the municipality Population 2002 40928 2004 46891 2005 48139 May 2007 52873 Government Furthermore since Toledo is now connected by standard gauge track it is impossible for other passenger or goods trains to reach it that haven't come from other high speed lines.

Madrid-Barcelona

Talgo 350 train at Lérida Pirieus station
Talgo 350 train at Lérida Pirieus station

In 2003 construction of the first phase of a new standard gauge line from Madrid to the French border (Madrid–Zaragoza–Lérida ) was completed and on 11 October of that year commercial service began. Talgo is a Spanish manufacturer of railway vehicles It is best known for a design of articulated railway passenger cars in which the wheels are mounted Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed This service also stops at Guadalajara–Yebes and Calatayud. Calatayud - Arabic: قلعة أيوب Qalʻaḧ ʼAyyūb (2005 pop The service began running at only 200 km/h (124 mph). On 19 May 2006, after two years of operation, speed was upped to 250 km/h (155 mph) when the Spanish ASFA signalling system was replaced with level 1 of the new European ETCS/ERTMS system. A train protection system is a railway technical installation to ensure safe operation in the presence of human failures The European Train Control System ( ETCS) is a signalling, control and train protection system designed to replace the many incompatible safety systems currently On 16 October 2006 the trains on this line increased their operating speed to 280 km/h (174 mph).

On the 18 December 2006 the AVE started operating to Camp de Tarragona, and on 7 May 2007 the service increased its speed to the maximum allowable for the line, 300 km/h (186 mph). Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Camp de Tarragona is a natural and historical region of Catalonia, Spain. This puts Tarragona at 30 minutes from Lérida. The extension to Barcelona was delayed various times due to technical problems; the Ministerio de Formento having originally forecast the AVE's arrival in Barcelona by the end of 2007. [4]

The Madrid-Zaragoza-Barcelona line was inaugurated on February 20, 2008. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 17 trains run now every day between the hours of 6am-9pm. This line is now one of the world's fastest long-distance trains in commercial operation, with non stop trains covering the 621 km (386 mi) between the two cities in just 2 hours 38 minutes, and those stopping at all stations 3 hours 23 minutes. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Before the high speed line was built, the journey between the two cities took almost six hours and when the high speed line went only as far as Tarragona, via Zaragoza, 3 hours 45 minutes, with the Alvia service (120 series train), which continued on the conventional line to Barcelona, after a change of rail gauge.

It was originally forecast that, after reaching Barcelona in 2004, the line would run at 350 km/h (217 mph), the maximum capable speed of the new Siemens AVE trains which have replaced the Talgo Bombardier AVE S102, after the installation of level 2 of the ETCS/ERTMS, which is scheduled to be installed in 2008. The European Train Control System ( ETCS) is a signalling, control and train protection system designed to replace the many incompatible safety systems currently But on the AVE's first day of operating at 300 km/h (186 mph) to Tarragona the Minister of Public Works, Magdalena Álvarez, stated that the maximum commercial operating speeds of the AVE on all lines would be 300 km/h (186 mph). [5]

It is forecast that the AVE will substantially replace air traffic on the Barcelona - Madrid route (in the same way that the Eurostar has on the London-Paris/London-Brussels routes and France's TGV has on the Paris-Lyon route). Eurostar is a High-speed train service in Western Europe connecting London and Kent in the United Kingdom, with Paris The LGV Nord is a French 333 km-long High speed rail line that connects Paris to the Belgian border and the Channel Tunnel via Lille The TGV ( t rain à g rande v itesse, French for "high-speed train" is France 's High-speed rail service Route The line crosses six départements, from north to south Seine-et-Marne Yonne Côte-d'Or In fact, more than 80% of travellers between Madrid and Seville use the AVE, with fewer than 20% travelling by air. [6]. In order to compete with each other RENFE has made, and Iberia will make, changes to their fare structures, as well as changing services; Iberia plans to use smaller planes which will leave as soon as full, and a non-stop AVE service is available between the two capitals.

Criticism

There was much criticism during the construction of the Madrid-Barcelona line. A highly critical report by the consulting firm KPMG, commissioned by ADIF (Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias) at the behest of the Ministry for Public Works (Ministerio de Fomento) on June 23 2004, pointed to a lack of in-depth studies and over-hasty execution of works as the most important reasons for the problems that dogged construction of the AVE line. KPMG is one of the largest Professional services firms in the world Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish For example, during the construction of the AVE tunnel near Barcelona, a number of nearby buildings suffered minor damage from a large sinkhole that appeared near a commuter rail station, damaging one of its platforms. The construction committee of Barcelona's famed Sagrada Familia church lobbied for a re-routing of the tunnel - it passes within meters of the massive church's foundations. The Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (official Catalan nameTemplo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia "Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family" often simply It also passes equally near the UNESCO-recognized Casa Milà also designed by Antoni Gaudi. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Casa Milà, better known as La Pedrera ( Catalan for 'The Quarry' is a building designed by the Catalan Architect, Antoni Gaudí,

Furthermore, until 2005 both Siemens and Talgo/Bombardier train sets failed to meet scheduled speed targets, although in a test run during the homologation tests of the new S102 trains of RENFE, a train-set Talgo 350 (AVE S-102) reached a speed of 365 km/h (227 mph) on the night of the 25th to the 26th of June, and on July 2006 a Siemens Velaro train-set (AVE S-103) reached the highest top speed ever in Spain: 403. Talgo is a Spanish manufacturer of railway vehicles It is best known for a design of articulated railway passenger cars in which the wheels are mounted Bombardier Transportation is the rail equipment division of the Bombardier group An electric multiple unit or EMU is a Multiple unit train consisting of many carriages using Electricity as the motive power Renfe Operadora is the State-owned company which operates freight and passenger Trains on the 1668-mm " Iberian gauge " and 1435-mm " Talgo is a Spanish manufacturer of railway vehicles It is best known for a design of articulated railway passenger cars in which the wheels are mounted Siemens Velaro is a family of high-speed EMUs They are based on Deutsche Bahn 's ICE 3 high-speed trains 7 km/h (251 mph). This is a Spanish record for railed vehicles and a world record for unmodified commercial service trainsets, as the earlier TGV and ICE records were achieved with specially modified and shortened trainsets, and the Shinkansen (443 km/h (275 mph), 1996) record was for a test (non-commercial) trainset. Determination of the fastest railed vehicle in the world varies depending on the definition of " rail " The TGV ( t rain à g rande v itesse, French for "high-speed train" is France 's High-speed rail service The InterCityExpress or ICE (German pronunciation) is a system of high-speed trains predominantly running in Germany and neighbouring countries The is a Network of High-speed railway lines in Japan operated by four Japan Railways Group companies However, running HSR trains is not a simple matter of making a train run fast. Energy usage, comfort, vibration, noise through tunnels and near homes, weather, hydroplaning, front end lift, everyday safety, disaster management, ease of use, wear and tear costs, construction costs, station design, routine maintenance of trains, rails, power lines, security, interoperability, ticket prices, schedules, passenger load and congestion are all factors that keep speeds to "manageable" levels. Hydroplaning or aquaplaning by a Road Vehicle occurs when a layer of Water builds between the Rubber Tires of the vehicle Interoperability is a property referring to the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operate See also Timetable A public transport timetable is a listing of the times that public transport services arrive and depart specified locations

Madrid-Valladolid

Arroyo del Valle Viaduct on the Madrid-Segovia-Valladolid high-speed railway line. An AVE-S 102 is on its way from Madrid to Valladolid.
Arroyo del Valle Viaduct on the Madrid-Segovia-Valladolid high-speed railway line. An AVE-S 102 is on its way from Madrid to Valladolid.
First AVE composition in regular service between Madrid and Valladolid (Spain), arriving at Madrid Chamartin station, at 9:37 on December 23, 2007
First AVE composition in regular service between Madrid and Valladolid (Spain), arriving at Madrid Chamartin station, at 9:37 on December 23, 2007

The Madrid-Segovia-Valladolid line was inaugurated on December 22, 2007. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Segovia in Castile-Leon. ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. It Includes a tunnel of 28 kilometers (17 mi) at Guadarrama, which is the fourth longest train tunnel in Europe. Guadarrama is a town in the Community of Madrid in Spain. Pop 13032 (winter 2006 census approx The world's longest tunnels - in use The world's longest tunnels - under construction Possibly incomplete table Valladolid will become the hub for all AVE lines connecting the north and the north west of Spain with the rest of the country. Trainsets used on this line include S120 (max speed 250 km/h), Talgo S130 (Patito, max speed 250 km/h) and the S102 (Pato, max speed 320 km/h). Talgo is a Spanish manufacturer of railway vehicles It is best known for a design of articulated railway passenger cars in which the wheels are mounted

Trains

Currently, there are several series of High speed trains that run the AVE service:

There are also other series of trains that are considered high speed, but don't run under the AVE name. Siemens Velaro is a family of high-speed EMUs They are based on Deutsche Bahn 's ICE 3 high-speed trains They run under the brand Alvia, and are variable gauge trains. They can run on High speed lines at a maximum of 250 km/h, and can also change between standard and Iberian gauge lines without stopping. The trains that are operated under the Alvia brand are:

Operational Services

Currently the Spanish high speed network is made up of the following services:

The central hub of the system is Madrid's Puerta de Atocha, except for the Valladolid line, which terminates at Chamartin Station.

Construction and current development

Northeastern Corridor - to the French Border

Main article: LGV Perpignan-Figueras
*Barcelona – Gerona – Figueras – Perpignan - Montpellier. The LGV Perpignan-Figueres is an international high speed rail line which is currently under construction Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia for other uses see Figueres (disambiguation Figueres (Figueras is the capital of the comarca (district of Alt Empordà Perpignan ( French: Perpignan, pɛʀpiɲɑ̃ Catalan Perpinyà,) is a commune and the Préfecture (administrative Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France.

Construction is currently underway to connect the new high speed line from Barcelona to the French TGV network via the Perthus tunnel under the Pyrenees. The TGV ( t rain à g rande v itesse, French for "high-speed train" is France 's High-speed rail service The Perthus Tunnel is a tunnel under construction between France and Spain.

The line from Barcelona to Figueres is scheduled to open in 2012, while the line from Figueres to Perpignan is set to open in 2009. France has yet to commit to the construction of the section between Perpignan and Montpellier. As a result trains will use the existing regular railway line north of Perpignan to reach the TGV Network at Montpellier.

The line will be operated by Talgo and Siemens AG train sets, although it will require special train sets. Talgo is a Spanish manufacturer of railway vehicles It is best known for a design of articulated railway passenger cars in which the wheels are mounted The French line Perpignan - Montpellier is electrified at 1. 5 kv DC, but Spanish trains use 25kv AC. However French trains are dual-voltage allowing both TGV and regional trains to operate on the line. All Spanish trains are single-voltage.

North-Northwestern Corridors

Southwest - Portuguese Corridor

Eastern Corridor

Future Planned Lines

In the short term other connections to the LGV are planned. A new line to France is under construction at La Jonquera in Catalonia with another proposed at Irun in the Basque Country. La Jonquera is a Municipality in the comarca of l'Alt Empordà, in Catalonia, Spain. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Irun (old Basque for 'fortified town' Spanish: Irún) is a town of the Bidasoa-Txingudi region in the province of Guipuscoa ( The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. Other new lines are under consideration, including a line connecting Soria to the Madrid-Barcelona line at Calatayud. Soria is a city in north-central Spain, the capital of the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Calatayud - Arabic: قلعة أيوب Qalʻaḧ ʼAyyūb (2005 pop Finally, the Madrid-Barcelona line currently terminates in Barcelona's Estació de Sants, there has, however, been talk of a new station being built on the other side of the city in La Sagrera.

In the long term the Spanish government has an ambitious plan to have 7000 km (4350 mi) of high-speed rail operational by 2010, with all provincial capitals at most only 4 hours from Madrid, and 6. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. 5 hours from Barcelona. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia According to the Strategic Plan for train infrastructures developed by the Spanish Ministerio de Fomento Ministry of Public Works, called PEIT, a second expansion program is planned to start in 2010-2011, when the last lines of the first program still under construction begin to operate. This plan has a ten-year scope, ending 2020, and its ambition is to make the 300 km/h (186 mph) network reach 10000 km (6214 mi) by the end of that year. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States This would be the most extensive network in Europe, with several operational links with France and Portugal and is by far the most ambitious high speed rail plan in the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

Critics of this scheme point out that raising the average speed of Spain's regional trains would achieve a much greater global impact at much less cost. At present, there are some rural lines where average speeds barely exceed 60 km/h (37 mph). The speed between some provincial capitals is little better; for example, it takes some 9h30min to cover the 784 km (487 mi) between León and Barcelona. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States History León was founded in the 1st century BC by the Roman legion Legio VI ''Victrix''.

On the other hand there has been a great improvement of speed and time with trains that link Madrid with other capitals that do not have direct AVE connections, but that use the high speed line for most of the route, such as Huelva (4h50min), Cádiz (4h55min), Pamplona (2h59min), Logroño (3h40min), Irún (5h19min), Bilbao (4h46min), San Sebastián (5h20min) and Santander (4h25min). Huelva is a city in southwestern Spain, the capital of the province of Huelva in the autonomous region of Andalusia. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight For other meanings see Pamplona (disambiguation. Pamplona ( Basque: Iruñea or Iruña) is the capital city of Navarre Logroño is a city in northern Spain, on the Ebro River. It is the capital of the Autonomous community of La Rioja, formerly known as Logroño Irun (old Basque for 'fortified town' Spanish: Irún) is a town of the Bidasoa-Txingudi region in the province of Guipuscoa ( Bilbao, (also Bilbo) in the North of Spain, is the largest city in the Basque Country and the capital of the province of Biscay (Basque Donostia-San Sebastián ( Basque: Donostia, IPA; Spanish: San Sebastián, known officially as Donostia-San Sebastián

References

  1. ^ http://www. diariolatorre. es/index. php?id=39&tx_ttnews[pointer]=6&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4021&tx_ttnews[backPid]=46&cHash=e01ceacfd2 'Diario La Torre, interview with Rafa Sánchez.
  2. ^ Café Babel, 13 November 2007 (by Nicholas Newman)
  3. ^ La Vanguardia, 17 November 2007
  4. ^ La Vanguardia, 18 December 2006
  5. ^ La Vanguardia, 7 May 2007
  6. ^ Juan Carlos Martín and Gustavo Nombela, "Microeconomic impacts of investments in high speed trains in Spain", Annals of Regional Science, vol. 41, no. 3, September, 2007

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