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AMM
Origin London, England
Genre(s) Free improvisation, Experimental music,
Free jazz
Years active 1965 – present
Label(s) Electra, Matchless
Associated acts Musica Elettronica Viva (MEV)
Evan Parker
Members
Eddie Prévost
John Tilbury
Former members
Keith Rowe
Lou Gare
Cornelius Cardew
Lawrence Sheaff
Christopher Hobbs

AMM are an important British free improvisation group, founded in London, England in 1965. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s involved in many cases the musicians make Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955 For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music MEV redirects here For the physics measurement of energy see MeV Musica Elettronica Viva (MEV is a live acoustic/electronic improvisational Evan Shaw Parker (born 5 April 1944 in Bristol is a British free-improvising Saxophone player from the European free jazz John Tilbury (born 1936 is a British Pianist. He is considered one of the foremost interpreters of Morton Feldman 's music and since 1980 has been a member Keith Rowe (born March 16, 1940 in Plymouth, England) is an English Free improvisation Guitarist and painter. Lou Gare (born June 16, 1939) is an English Free-jazz saxophonist born in Rugby Warwickshire, perhaps best-known for his Cornelius Cardew ( May 7, 1936 – London, December 13, 1981) was an English Avant-garde Composer, Christopher Hobbs (September 1950 – Hillingdon, nr London is an English experimental Composer, best known as a pioneer of British The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s involved in many cases the musicians make London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

AMM have never been well-known to the general public, but have been, in their own way, hugely influential on several generations of adventurous musicians. AMM have been called "legendary"[1] and "groundbreaking. "[2], and are notable as perhaps the first musical group deliberately to try to make music not related to any established musical genre: as Michael Nyman wrote, "AMM seem to have worked without the benefit or hindrance of any kind of prepared external discipline. A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes " [3]

Most of their recordings have been released on Matchless Recordings, run by founder member and percussionist Eddie Prévost. Edwin Prévost (born June 22, 1942 in Hitchin) is an English Drummer and Percussionist.

In a 2001 interview, founding member Keith Rowe was asked if "AMM" was an abbreviation; he replied, "The letters AMM stand for something, but as you probably know it's a secret!"[4]

Contents

History

1960s

AMM was initially composed of Keith Rowe on guitar, Lou Gare on saxophone (born Louis Gare, in 1939) and Eddie Prévost on drums. Keith Rowe (born March 16, 1940 in Plymouth, England) is an English Free improvisation Guitarist and painter. For the HTML tag see HTML element. An abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short" Keith Rowe (born March 16, 1940 in Plymouth, England) is an English Free improvisation Guitarist and painter. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles Lou Gare (born June 16, 1939) is an English Free-jazz saxophonist born in Rugby Warwickshire, perhaps best-known for his The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind Edwin Prévost (born June 22, 1942 in Hitchin) is an English Drummer and Percussionist. A drum kit (also drum set or trap set) is a collection of Drums Cymbals and sometimes other Percussion instruments such as cowbells Rowe and Gare were members of Mike Westbrook's band; Prévost and Gare were also in a hard bop jazz quintet. Michael John David 'Mike' Westbrook (born March 21, 1936 in High Wycombe) is a highly successful British Jazz Pianist, Hard bop is a style of Jazz that is an extension of Bebop (or "bop" music Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States A quintet is a group containing five membersIt is commonly associated with musical groups such as a String quintet, or a group of five singers but can be applied to any The three men shared a common interest in exploring music beyond the boundaries of conventional jazz, as part of a larger movement that helped spawn European free jazz and free improvisation. For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s involved in many cases the musicians make

The seeds of AMM were planted in 1965. They initially had no name, and were not really a group in the conventional sense, simply a weekend experimental workshop session at the Royal College of Art in London, centered on Gare, Rowe, and Prevost. The Royal College of Art ( RCA) is a University in London, England. Members of the group have come and gone over the years, but Rowe and Prévost have been present for most recordings and performances; the latter has been the only constant in the nearly four decades of AMM music.

Musicians were free to join in, but such collaborations were often short-lived if the contributions were lacking the proper spirit: notable jazz saxophonist Steve Lacy sat in with the group but was quickly asked to stop playing. This article is about the jazz musician For the CEO of Meredith see Steve Lacy (businessman. [5] Observers were welcome, provided they were silent and didn't disturb the proceedings. American saxophonist Ornette Coleman was asked to leave after he continually talked during one performance; Beatles member Paul McCartney once sat quietly through an early AMM session: he enjoyed the music, but thought the performance was too lengthy. Ornette Coleman (born March 9, 1930) is an American saxophonist Violinist Trumpeter and Composer. The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942 is an English rock Singer, Bass guitarist songwriter Composer, [6]

Eventually, the group settled on a Prevost-Rowe-Sheaff-Cardew-Gare lineup, and, in early 1966, were calling themselves AMM. However, some early performances were billed as the "Cornelius Cardew Quintet"[7], a mistake which both irked and amused the musicians. After a few paying performances, Cardew bought two amplifiers so the other instruments could compete with the volume of Rowe's guitar. In addition to amplifying their instruments, Cardew and Gare would apply contact microphones to various common objects to amplify the sounds made by, for example, rubbing a glass jar or striking a coffee tin.

No AMM performance is ever planned; each is unique and spontaneous. The musicians vowed never to rehearse and never to discuss what they had played. The musicians tend to avoid any conventional melody, harmony or rhythm, and seek out an ensemble sound that often obscures any individual's role. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of It is often difficult to discern which musical instrument is making which specific sound on an AMM recording, due in part to liberal use of various extended techniques on their instruments. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. Extended techniques are performance techniques used in Music to describe unconventional unorthodox or "improper" techniques of Singing, or of

AMM released their first recording, AMMusic 1966, on Electra Records UK in 1966. It had some initial similarities to free jazz, due in part to Gare's saxophone. For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. One critic has written, however, that the resemblance was rather slight: "the overall sound of the group, even in 1966, was so different, so idiosyncratic, that it's not at all surprising that both new jazz and contemporary classical audiences were baffled, if not horrified. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States " [8] Lawrence Sheaff (born in 1940) played with the early AMM; he had been a jazz bassist, but on AMMMusic, he played cello, accordion and other instruments. The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ The accordion is a portable box-shaped Musical instrument of the hand-held Bellows -driven free-reed aerophone family sometimes referred to as a Squeezebox Percussionist Christopher Hobbs (born in 1950) (a student of Cornelius Cardew) also played with AMM in the late 1960s. Christopher Hobbs (September 1950 – Hillingdon, nr London is an English experimental Composer, best known as a pioneer of British Cornelius Cardew ( May 7, 1936 – London, December 13, 1981) was an English Avant-garde Composer,

The next AMM material to see release were the important The Crypt sessions from June 12, 1968. Though the debut is regarded as a landmark recording, The Crypt was arguably even more important in establishing the droning, long-form music that would come to characterize AMM. Further "out" and even less conventional than earlier material, one critic has written of it that "an eerie sensation inevitably accompanies each listen to the raw streams of electric noise channeled on AMM's second album and early masterpiece, The Crypt. To ears informed by the twenty-first century, it's the uncanny feeling of listening to three-and-a-half decades of experimental music history as delivered in a chillingly prescient sort of reverse premonition. . . It's a little unnerving that the only records that seem to accurately describe the brave new soundworld harnessed on The Crypt came into being well after its creation. " [9]

The Crypt sessions have been issued many times, twice in the 1980s as a double LP, and it is still available (with extra material, billed as "The Complete Sessions") on a double CD from Matchless Recordings. The Crypt continues to inspire adventurous listeners; in the liner notes to the 1992 double CD, Prévost writes, "Despite being (arguably) the most 'difficult' material on Matchless, The Crypt has been a mainstay for the label. It obviously pays not to underestimate the audience. Its continued success has enabled us to release other works. So we felt committed, obliged almost, to keep it available. . . this music has proved itself not to be ephemeral. " [10]

Composer Cornelius Cardew joined AMM in 1966, performing on piano and cello. Cornelius Cardew ( May 7, 1936 – London, December 13, 1981) was an English Avant-garde Composer, The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ He worked with AMM intermittently until he abandoned his earlier experimental music in the late 1970s (Cardew died in an unsolved auto accident in 1981). Composer Christian Wolff performed with AMM in 1968. Christian Wolff (born March 8, 1934) is an American Composer of experimental classical music. Cardew and Rowe became committed to socialism and to Maoism, and thought that AMM's music should reflect their sociopolitical outlook. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Prévost accuses the pair of "cultural bullying", and there was tension in the group, resulting in some AMM performances being made by alternating duos: Rowe and Cardew, Prévost and Gare.

1970s

This personal and political tension culminated with a long period (about 1972 to 1976) when AMM was rarely active, and then usually as a Prévost-Gare duo. This was arguably AMM's most jazz-like era, with Gare's sputtering, squawking saxophone (unique but showing the influence of John Gilmore and Albert Ayler) brought to the fore, although Prévost has stated the music was "decidedly non-jazz. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States John Gilmore may refer to John Gilmore (activist, co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Cygnus Solutions John Gilmore (musician Albert Ayler ( July 13, 1936 – November 1970 was an American avant-garde Jazz saxophonist, singer and Composer. " [11]

Rowe rejoined in the mid-1970s, and shortly thereafter, Gare departed, leaving a Rowe-Prévost duo for a period.

1980s and 1990s

Pianist John Tilbury — previously an occasional AMM collaborator — joined in about 1980. John Tilbury (born 1936 is a British Pianist. He is considered one of the foremost interpreters of Morton Feldman 's music and since 1980 has been a member His shimmering Feldmanesque playing brought a measure of conventionality to AMM (relatively speaking); unlike Rowe or Prévost, Tilbury's instrument was nearly always recognizable in conventional terms. Morton Feldman (January 12 1926 – September 3 1987 was an American Composer, born in New York City. This version of AMM generally explored quieter, more meditative sounds, perhaps having more in common with minimalism -- though they could generate a cacophonous racket when so inclined. Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features Of this period, one critic has noted that "their ability, after more than 35 years as a functioning unit, to avoid routines and ruts while retaining an unmistakable "AMM-ness" is astonishing. " [12] Perhaps the most notable shift was in Rowe's approach: his playing grew increasingly subtle, and was often described in painterly terms, as though he were offering a canvas for the other musicians to color. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Canvas is an extremely heavy-duty plain-woven fabric used for making Sails Tents Marquees Backpacks and other functions

Later collaborators have included saxophonist Evan Parker, cellist Rohan de Saram, and clarinetist Ian Mitchell. Evan Shaw Parker (born 5 April 1944 in Bristol is a British free-improvising Saxophone player from the European free jazz Christian Wolff also returned as a collaborator for a concert at the Conway Hall in London in 2001. Prévost has reported that of all their collaborators, Parker and Wolff best grasped the AMM aesthetic. [13]

2000s

The Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury line-up remained stable for two decades, only occasionally augmented by guests. In the early 1990s, the trio made their first extensive tours, with a number of well-received appearances in Europe and North America.

But since about 2000, Rowe's increasing involvement with what has become known as "electroacoustic improvisation" ("eai" for short), especially under the aegis of Jon Abbey's Erstwhile Records, meant that more of his musical activities began to take place outside AMM. Erstwhile Records is an Independent record label devoted to Free improvisation, particularly the electroacoustic variety Rowe has reported that he felt somewhat limited having been almost exclusively a Matchless Records artist, and that he wanted to explore music outside of AMM. Tension between Rowe and Prévost was exacerbated by the appearance of Prévost's second book of essays, Minute Particulars, which contained some disparaging comments about Rowe, who then left the group. In his review of Prévost's book, Walter Horn notes that while Prévost offers often scathing opinions of many people, Rowe is singled out for multiple barbs, and "one can hardly fail to wonder whether there's something of a personal nature lurking behind the barrage of what are superficially theoretical complaints. "[14]

The trio's last performance with Rowe is documented on the 2005 double-CD Apogee. The set is shared with another of the electronic improvisational ensembles that emerged during the 1960s: Musica Elettronica Viva (MEV). MEV redirects here For the physics measurement of energy see MeV Musica Elettronica Viva (MEV is a live acoustic/electronic improvisational The first CD is a studio recording in a joint session in England on April 30th 2004 featuring MEV's Alvin Curran, Richard Teitelbaum and Frederic Rzewski with Prévost-Rowe-Tilbury. Composer Alvin Curran (born 13 December 1938 in Providence Rhode Island) is the co-founder with Frederic Rzewski and Richard Richard Teitelbaum (born May 19, 1939) is an American Composer, Keyboardist, and Improvisor. Frederic Anthony Rzewski (born April 13 1938 in Westfield Massachusetts) is an American Composer and virtuoso Pianist. This is the first occasion that the two ensembles have performed together, but not the first time they have shared a split release: each outfit filled a side of the LP Live Electronic Music Improvised, released on a US label in 1968 (AMM's side features excerpts from The Crypt sessions; MEV's side is an excerpt from their magnum opus "Spacecraft. "). The second CD consists of the performances that each group gave at a festival held in London on May 1, 2004. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Prévost and Tilbury continue to record and perform as AMM. They performed in London during December, 2004, with Sachiko M joining as a guest, at the 2005 LMC Festival of Experimental Music, with David Jackman as a guest, and at a festival of experimental music in Belgium in February 2006. Sachiko Matsubara, who usually records as Sachiko M, is a Japanese Musician, but she considers herself to be a "non-musician" David Jackman is a British Musician and visual artist He is an elusive but significant figure in UK and international underground music with his extensive catalogue of They also released a duo CD as AMM, Norwich, during 2005.

Current members

Former members

Discography

1966 AMMMUSIC -1966 Cardew/Gare/Prévost/Rowe/Sheaff - LP Elektra UK 256 re-released as a CD together with additional material in 1990 - ReRMegacorp

1967 AMM Commonwealth Institute - 20th April 1967 compilation including: AMM Cardew/Gare/Prévost/Rowe/Sheaff United Dairies UD12

1969 LIVE ELECTRONIC MUSIC IMPROVISED Cardew/Gare/Hobbs/Prévost/Rowe one side AMM/one side MEV - LP Mainstream MS 5002 THE CRYPT - 12TH JUNE 1968 Cardew/Gare/Hobbs/Prévost/Rowe double LP boxed set - Matchless Recordings MRLP05 re-released as a double CD The Complete Session with extra material in 1994 MRDCD05

1973 AT THE ROUNDHOUSE Gare/Prévost Incus EP1 complete session remastered and released as a CD - Anomalous Records ICES 001 TO HEAR AND BACK AGAIN Gare/Prévost Matchless Recordings LP MRLP03 re-released as a CD with additional material in 1994 MRCD03

1979 IT HAD BEEN AN ORDINARY ENOUGH DAY IN PUEBLO, COLORADO Prévost/Rowe ECM/JAPO 60031 Re-released as a CD in 1991

1983 GENERATIVE THEMES Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury Matchless Recordings MRLP06 re-released as a CD with additional material in 1994 MRCD06

1984 COMBINE + LAMINATES Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury Pogus Productions LP P201-4 re-released as a CD in 01995 together with a version of TREATISE’82 from the same concert in Chicago Matchless Recordings MRCD26

1987 THE INEXHAUSTIBLE DOCUMENT de Saram/Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury Matchless Recordings MRLP13 re-released as a CD with additional material in 1994 MRCD05

1988 IRMA -an opera by Tom Phillips Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury plus Mitchell/Coxhill/Lorraine/Pederson/Phillips Matchless Recordings MRCD16

1990 THE NAMELESS UNCARVED BLOCK Gare/Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury Matchless Recordings MRCD20

1992 NEWFOUNDLAND Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury Matchless Recordings MRCD23

1993 Vandoevre AMBIENT ISOLATIONISM de Saram/Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury Virgin Records ABMT 4 (UK) one track on a double CD compilation

1994 LIVE IN ALLENTOWN USA Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury Matchless Recordings MRCD30

1995 FROM A STRANGE PLACE Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury Modern Music (P. Cornelius Cardew ( May 7, 1936 – London, December 13, 1981) was an English Avant-garde Composer, Christopher Hobbs (September 1950 – Hillingdon, nr London is an English experimental Composer, best known as a pioneer of British S. F. Records) Japan. PSFD-80

1969/1982/1994 LAMINAL a retrospective three CD set 1. The Aarhus Sequences recorded in Denmark, 1969 Cardew/Gare/Hobbs/Prévost/Rowe 2. The Great Hall recorded at Goldsmiths’ College, London 1982 Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury 3. Contextual recorded in New York, 1994 Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury. Matchless Recordings MRCD31 (pub. 1996)

BEFORE DRIVING TO THE CHAPEL WE TOOK COFFEE WITH RICK AND JENNIFER REED Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury recording of concert in Houston Texas 1996 Matchless Recordings MRCD35

2000 TUNES WITHOUT MEASURE OR END Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury recorded at free radICCals Festival, Glasgow 4th May 2000 Matchless Recordings MRCD44

2001 FINE Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury recorded at Musique Action festival, Vendouvre-lesNancy, France on 24th May 2001 Matchless recordings MRCD46

2002 AMM & Formanex Eddie Prévost, Keith Rowe, John White, John Tilbury, Laurent Dailleau, Anthony Taillard, Christophe Havard, Julien Ottavi, Emmanuel Leduc. A version of Cornelius Cardew’s Treatise recorded at Musique Action Festival, Nancy, France June 2002 fibrr records 006

2004 APOGEE MEV (Alvin Curran, Frederic Rzewski , Richard Teitelbaum) ,and AMM (Prévost/Rowe/Tilbury double CD. First CD contains sextet recordings made on 30th April 2004. Second CD contain separate performance by MEV and AMM made at Freedom of the City Festival on 1st May 2004


2005 NORWICH Prévost and Tilbury recorded at a concert given at The School of Music, University of East Anglia on 14th February 2005

Notes

  1. ^ Wilmoth, Charlie. "AMM Review". Dusted Magazine. Dusted Magazine is an online Music magazine which was founded by Otis Hart and Sam Hunt in January 2002 November 6, 2003. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  2. ^ Warburton, Daniel. "Amplify02:balance". Paris Transatlantic Magazine. January 2004. Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  3. ^ Nyman, Michael. Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond (second edition). Cambridge University Press. (1999). pg. 129. ISBN 0-521-65383-5
  4. ^ Warburton, Dan. "Keith Rowe Interview". Paris Transatlantic Magazine. January 2001. Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  5. ^ See the notes for Laminal
  6. ^ See the notes for Laminal
  7. ^ Penguin Guide to Jazz
  8. ^ Olewnick, Brian. "AMMMusic Review". All Music Guide. allmusic (previously All Music Guide) is a Metadata database about music owned by All Media Guide. Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  9. ^ Panzner, Joe. "On Second Thought: AMM-The Crypt". Stylus Magazine. Stylus Magazine was an online music and film magazine launched in 2002 September 1, 2006. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  10. ^ Cardew, Cornelius. "Liner Notes". Matchless Recordings. 1970. Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  11. ^ Warburton, Dan. "AMM at the Roundhouse Review". Bagatellen. March 24, 2004. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  12. ^ Olewnick, Brian. "Fine Review". All Music Guide. Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  13. ^ Prévost, Eddie. "AMM". European Free Improvisation Pages. Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  14. ^ Horn, Walter. "Book Review: Minute Particulars". One Final Note. July 2004. Retrieved October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Sources

External links

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