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For the USMC fighter squadron nicknamed the Sky Raiders, see VMF-452
AD / A-1 Skyraider

U. Marine Fighting Squadron 452 (VMF-452 was a fighter squadron of the United States Marine Corps that was commissioned and fought during World War II. S. Navy AD-6 Skyraider from Attack Squadron VA-15 catches a wire on the USS Forrestal (CVA 59). 1956–1962 From her home port Norfolk Virginia, Forrestal spent the first year of service in intensive training operations off the Virginia Capes

Type Attack aircraft
Manufacturer Douglas Aircraft Company
Designed by Ed Heinemann
Maiden flight 18 March 1945
Introduced 1950s
Retired 1970s
Primary users United States Navy
United States Air Force
Produced 1945–1957
Number built 3,180
Variants A2D Skyshark

The Douglas A-1 (formerly AD) Skyraider was a U.S. single-seat attack bomber of the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s. An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. Edward Henry Heinemann, ( 14 March 1908 – 26 November 1991) was a noted Military aircraft designer for Douglas Aircraft The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Ground-attack aircraft are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as Close air support for and in proximity to their own ground forces A bomber is a Military aircraft designed to attack ground and sea targets primarily by dropping Bombs on them The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. A propeller-driven anachronism in the jet age, the Skyraider had a remarkably long and successful career well into the space age, and inspired a straight-winged, slow-flying, jet-powered successor which is still in front line service today, the A-10 Warthog. Aviation history The De Havilland Comet was the first jet airliner to fly the first in service in 1952 and the first to offer a transatlantic jet service

It carried various nicknames including: "Spad" (a biplane aircraft of World War I), "Able Dog" (phonetic AD), the "Destroyer," "Hobo" (radio call sign of the USAF 1st Air Commando/Special operations Squadron), "Firefly" (602nd ACS/SOS), "Zorro" (22nd SOS), "The Big Gun," "Old Faithful," "Old Miscellaneous," "Fat Face" (AD-5/A-1E version, side-by-side seating), "Guppy" (AD-5W version), "Q-Bird" (AD-1Q/AD-5Q versions), "Flying Dumptruck" (A-1E), "Sandy" (Combat Search And Rescue helicopter escort) and "Crazy Water Buffalo" (South Vietnamese nickname). A biplane is a Fixed-wing aircraft with two main Wings The first powered heavier-than-air Aircraft, the Wright brothers' Wright Flyer World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Contents

Design and development

Douglas XBT2D-1 Skyraider prototype.
Douglas XBT2D-1 Skyraider prototype.

The A-1 was originally designed to meet World War II requirements for a carrier-based, single-place, long-range, high performance dive-/torpedo bomber. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with A dive bomber is a Bomber aircraft that Dives directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy and limit the exposure to and effectiveness of Types The torpedo bomber first appeared during the later years of World War I. Designed by Ed Heinemann of the Douglas Aircraft Company, the Skyraider was ordered in 6 July 1944 as the XBT2D-1. Edward Henry Heinemann, ( 14 March 1908 – 26 November 1991) was a noted Military aircraft designer for Douglas Aircraft The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In April 1945, one month after its first flight on 18 March 1945, it was evaluated at the Naval Air Test Center (NATC). Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar "Pax River" redirects here For the river see Patuxent River. [1] In December 1946, after a designation change to AD-1, delivery of the first production aircraft to a fleet squadron was made to VA-19A. [2]

The AD-1 was built at Douglas' El Segundo plant in Southern California. El Segundo is also the name of a champion Australian racehorse In his memoir The Lonely Sky, test pilot Bill Bridgeman describes the routine yet sometimes hazardous work of certifying AD-1s fresh off the assembly line (quoting a production rate of two aircraft per day) for delivery to the U.S. Navy in the 1949-1950 time frame. William Clive Bridgeman 1st Viscount Bridgeman, PC, JP, DL, ( 31 December 1864 &ndash 14 August 1935) was a

The low-wing monoplane design started with a Wright R-3350 radial engine, later upgraded several times. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion Engine configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central Its distinctive feature was the presence of seven hardpoints on each wing. The large straight wings give it excellent low speed maneuverability, and enable it to carry a tremendous amount of ordnance over a considerable combat radius and loiter time for its size, comparable to much heavier subsonic or supersonic jets. The aircraft is optimized for the ground-attack mission, and is armored against ground fire in key locations, unlike faster fighters adapted to carry bombs such as the F4U Corsair or P-51 Mustang which would be retired by U. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout S. forces long before the 1960s.

The piston engined, prop-driven Skyraider was a postwar follow-on to World War II dive bombers and torpedo bombers such as the Helldiver and Avenger. It was replaced in the 1960s by the A-4 Skyhawk as the Navy's primary light attack plane. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Used over Korea and briefly over North Vietnam, it was adopted as the primary ground support attack for the U.S. Air Force and South Vietnamese Air Force (VNAF) during the Vietnam War, before being supplanted by the jet powered A-37 Dragonfly in USAF and VNAF and the A-7 Corsair II in USAF service. History The VNAF (abbreviation for V iet N am A ir F orce Vietnamese is "Không Quân Việt Nam" started off as a few hand History The VNAF (abbreviation for V iet N am A ir F orce Vietnamese is "Không Quân Việt Nam" started off as a few hand WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Operational history

Korea

Workhorse of the U.S. Navy in Korea: the Able Dog.
Workhorse of the U. S. Navy in Korea: the Able Dog.

Though the Skyraider was produced too late to take part in World War II, it became the backbone of U.S. Navy aircraft carrier and United States Marine Corps (USMC) strike aircraft sorties in the Korean War, with the first ADs going into action from the USS Valley Forge with VA-55 on 3 July 1950. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the 1947 – 1950 Following fitting out the new carrier got underway on 24 January 1947 for shakedown training which took her via Norfolk, to Guantanamo State Route 55 is a primary State highway in the US state of Virginia, running west from U Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [3] Its weapons load and 10-hour flying time far surpassed the jets that were available at the time. On 16 June 1953, a USMC AD-4 from VMC-1 piloted by Major George H. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 1 (VMAQ-1 is a United States Marine Corps electronic warfare squadron consisting of EA-6B Prowler jets Linnemeier and CWO Vernon S. Kramer shot down a Soviet-built Polikarpov Po-2 biplane, the only documented Skyraider air victory of the war. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [4] During the Korean War (1950–1953) A-1 Skyraiders were flown only by the U. S. Navy and U. S. Marine Corps, and were normally painted in dark navy blue. A total of 101 Navy and Marine AD Skyraiders were lost in combat during the Korean War, and 27 were lost to operational causes, for a total loss of 128 Skyraiders in the Korean War.

Vietnam

A-1E Skyraiders fly in formation over South Vietnam on way to target on 25 June 1965. The aircraft are assigned to the 34th Tactical Group, based at Bien Hoa, South Vietnam.
A-1E Skyraiders fly in formation over South Vietnam on way to target on 25 June 1965. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The aircraft are assigned to the 34th Tactical Group, based at Bien Hoa, South Vietnam.

Although the carrier air wing was rapidly transitioning to jet aircraft, the A-1 Skyraider was still the medium attack aircraft in many air wings in 1965 with the A-6A Intruder slated to replace it. A Carrier Air Wing (formerly called a Carrier Air Group and abbreviated as CVW is a naval aviation organization composed of Squadrons and detachments WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Skyraiders participated in the first strikes against North Vietnam, but were eventually replaced by Intruders. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam US Navy Skyraiders shot down two Soviet-built Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 jet fighters during the war on 20 June 1965 by LT Clinton B. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Johnson and LTJG Charles W. Hartman III (shared victory) of VA-25,[5] and on 9 October 1966 by LTJG William T. Strike Fighter Squadron 25 (VFA-25 is a United States Navy strike fighter squadron based at NAS Lemoore. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Patton of VA-176. Attack Squadron One Seven Six (VA-176 known as the "Thunderbolts" was a United States Navy squadron that saw combat service in the Vietnam War and [4] While on his very first mission, Navy pilot Dieter Dengler's A-1H was damaged over Viet Nam on 1 February 1966, and then crash-landed in Laos. Dieter Dengler ( May 22, 1938 &ndash February 7, 2001) was a United States Navy pilot during the Vietnam War Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma [6]

As they were released from Navy service, Skyraiders were introduced into the Vietnam Air Force (VNAF) and adopted by the USAF as one of the Skyraider's most famous roles as the "Sandy" helicopter escort on combat rescues. History The VNAF (abbreviation for V iet N am A ir F orce Vietnamese is "Không Quân Việt Nam" started off as a few hand [7] USAF Major Bernard F. Fisher piloted an A-1E on the 10 March 1966 mission for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing Major "Jump" Myers at A Shau Special Forces Camp. Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country Col Bernard F Fisher ret (pronounced Bernerd) (born 1927 is the first living US Air Force recipient of the Medal of Honor. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. The A Shau Valley is a Valley in Vietnam. Located in Vietnam's Thua Thien Province, the valley was the scene of heavy fighting in the late 1960s [8] USAF Colonel William A. Jones, III piloted an A-1H on the September 1, 1968 mission for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country William Atkinson Jones III was a United States Air Force officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor —for his Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In that mission, despite significant damage to his aircraft and suffering serious burns, he returned to his base and reported the position of a downed flight crew member. [8]

VA-115 A-1H loaded with ordnance for a mission in Vietnam
VA-115 A-1H loaded with ordnance for a mission in Vietnam

After November 1972, all A-1s in U. S. service in Southeast Asia were transferred to the South Vietnamese Air Force (VNAF) and their former roles were taken over by the subsonic A-7 Corsair II. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [9] The Skyraider in Vietnam pioneered the concept of tough, survivable aircraft with long loiter times and large ordnance loads. The USAF lost 201 Skyraiders to all causes in Southeast Asia, while the Navy lost 65 to all causes. Of the 266 lost A-1s, five were shot down by surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), and three were shot down in air to air combat; two by North Vietnamese MiG-17s. The first A-1 was shot down on 29 April 1966, and the second A-1 was lost on 19 April 1967; both were from the 602 Air Commando Squadron (ACS). Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The third A-1 Skyraider was from Squadron VA-35 and was lost to a Red Chinese MiG-19 (J-6) on 14 February 1968. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. LTJG Joseph P. Dunn (USN), had flown too close to the Communist Chinese held island of Hainan, and had been intercepted. Lieutenant Dunn's A-1 Skyraider was the last U. S. Navy A-1 lost in the war, and he did not survive. Shortly thereafter, A-1 Skyraider naval squadrons transitioned to A-4 Skyhawks.

In contrast to the Korean War, fought a decade earlier, the US Air Force, in Vietnam, utilized the naval A-1 Skyraider for the first time. As the Vietnam war progressed, USAF A-1s were painted in camouflage, while USN A-1 Skyraiders were gray/white in color; again, in contrast to the Korean War, when A-1s were painted dark blue. Camouflage is a method of cryptic or concealing coloration that allows an otherwise visible Organism

In 1965, to highlight the dropping of the six millionth pound of ordnance; CDR Clarence J. Stoddard, flying an A-1H, dropped a special, one-time only, object in addition to his other munitions – a toilet. [10]

Algeria

The French Air Force, the Armée de l'Air, bought 113 ex-U. The French Air Force ( French: Armée de l'Air (ALA literally Air Army) is the Air force of the French Armed Forces. S. Navy AD-4s and AD-4NAs in 1958 to replace aging F-47 Thunderbolts in Algeria. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The aircraft were used from December 1959 until the end of the Algerian war. The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from The aircraft were used by the 20e Escadre de Chasse (EC 1/20 "Aures Nementcha," EC 2/20 "Ouarsenis" and EC 3/20 "Oranie") and EC 21 in the close air support role armed with rockets, bombs and napalm. Napalm is the name given to any of a number of Flammable Liquids used in Warfare often jellied Gasoline. After the end of the war, the remaining aircraft were passed along to Gabon and Chad.

Adaptability

In addition to serving during Korea and Vietnam as an attack aircraft, it was modified into a carrier-based airborne early warning aircraft, replacing the Grumman TBM-3W Avenger. The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, later Grumman Aerospace Corporation, was a leading 20th century U WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout It served in this function in the USN and Royal Navy, being replaced by the E-1 Tracer and Fairey Gannet respectively in those services. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Variants

Four AD-6s over Subic Bay in the Philippines in 1955
Four AD-6s over Subic Bay in the Philippines in 1955
AD-4W AEW-aircraft landing on the USS Leyte
AD-4W AEW-aircraft landing on the USS Leyte
Douglas A-1E (AD-5N) (USAF S/N 52-135206/ former USN BuNo 135206) in flight
Douglas A-1E (AD-5N) (USAF S/N 52-135206/ former USN BuNo 135206) in flight
EA-1F (AD-5Q) ECM-aircraft, BuNo 135010, of CVW-9 in 1966
EA-1F (AD-5Q) ECM-aircraft, BuNo 135010, of CVW-9 in 1966
Douglas AD-6s (A-1H) from VA-215 on the USS Hancock(CVA 19)
Douglas AD-6s (A-1H) from VA-215 on the USS Hancock(CVA 19)

Production ended in 1957 with a total of 3,180 built. However, in 1962 the existing Skyraiders were redesignated A-1D through A-1J and later used by both the USAF and the Navy in the Vietnam War.

The Skyraider went through seven versions, starting with the AD-1, then AD-2 and AD-3 with various minor improvements, then the AD-4 with a more powerful R-3350-26WA engine. The AD-5 was significantly widened, allowing two crew to sit side-by-side (this was not the first multiple-crew variant, the AD-1Q being a two-seater and the AD-3N a three-seater); it also came in a four-seat night-attack version, the AD-5N. The AD-6 was an improved AD-4B with improved low-level bombing equipment, and the final production version AD-7 was upgraded to a R-3350-26WB engine.

Operators

Thunder Over Michigan Air show, 2006.
Thunder Over Michigan Air show, 2006.
See also: List of A-1 Skyraider operators

Popular culture

Douglas Skyraider parked at airport tarmac.
Douglas Skyraider parked at airport tarmac. See also A-1 Skyraider List of A-1 Skyraider operators identifies the county military air force and known squadrons and/or variants The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Central Africa|Central African FederationThe Central African Republic ( CAR) République Centrafricaine ʀepyblik sɑ̃tʀafʀikɛn or Centrafrique) is a Landlocked Chad (Tchad تشاد Tshād) officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a Landlocked country in Central Africa. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially

While the Skyraider is not as iconic as some other aircraft, it has been featured in some Vietnam-era films such as The Green Berets (1968) , Flight of the Intruder (1991) flying as Sandy escort, and in We Were Soldiers (2002) in the ground support role. The Green Berets is a 1968 film featuring John Wayne, George Takei, David Janssen, Jim Hutton, and Aldo Ray, Flight of the Intruder is a 1991 film directed by John Milius, which is based on the novel of the same name by A-6 Intruder pilot We Were Soldiers is a 2002 American War film that dramatized the Battle of Ia Drang in November 1965, the first major engagement The Skyraider also played a leading computer generated role in Werner Herzog's Rescue Dawn (2007), retelling the story of Navy LT Dieter Dengler's escape from Laos. Rescue Dawn is a 2007 Film starring Christian Bale and Steve Zahn. Skyraiders are also featured in the classic Korean war movie The Bridges at Toko-Ri (1953). The Bridges at Toko-Ri is a 1954 film based on a novel by James Michener about a Naval aviator assigned to bomb a group of heavily defended bridges

Specifications (A-1H Skyraider)

Douglas Skyraider - Landing Gear detail.
Douglas Skyraider - Landing Gear detail.

Data from

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Related development

Comparable aircraft

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. An autocannon is a rapid fire projectile Weapon. Autocannon often have a larger Caliber (calibre than a Machine gun (i WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This refers to the aircraft For other uses see T28. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A list of attack aircraft 1930-40 Northrop A-17 Junkers JU-87 "Stuka" Il-2 Sturmovik This list of military aircraft of the United States includes prototype pre-production and operational types 176.
  2. ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 177.
  3. ^ Mersky 1983, p. 144.
  4. ^ a b Grossnick and Armstrong 1997
  5. ^ Clinton Johnson. Skyraider vs Mig-17
  6. ^ Dengler, Escape from Laos
  7. ^ "Douglas A-1H and A-1J", National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 30 December 2007. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  8. ^ a b Medal of Honor Citations: Vietnam War Medal of Honor Recipients (A-L), U. S. Army Center of Military History, 16 July 2007. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved: 23 December 2007. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  9. ^ "Rescue in Vietnam", National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 30 December 2007. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  10. ^ USS Midway

Bibliography

External links

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