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70 mm film (or 65 mm film) is a wide high-resolution film gauge, of superior quality to standard 35 mm motion picture film format. 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its A film format is a technical definition of a set of standard characteristics regarding image capture on Photographic film, for either stills or movies As used in camera, the film is 65 mm wide; for projection 2. 5 mm are added along each outer side of the perforations for magnetic strips holding six tracks of surround sound, although more recent 70 mm prints now use digital sound encoding; however, the vast majority of 70 mm prints predate this technology. 51, Multichannel audio, Multichannel music Surround 3D Surround 5 Each frame is five perforations tall, with an aspect ratio of 2. The aspect ratio of an Image is its width divided by its height 20:1. However, there are many theatres unable to handle 70 mm film, and so 70 mm films are shown in 35 mm at these venues, in the regular Cinemascope aspect ratio of 2. CinemaScope was a Widescreen movie format used from 1953 to 1967 35:1.

Contents

History

Film formats with a width of 70 mm have existed since the early days of the motion picture industry. The first 70 mm format was most likely footage of the Henley Regatta, which was projected in 1896 and 1897, but may have been filmed as early as 1894. Henley Royal Regatta is a rowing event held every year on the River Thames by the town of Henley-on-Thames, England. It required a specially built projector built by Herman Casler in Canastota, New York and had a ratio similar to full frame, with an aperture of 2. Herman Casler — American inventor ( Sandwich Illinois, March 12, 1867 — Canastota New York, July 20, 1939) was co-founder Canastota is a Village located inside the Town of Lenox in Madison County New York, United States. 75 inches by 2 inches. There were also several film formats of various sizes from 50 to 68 mm which were developed from 1884 onwards, including Cinéorama (not to be confused with the entirely distinct "Cinerama" format), started in 1900 by Raoul Grimoin-Sanson. Cinéorama was an early Film experiment and amusement ride at the 1900 Paris Exposition devised by Raoul Grimoin-Sanson, that simulated a ride in a Cinerama is the trademarked name for a Widescreen process which works by simultaneously projecting images from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge deeply-curved Raoul Grimoin-Sanson (1860 - 1940 was an inventor in the field of early cinema. Two other formats, Panoramica and 20th Century Fox's Grandeur, began distribution in 1929 and 1930, respectively. 70 mm Grandeur film was a Widescreen film format developed by the Fox Film Corporation and used commercially on a small scale in 1929-1931

The "Todd-AO" format, introduced in the 1950s, popularized the format for use in feature length films. Todd-AO is an extremely high definition Widescreen Film format developed in the mid 1950s Due to the costs of 70 mm film and the expensive projection system and screen required to use the stock, distribution for films using the stock was limited, although this did not always hurt profits. Often, as in the case of 2001: A Space Odyssey, 70 mm films were re-released on 35 mm film for a wider distribution after the initial debut of the film. 2001 A Space Odyssey is a 1968 Science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick, written by Kubrick and Arthur C

The number of movies filmed in 70mm had all but dried up by the early 1980s, but with the advent of small multi-cinema theater venues and the later availability of digital soundtrack systems for less expensive 35 mm film, the number of films released in 70 mm fell into sharp decline in the mid-1990s. This article is concerned with technical aspects of moving film projection 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its Lawrence of Arabia is a well-known film widely shown in 70 mm format; the clarity of its picture, and dramatic impact is apparent in theaters, though much less so on VHS or DVD, due to small home screen size. Lawrence of Arabia is a 1962 Epic film based on the life of T DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is

70 mm also has presented a difficulty in recent years for VHS and DVD releases, as telecine machines capable of high-level scanning have only been available in limited quantities until recently. This has unfortunately sometimes meant that films were transferred to video via their 35 mm blown-down elements instead of the high-quality full-gauge intermediates; luckily, more and more DVD releases are using the original-gauge source elements.

There is currently one digital cinema camera with a 65mm sensor, the Phantom 65. Digital cinematography is the process of capturing Motion pictures as Digital images rather than on film. Otti International's Phil Kroll developed the world's first 65/70mm telecine transfer system. This has been used in Hollywood to digitally master various 70/65mm films.

Uses of 70 mm

Special Effects

Sometimes, films like Close Encounters of the Third Kind will employ 65 mm film stock for special effects sequences because the film quality does not visibly degrade when special effects are added in post production. Close Encounters of the Third Kind is a 1977 Science fiction film directed and written by Steven Spielberg.

IMAX

A horizontal variant of 65 mm/70 mm, with an even bigger picture area, is used for the high-performance IMAX and Omnimax formats which are 15 perfs. Negative pulldown is a characteristic of motion picture film formats IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and x 70 mm. The Dynavision and Astrovision systems each use slightly less film per frame and vertical pulldown to save print costs while being able to project onto an IMAX screen. Negative pulldown is a characteristic of motion picture film formats Both are rare, Astrovision more or less exclusively occupying Japanese planetariums. A planetarium is a Theatre built primarily for presenting educational and entertaining shows about Astronomy and the night sky or for training in Celestial navigation

Recently, Hollywood has released true "blockbusters" in an IMAX blow-up mode. Even 3D films are being shown in the 70 mm IMAX format. The Polar Express in IMAX 3D 70 mm earned 14 times as much, per screen, as the simultaneous 2D 35 mm release of that film in the fall of 2004. The Polar Express is a 2004 Academy Award -nominated feature film based on the children's book of the same title by Chris Van With the recent interest in 3D, some of the hundreds of existing 70 mm projectors may be used to show 3D on standard-sized screens in mult-cinemas.

Blow-ups

Starting in the late 1950s and continuing until the mid-1990s, many 35 mm films were converted onto 70 mm prints for premiere showings in large cities or venues which could accommodate the format. This practice occurred for two reasons: The larger image area on each frame of 70 mm film allowed for clearer, sharper, and steadier images on screen, and the six magnetic sound tracks available with 70 mm prints were vastly superior to the four-channel stereo sound tracks available on 35 mm prints (from 1953 to 1977, all 35 mm prints carried only four-channel magnetic sound, and required special print stock with narrow perforations, type CS-1870). After the introduction of digital sound formats (Digital Theater System, SDDS, and Dolby Digital), 70 mm lost one of its major advantages over 35 mm film. DTS (also known as Digital Theater Systems) owned by DTS Inc ( is a multi-channel digital Surround sound format used for both commercial/theatrical SDDS stands for Sony Dynamic Digital Sound which is a cinema Sound system developed by Sony Dolby Digital is the marketing name for a series of lossy audio compression technologies developed by Dolby Additionally, 70 mm film is more expensive to print than 35 mm film. As a result, a significantly lower number of 70 mm prints are struck today.

The use of 65 mm negative film has been drastically reduced in recent years due to its higher cost. Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet was the last film shot entirely on 65 mm stock. Kenneth Charles Branagh (born 10 December 1960) is an Emmy Award -winning Academy Award -nominated Northern Irish Actor Hamlet is a 1996 film version of William Shakespeare 's classic play of the same name, adapted and directed by Kenneth Branagh Terrence Malick's The New World, the most recent film to use the format, used it sparingly — only in a handful of scenes — because of the high price of 65 mm raw stock and processing. Terrence "Terry" Malick (born November 30, 1943, Ottawa, Illinois) is an Academy Award nominated American The New World is a 2005 drama / Romance film directed by Terrence Malick. Although 65mm film was also used during some of the screen tests on Superman Returns, the movie itself was shot using hi-definition video. Superman Returns is a 2006 Academy Award -nominated Superhero film based on the fictional DC Comics character [1]

Ron Fricke, director of the 70mm documentary film Baraka, plans to release a sequel entitled Samsara. Ron Fricke is an American Film director and Cinematographer, considered to be a master of time-lapse photography Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality Baraka ( 1992) is a Todd-AO ( 70 mm) non-narrative film directed by Ron Fricke, cinematographer for Koyaanisqatsi Samsara is a large format film currently in production The film is directed by experimental filmmaker Ron Fricke, and it will pose as a sequel to the highly acclaimed It will be the first feature-length film in at least a decade (since Branagh's Hamlet) to be shot entirely in 65mm.

Technical Specs

Standard 65 mm (5/70)

(Todd-AO, Super Panavision)

Ultra Panavision 70

(also known as MGM Camera 65) Same as Standard 65mm except

Showscan

Same as Standard 65 mm except

IMAX (15/70)

Omnimax

Same as IMAX except

Omnivision Cinema 180

Cinema 180, West Germany 1979
Cinema 180, West Germany 1979

same as standard 65/70 except:

Omnivision started in Sarasota Florida. Theatres were designed to compete with Omnimax but with much lower startup and operating costs. Most theatres were built in fabric domed structures designed by Siemens Corporation. Last known OmniVision Theatres to exist in USA are The Alaska Experience Theatre in Anchorage Alaska, built in 1981 and still operating in 2006, and the Hawaii Experience Theatre in Lahaina Hawaii (closed in 2004). Canobie Lake Park in Salem NH has a "Vertigo Theatre" that is a Cinema 180.

One of the few producer of 70 mm films for Cinema 180 was the German company CINEVISION (today AKPservices GmbH, Paderborn).

Dynavision (8/70)

Astrovision (10/70)

References

  1. ^ extras on the superman returns dvd

See also

External links

70 mm Grandeur film was a Widescreen film format developed by the Fox Film Corporation and used commercially on a small scale in 1929-1931 Cine 160 is a 35 mm film projection process proposed by Allan Silliphant whereby a single frame of film would occupy a length of six Film perforations. Cinerama is the trademarked name for a Widescreen process which works by simultaneously projecting images from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge deeply-curved Dolby Stereo (or Dolby Analog) was the original analog optical technology developed by Dolby Laboratories for 35 mm film prints in 1976 The following American and European movies were filmed using the 65/70 mm format This list of Film formats catalogues formats developed for shooting or viewing Motion pictures, ranging from the Chronophotographe format from 1888 to mid-20th century Ron Fricke is an American Film director and Cinematographer, considered to be a master of time-lapse photography Super Panavision 70 was the marketing brand name used to identify movies photographed with Panavision 70 mm spherical optics between 1959 and 1983 Super Technirama 70 was the marketing name for films which were photographed in the 35 mm 8-perf Technirama process and optically enlarged to 70 mm 5-perf prints for deluxe exhibition Todd-AO is an extremely high definition Widescreen Film format developed in the mid 1950s Ultra Panavision 70, also known as MGM Camera 65, was the marketing brand used to identify 65/70 mm movies photographed with Panavision Anamorphic optics
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