Citizendia

9x19mm Parabellum

Ball and hollow point 9 mm Parabellum rounds
TypePistol
Place of originFlag of German Empire German Empire
Production history
DesignerGeorg Luger
Designed1901
Produced1902 to present
Specifications
Parent case7.65x22mm Parabellum
Case typeRimless, straight
Bullet diameter9. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Georg Johann Luger ( March 6 1849 &ndash December 22 1923) was an Austrian designer of the famous Luger pistol. A cartridge (also known as a "round" packages the Bullet, Gunpowder and primer into a single metallic case precisely made to fit the The 765x21mm Parabellum (also known as.30 Luger and 765 mm Luger) was a Pistol cartridge introduced in 1898 by German arms A bullet is a solid Projectile propelled by a Firearm or Air gun and is normally made from metal (usually Lead)  mm (0. 35 in)
Neck diameter9. 65 mm (0. 380 in)
Base diameter9. 93 mm (0. 391 in)
Rim diameter9. 96 mm (0. 392 in)
Case length19. 15 mm (0. 754 in)
Overall length29. 69 mm (1. 169 in)
Primer typeSmall pistol
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/typeVelocityEnergy
7. The percussion cap, introduced around 1830, was the crucial invention that enabled muzzle-loading firearms to fire reliably in any weather 5 g (116 gr) FMJ360 m/s (1,200 ft/s)483 J (356 ft·lbf)
8. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. In many cultures a grain is a unit of measurement of Mass that is based upon the mass of a single seed of a typical Cereal. A full metal jacket (or FMJ) is a Bullet encased in a shell of Copper Alloy (such as Gilding metal or Cupronickel) or a The foot per second (plural feet per second) is a unit of both Speed (scalar and Velocity (vector quantity which includes direction The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity The foot-pound force, or simply foot-pound (symbol ft·lbf or ft·lb) is a unit of work or Energy (a scalar 0 g (123 gr) FMJ350 m/s (1,100 ft/s)494 J (364 ft·lbf)
9. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. In many cultures a grain is a unit of measurement of Mass that is based upon the mass of a single seed of a typical Cereal. The foot per second (plural feet per second) is a unit of both Speed (scalar and Velocity (vector quantity which includes direction The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity The foot-pound force, or simply foot-pound (symbol ft·lbf or ft·lb) is a unit of work or Energy (a scalar 5 g (147 gr) FMJ300 m/s (980 ft/s)442 J (326 ft·lbf)
Test barrel length: 102 mm
Source: Federal Cartridge [1]

The 9x19mm Parabellum is a pistol cartridge introduced in 1902 by the German weapons manufacturer Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM) for their Luger pistol. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. In many cultures a grain is a unit of measurement of Mass that is based upon the mass of a single seed of a typical Cereal. The foot per second (plural feet per second) is a unit of both Speed (scalar and Velocity (vector quantity which includes direction The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity The foot-pound force, or simply foot-pound (symbol ft·lbf or ft·lb) is a unit of work or Energy (a scalar A cartridge (also known as a "round" packages the Bullet, Gunpowder and primer into a single metallic case precisely made to fit the The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken Aktien-Gesellschaft (German Weapons and Munitions Works known as DWM, was an arms company in Imperial The Parabellum-Pistole ( Pistol Parabellum) popularly (but incorrectly known as the Luger, is a toggle locked recoil operated, Semi-automatic [2] Because of this, it is commonly called the 9 mm Luger cartridge. [3] Its parent cartridge was the 7.65x22mm Parabellum, itself a descendant of the earlier 7.65x25mm Borchardt cartridge. The 765x21mm Parabellum (also known as.30 Luger and 765 mm Luger) was a Pistol cartridge introduced in 1898 by German arms The 765x25mm Borchardt cartridge designed by Hugo Borchardt. It was the ammunition of the Borchardt C-93 pistol The 9 mm Parabellum is commonly used in pistols, submachine guns and carbines. A submachine gun (SMG is a Firearm that combines the automatic fire of a Machine gun with the cartridge of a Pistol, and is A carbine is a Firearm similar to a Rifle or Musket, but generally shorter and of lesser power

The name Parabellum is derived from the Latin: Si vis pacem, para bellum ("If you seek peace, prepare for war"), which was the motto and telegraphic address of DWM. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Si vis pacem para bellum is a Latin adage translated as "If you want peace prepare for war"

Contents

Development

Georg Luger developed the 9 mm Parabellum cartridge from the earlier 7. Georg Johann Luger ( March 6 1849 &ndash December 22 1923) was an Austrian designer of the famous Luger pistol. 65 mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. In 1902, Luger presented the new round to the British Small Arms Committee as well as three prototype versions to the U.S. Army for testing at Springfield Arsenal in mid-1903. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. This is an article about the US Government Arsenal For the contemporary commercial manufacturer see Springfield Armory Inc Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting The German military expressed official interest in a 9 mm version of the Parabellum in 1904.

The initial cartridge was created by removing the bottleneck of the 7. 65 mm Luger cartridge, resulting in a tapered rimless cartridge. The ogive of the bullet was slightly redesigned in the 1910s in order to improve feeding. An ogive ("Oh-jive" is a curved shape figure or feature A bullet is a solid Projectile propelled by a Firearm or Air gun and is normally made from metal (usually Lead)

After World War I, acceptance of this caliber increased and 9 mm pistols were adopted by a number of countries. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

To conserve lead during World War II in Germany, the lead core was replaced by an iron core encased with lead. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including This bullet, identified by a black bullet jacket, was designated as the 08 mE (mit Eisenkern - "with iron core"). By 1944, the black jacket of the 08 mE bullet was dropped and these bullets were produced with normal copper-colored jackets. Another wartime variation was designated the 08 SE bullet and identified by its dark gray jacket, and was created by compressing iron powder at high temperature into a solid material (Sintereisen - "sintered iron"). Sintering is a method for making objects from powder, by heating the material (below its Melting point - solid state sintering until its particles adhere

A special load (identified either by an “X” on the headstamp or by a green lacquered steel case) with a 9. 7 g (150 gr) full metal jacket bullet with a subsonic muzzle velocity for use with suppressed firearms was produced by the Germans during WWII. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. In many cultures a grain is a unit of measurement of Mass that is based upon the mass of a single seed of a typical Cereal. A full metal jacket (or FMJ) is a Bullet encased in a shell of Copper Alloy (such as Gilding metal or Cupronickel) or a Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. Other countries also developed subsonic loads.

The 9 mm cartridge has been manufactured by, or for, more than 70 different countries and has become a standard NATO pistol caliber and as well as for military forces around the world. The North Atlantic Treaty Its official nomenclature among NATO users is "9 mm NATO".

After WWII, the common weight of the 9 mm was changed to 8. 0 g (124 gr) to increase the accuracy of the ammunition. Many police departments that use 9 mm rounds in their handguns switched to this weight after the investigation of the 1986 FBI Miami shootout, because the lighter 7. The FBI Miami shootout was a gun battle that occurred on April 11, 1986 in Miami, Florida between multiple FBI agents and two 4 g (115 gr) loading used by the officers was found to be less effective than a heavier load like the 8. 0 g. Bullets weighing up to 9. 5 g (147 gr) are available.

Improvement

During the period between the early 1980s and the mid-1990s, a sharp increase in the popularity of "Wonder Nines" coincided with the adoption of the Beretta M9 by the US Army. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 The M9 handgun formally Pistol Semiautomatic 9mm M9, is a 9x19mm Parabellum pistol of the U At the time, most police departments were issuing .38 Special caliber revolvers with a six-shot capacity. The . 38 Special was advantageous to other options like variants of the M1911 because it offered low recoil, the revolvers were small and light enough to accommodate different shooters, and it was relatively inexpensive. The M1911 is a single-action, Semi-automatic pistol ( Handgun) chambered for the. Possessing similar ballistics to the . 38 Special revolver cartridge, the 9 mm is a shorter round, and being an autoloader cartridge is stored in flat magazines as opposed to cylindrical speedloaders or moon clips used with revolvers, ammunition carrying capacities could be easily increased by as much as 250%. The 9 mm pistol cartridge can be accommodated in a compact frame pistol, able to be used more effectively by inexperienced shooters and smaller-framed officers.

Attempts to improve ballistics of the cartridge came in the early 1990s with the widespread availability of high pressure loadings of the 9 mm cartridge. Such cartridges are labeled "+P" or in the case of very high pressure loadings "+P+". Ballistic performance of these rounds was moderately improved over the standard loadings. In addition, improvements in jacketed hollow point bullet technology have produced bullet designs that are more likely to expand and less likely to fragment than earlier iterations, giving a 9mm bullet greater damage capability. A hollow point is a Bullet that has a pit or hollowed out shape in its tip generally intended to cause the bullet to expand upon entering a target in order to decrease

The .40 S&W round debuted at the 1990 S. H. O. T. show. The . 40 S&W sought to fill the gap between 9 mm and . 45 ACP. While increasing bullet diameter to roughly half the difference between 9 mm and . 45 ACP, the . 40 S&W retained the same SAAMI standard pressure load limits of the 9 mm (240 MPa, 35,000 PSI). This afforded only a 20% (typical) capacity loss when compared to the 9 mm.

Case material and design

Unjacketed Lead, full metal jacket, hollow point
Unjacketed Lead, full metal jacket, hollow point


Performance

An expanded 124 grain 9x19mm jacketed hollow point.
An expanded 124 grain 9x19mm jacketed hollow point. A hollow point is a Bullet that has a pit or hollowed out shape in its tip generally intended to cause the bullet to expand upon entering a target in order to decrease

The 9 mm cartridge combines a relatively flat trajectory with moderate recoil. Trajectory is the path a moving object follows through space The object might be a Projectile or a Satellite, for example This article is about backward Momentum produced in firearms when fired The main advantage lies in its being among the smallest of the "large caliber" rounds, allowing users to carry greater capacity compared to larger rounds like .40 S&W and .45 ACP. Combined with the lower felt recoil as compared to a larger round, 9x19mm-chambered handguns allow the shooter to place more shots accurately and quicker than a handgun chambered for a larger cartridge. The "Wonder Nine" design theory, resulting in handguns like the Glock 19, is the result of attempts to maximize these advantages by more than doubling magazine capacity over comparably-sized pistols in larger calibers like the M1911. Glock is the name of a family of Semi-automatic pistols designed and produced by the Austrian company Glock GmbH from Deutsch-Wagram, founded The M1911 is a single-action, Semi-automatic pistol ( Handgun) chambered for the. Some firearm enthusiasts consider the 9x19mm the "smallest" round suitable for personal protection, as rounds that are smaller provide less penetration and wound size, reducing the likelihood of "one-shot stops". This position is contested however; others consider the less powerful .380 ACP, popular in subcompact "pocket pistols", to be the minimum, while many "Big Hole" proponents consider the . Stopping power is a Colloquial term used to describe the ability of a weapon to stop the actions of an individual through a penetrating ballistic injury 45 ACP the standard by which other pistol rounds should be judged.

A main disadvantage of the 9x19mm is its tendency to overpenetrate flesh when poor quality expanding or non-expanding ball ammunition is used. When firing a round that does not expand, the 9x19mm produces relatively small wound cavities and reduced stopping power due to punching through without causing enough tissue disruption to stop the subject. Stopping power is a Colloquial term used to describe the ability of a weapon to stop the actions of an individual through a penetrating ballistic injury This makes shot placement more critical with less than optimal ammunition, and the use of modern expanding hollow-point bullets almost mandatory for most shooters. A hollow point is a Bullet that has a pit or hollowed out shape in its tip generally intended to cause the bullet to expand upon entering a target in order to decrease The energy delivered by most 9 mm loads allows for adaquate expansion and penetration with premium JHP bullets, but is marginal for imparting hydrostatic shock in human-sized living targets. The term hydrostatic shock describes the theory that a penetrating projectile produces remote wounding and incapacitating effects in living targets in addition to local effects in tissue [4] It should be noted that few if any handgun cartridges have sufficient muzzle energy to induce significant hydrostatic shock damage to tissue surrounding the wound channel, and as such is generally not considered a fault of any one cartridge design.

From left to right: .50 Action Express, .44 Magnum, .357 Magnum, .45 ACP, .40 S&W, 9 mm Parabellum, .22 Long Rifle.
From left to right: .50 Action Express, .44 Magnum, .357 Magnum, .45 ACP, .40 S&W, 9 mm Parabellum, .22 Long Rifle.


Synonyms

See also

References

  1. ^ Federal Cartridge Co. ballistics page. The North Atlantic Treaty The North Atlantic Treaty The word Parabellum is a Noun coined by German arms maker Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken and is derived from the Latin saying Si vis pacem This article lists Firearm cartridges which have a bullet in the 9 mm ( This is an extensive list of Small arms — Pistol, Machine gun, Grenade launcher, Anti-tank rifle — that includes variants The following is a flat list of Handgun cartridges, loosely in order of increasing Caliber: Handgun cartridges 2 List of Rifle cartridges, by category and then by name Rimfire. NATO EPVAT testing is one of the three recognized classes of procedures used in the world to control the safety and quality of firearms ammunition. The term hydrostatic shock describes the theory that a penetrating projectile produces remote wounding and incapacitating effects in living targets in addition to local effects in tissue Retrieved on 2007-09-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France
  2. ^ Hogg, Ian V. ; Weeks, John S. Military Small Arms of the 20th Century (7th Edition), p. 40. Krause Publications, 2000
  3. ^ Free current C.I.P. CD-ROM version download (ZIP and RAR format)
  4. ^ Scientific Evidence for Hydrostatic Shock.

External links

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