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Further information: stereoscopy

In film, the term 3-D (or 3D) is used to describe any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images of the third dimension, the illusion of depth as seen by the viewer. Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional imaging is any technique capable of recording three-dimensional visual This article is about visual perception See Optical Illusion (Album for information about the Time Requiem album

The technique usually involves filming two images simultaneously, with two cameras positioned side by side, generally facing each other and filming at a 90 degree angle via mirrors, in perfect synchronization and with identical technical characteristics. An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually This article is about motion picture film cameras See Video camera for cameras which record images electronically When viewed in such a way that each eye sees its photographed counterpart, the viewer's visual cortex will interpret the pair of images as a single three-dimensional image. Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain The term visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or In mathematics the dimension of a Space is roughly defined as the minimum number of Coordinates needed to specify every point within it Modern computer technology also allows for the production of 3D films without dual cameras. 3d can also be in movies that are seen in special glasses.

Contents

Techniques

There are several methods of projecting natural, stereoscopic images. They can be categorized into mainly three categories.

With glasses

Without glasses

With the aid of a viewing device

Furthermore, alternative systems, such as Pulfrich effect and Chromadepth exist, but fall under the realm of "pseudo-stereoscopic" in that two, separate records are not recorded or projected. The Pulfrich effect is a psychophysical phenomenon wherein lateral motion of an object in the field of view is interpreted by the Visual cortex as having a depth component due Chromadepth is a Patented system from the company Chromatek that produces a Stereoscopic effect based upon differences in the Diffraction of color


In the context of many computer games, 3D computer graphics refer to being composed of objects in a virtual 3-D world, not that they can be viewed in 3-D. 3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer For a stereoscopic 3-D games, as for everything else stereoscopic, two pictures (one for each eye), are needed.

History

Early patents and tests

The stereoscopic era of motion pictures began in the late 1890s when British film pioneer William Friese-Greene filed a patent for a 3-D movie process. The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the " Mauve Decade" because William Henry Perkin 's aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that William Friese-Greene ( September 7, 1855 &ndash May 5, 1921) (born William Edward Green) was a portrait Photographer and In his patent, two films were projected side by side on screen. The viewer looked through a stereoscope to converge the two images. Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional imaging is any technique capable of recording three-dimensional visual Because of the obtrusive mechanics behind this method, theatrical use was not practical. [1]

Frederick Eugene Ives patented his stereo camera rig in 1900. Frederick Eugene Ives (1856–1937 was a US inventor born at Litchfield, Connecticut. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar The camera had two lenses coupled together 1 3/4 inches apart. [2]

On June 10, 1915, Edwin S. Porter and William E. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Edwin Stanton Porter ( April 21, 1870 &ndash April 30, 1941) was an early film pioneer most famous as a director with Thomas Edison Waddell presented tests to an audience at the Astor Theater in New York City. The City of New York In red-green anaglyph, the audience was presented three reels of tests, which included rural scenes, test shots of Marie Doro, a segment of John Mason playing a number of passages from Jim the Penman (a film released by Famous Players-Lasky that year, but not in 3-D), Oriental dancers, and a reel of footage of Niagara Falls. Marie Doro ( May 25, 1882 - October 9, 1956) was an American stage actress and film Actress of the early John Mason may refer to John Mason (announcer, sports announcer for the Detroit Pistons basketball team John Mason (artist (b Famous Players-Lasky Corporation was an American Motion picture company formed in 1916 from the merger of Famous Players Film Company and the Jesse The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario [3] However, according to Adolph Zukor in his 1953 autobiography The Public Is Never Wrong: My 50 Years in the Motion Picture Industry, nothing was produced in this process after these tests. Adolf Zukor, born Adolph Cukor, ( January 7, 1873 &ndash June 10, 1976) was a film mogul and founder of Paramount

Early systems of stereoscopic filmmaking (pre-1952)

The earliest confirmed 3-D film shown to a paying audience was The Power of Love, which premiered at the Ambassador Hotel Theater in Los Angeles on September 27, 1922. The Ambassador Hotel was a landmark hotel in Los Angeles California and location of the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The camera rig was a product of the film's producer, Harry K. Fairall, and cinematographer Robert F. Elder. [1] It was projected dual-strip in the red/green anaglyph format, making it both the earliest known film that utilized dual strip projection and the earliest known film in which anaglyph glasses were used. [4] Whether Fairall used colored filters on the projection ports or whether he used tinted prints is unknown, but it is the first documented instance of dual-strip projection. Film tinting is the process of adding color to black and white film usually by means of soaking the film in dye and staining the film Emulsion After a preview for exhibitors and press in New York City, the film dropped out of sight, apparently not booked by exhibitors, and is now considered lost. The City of New York A lost film is a Feature film or Short film that no longer exists in either studio archives or private collections

Early in December 1922, William Van Doren Kelley cashed in on the growing interest in 3-D films started by Fairall's demonstration and shot footage with a camera system of his own design. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Kelley then struck a deal with Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel to premiere the first in his series of "Plasticon" shorts entitled Movies of the Future at the Rivoli Theater in New York City . Samuel Lionel "Roxy" Rothafel ( 9 July 1882, Stillwater Minnesota - 13 January 1936, New York City) was a showman [5]

Kelley, who was primarily a producer of color films, used his color system, Prizma, to print his anaglyph films. The Prizma Color system was a technique of color Motion picture photography invented in 1913 by William Van Doren Kelley. In early 1923, he shopped around a second Plasticon entitled Through the Trees - Washington D. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. C. , shot by William T. Crespinel, which consisted of stereoscopic views of Washington, D.C., but found no buyers. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D [5]

A detail from an article about the Teleview system, created by Hammond and Cassidy. Only one feature was ever produced with the system.
A detail from an article about the Teleview system, created by Hammond and Cassidy. Teleview was a process for producing stereoscopic motion pictures, invented in 1922 by Cornell University graduates Laurens Hammond and Only one feature was ever produced with the system.

Also in December 1922, Laurens Hammond (later inventor of the Hammond organ) and William F. Laurens Hammond ( January 11, 1895 &ndash July 3, 1973) was an Engineer and Inventor. The Hammond organ is an electric organ which was invented by Laurens Hammond in 1934 and manufactured by the Hammond Organ Company Cassidy unveiled their Teleview system. Teleview was a process for producing stereoscopic motion pictures, invented in 1922 by Cornell University graduates Laurens Hammond and Teleview was the earliest alternate-frame sequencing form of projection. Through the use of two interlocked projectors, alternating left/right frames were projected one after another in rapid succession. Synchronized viewers attached to the arm-rests of the seats in the theater open and closed at the same time, and took advantage of the viewer's persistence of vision, thereby creating a true stereoscopic image. Persistence of vision is the phenomenon of the eye by which even nanoseconds of exposure to an image result in milliseconds of reaction (sight from the retina to the optic nerves The only theater known to have installed this system was the Selwyn Theater in New York. Only one show was ever produced for the system, a groups of shorts and the only Teleview feature The Man From M. A. R. S. (later re-released as Radio-Mania) on 27 December 1922 in New York City. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [6]

In 1923, Frederick Eugene Ives and Jacob Leventhal began releasing their first stereoscopic shorts made over a three-year period. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first film entitled, Plastigrams, which was distributed nationally by Educational Pictures in the red/blue anaglyph format. For the current and unrelated company of the same name see Educational Pictures (image archive Ives and Leventhal then went on to produce the following stereoscopic shorts in the "Stereoscopiks Series" for Pathé Films in 1925: Zowie (April 10), Luna-cy (May 18), The Run-Away Taxi (December 17) and Ouch (December 17). This article deals with the Pathé movie company For their music business see Pathé Records. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [7]

The late 1920s to early 1930s saw little to no interest in stereoscopic pictures, largely due to the Great Depression. In Paris, Louis Lumiere shot footage with his stereoscopic camera in September of 1933. The following year, in March 1934, he premiered his remake of his 1895 film L'Arrivée du Train, this time in anaglyphic 3-D.

In 1936, Leventhal and John Norling were hired based on their test footage to film MGM's Audioscopiks series. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The prints were by Technicolor in the red/green anaglyph format, and were narrated by Pete Smith. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation Pete Smith (born Peter Schmidt September 4, 1892, New York City - January 12, 1979, Santa Monica California The first film, Audioscopiks, premiered January 11, 1936 and The New Audioscopiks premiered January 15, 1938. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Audioscopiks was nominated for the Academy Award for Short Film - Novelty in 1936. The Academy Award for Short Film - Novelty was awarded from 1932 to 1935 Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

With the success of the two Audioscopiks films, MGM produced one more short in anaglyph 3-D, another Pete Smith Specialty called Third Dimensional Murder (1941). Unlike its predecessors, this short was shot with a studio-built camera rig. Prints were by Technicolor in red/blue anaglyph. The short is notable for being one of the few live-action appearances of the Frankenstein Monster as conceived by Jack Pierce for Universal Studios outside of their company. Jack Pierce ( May 5, 1889 in Greece &ndash July 19, 1968) born Janus Piccoulas was a Hollywood Make-up artist Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American

While many of these films were printed by color systems, none of them was actually in color, and the use of the color printing was only to achieve an anaglyph effect.

Introduction of Polaroid

While attending Harvard University in 1926, Edwin H. Land conceived the idea of reducing glare by polarizing light. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Edwin Herbert Land ( May 7 1909  &ndash March 1 1991) was an American Scientist and inventor. Glare is difficulty seeing in the presence of bright Light such as direct or reflected Sunlight or artificial light such as car Headlamps at night Polarization ( ''Brit'' polarisation) is a property of Waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations He took a leave of absence from Harvard to set up a lab and by 1929 had invented and patented a polarizing sheet. Leave of absence (LOA is a term used to describe a period of time that one is to be away from his/her primary job while maintaining the status of employee. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [8] In 1932, he introduced Polaroid J Sheet as a commercial product. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. [9] While his original intention was to create a filter for reducing glare from car headlights, Land did not underestimate the utility of his newly dubbed Polaroid filters in stereoscopic presentations. For the Polaroid instant camera see Instant camera. For the company see Polaroid Corporation.

In January 1936, Land gave the first demonstration of Polaroid filters in conjunction with 3-D photography at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel is a famously luxurious hotel in New York The reaction was enthusiastic, and he followed it up with an installation at the New York Museum of Science. It is unknown what film was run for audiences with this installation.

Using Polaroid filters meant an entirely new set-up, however. Two prints, each carrying either the right or left eye, had to be synced up in projection using an external selsyn motor. A synchro or "selsyn" is a type of rotary electrical Transformer that is used for measuring the angle of a rotating machine such as an antenna platform Furthermore, polarized light would not register on a matte white screen, and only a silver screen or screen made of other reflective material would correctly reflect the separate images. A silver screen, also known as a silver lenticular screen, is a type of projection screen that was popular in the early years of the Motion picture industry and is

Later that year, the feature, Nozze Vagabonde appeared in Italy, followed by the first color 3-D feature, Zum Greifen Nah which premiered in Germany the following year. It is unknown whether or not these films took advantage of the Polaroid filter system in projection, but the possibility is present.

In 1939, John Norling shot In Tune With Tomorrow, the first Polaroid 3-D film shown for a paying audience in the US. This short premiered at the 1939 New York World's Fair and was created specifically for the Chrysler Motor Pavilion. The 1939-40 New York World's Fair, Flushing Meadows-Corona Park (also the location of the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair) was one of the largest In it, a full 1939 Chrysler Plymouth is magically put together, set to music. Originally in black and white, the film was so popular that it was re-shot in color for the following year at the fair, under the title New Dimensions. In 1953, it was reissued by RKO as Motor Rhythm. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Another early short that utilized the Polaroid 3-D process was 1940's Magic Movies: Thrills For You produced by the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Railroad, founded in 1846 for the Golden Gate International Exposition. Golden Gate International Exposition (1939 and 1940 was held at San Francisco California to celebrate two newly-built bridges Produced by John Norling, it was actually shot for him by Jacob Leventhal using his own rig. It consisted of shots of various views that could be seen on Pennsylvania Railroad's trains.

The 1940s was further hindered by World War II, and stereoscopic photography once again went on the back-burner in most producers' minds. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

The "golden era" (1952-1955)

What aficionados consider the "golden era" of 3-D began in 1952 with the release of the first color stereoscopic feature, Bwana Devil, produced, written and directed by Arch Oboler. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bwana Devil is a 1952 drama based on the true story of the Tsavo maneaters. Arch Oboler ( December 7, 1909 - March 19, 1987) was a scriptwriter novelist producer and director who was active in films radio and television The film was shot in Natural Vision, a process that was co-created and controlled by M. L. Gunzberg. Gunzberg, who built the rig with his brother, Julian, and two other associates, shopped it without success to various studios before Oboler used it for this feature, which went into production with the title, The Lions of Gulu. The film stars Robert Stack, Barbara Britton and Nigel Bruce. Robert Langford Modini Stack ( January 13, 1919 &ndash May 14, 2003) was an Emmy Award -winning and Academy Award - nominated Barbara Britton ( September 26, 1919 &ndash January 17, 1980) was a film and television actress Nigel Bruce ( February 4 1895 &ndash October 8 1953) was a British Character actor on stage and screen best known

As with practically all of the features made during this boom, Bwana Devil was projected dual-strip, with Polaroid filters. During the 1950s, the familiar disposable anaglyph glasses made of cardboard were mainly used for comic books, two shorts by exploitation specialist Dan Sonney, and three shorts produced by Lippert Productions. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Glasses, also called eyeglasses or spectacles, are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the Eyes normally for vision correction, Robert L Lippert (31 March 1909-10 November 1976 was a prolific film producer and cinema owner who eventually owned a chain of 118 theatres Biography Born in However, even the Lippert shorts were available in the dual-strip format alternatively.

Because the features utilized two projectors, a capacity limit of film being loaded onto each projector (about 6,000 feet, or an hour's worth of film) meant that an intermission was necessary for every movie. Quite often, intermission points were written into the script of the film at a major plot point.

During Christmas of 1952, producer Sol Lesser quickly premiered the dual-strip showcase called Stereo Techniques in Chicago. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sol Lesser (born February 17, 1890 in Spokane Washington – September 19, 1980 in Hollywood California) was an Academy Lesser acquired the rights to five dual-strip shorts. Two of them, Now is the Time (to Put On Your Glasses) and Around is Around, were directed by Norman McLaren in 1951 for the National Film Board of Canada. Norman McLaren, C C, C Q (b April 11 1914 - d January 27 1987) was a Scottish-born Canadian Animator The National Film Board of Canada (usually National Film Board or NFB) is Canada's public film producer and distributor The other three films were produced in Britain for Festival of Britain in 1951 by Raymond Spottiswoode. The Festival of Britain was a national exhibition which opened in London and around Britain in May 1951 These were A Solid Explanation, Royal River, and The Black Swan.

James Mage was also an early pioneer in the 3-D craze. Using his 16mm 3-D Bolex system, he premiered his Triorama program on February 10, 1953 with his four shorts: Sunday In Stereo, Indian Summer, American Life, and This is Bolex Stereo. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This show is considered lost.

Another early 3-D film during the boom was the Lippert Productions short, A Day in the Country, narrated by Joe Besser and composed mostly of test footage. Joe Besser ( August 12, 1907 &ndash March 1, 1988) was an American comedian known for his impish humor and is now best remembered for his Unlike all of the other Lippert shorts, which were available in both dual-strip and anaglyph, this production was released in anaglyph only.

April of 1953 saw two groundbreaking features in 3-D: Columbia's Man In the Dark and Warner Bros. House of Wax, the first 3-D feature with stereophonic sound. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. }} Columbia Pictures Industries Inc is an American Film production and distribution company Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and House of Wax is a 1953 American Horror film starring Vincent Price. Stereophonic sound, commonly called stereo, is the reproduction of Sound, using two or more independent audio channels through a Symmetrical House of Wax, outside of Cinerama, was the first time many American audiences heard recorded stereophonic sound. Cinerama is the trademarked name for a Widescreen process which works by simultaneously projecting images from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge deeply-curved It was also the film that typecast Vincent Price as a horror star as well as the "King of 3-D" after he became the actor to star in the most 3-D features ( the others were The Mad Magician, Dangerous Mission, and Son of Sinbad ). Vincent Leonard Price Jr ( May 27 1911 &ndash October 25 1993) was an American Film Actor, remembered The Mad Magician was a 1954 horror film starring Vincent Price and Eva Gabor. Dangerous Mission is a 1954 American dramatic thriller film starring Victor Mature, Piper Laurie, Vincent Son of Sinbad is a 1955 American film directed by Ted Tetzlaff. The success of these two films proved that major studios now had a method of getting moviegoers back into theaters and away from television sets, which were causing a steady decline in attendance.

The Walt Disney Studios waded into 3-D with its May 28, 1953 release of Melody, which accompanied the first 3-D western, Columbia's Fort Ti at its Los Angeles opening. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It was later shown at Disneyland's Fantasyland Theater in 1957 as part of a program with Disney's other short Working for Peanuts, entitled, 3-D Jamboree. Working for Peanuts is a 1953 Animated short produced by Walt Disney. The show was hosted by the Mousketeers and was in color.

Universal-International released their first 3-D feature on May 27, 1953, It Came from Outer Space, with stereophonic sound. Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It Came from Outer Space is a 1953 Science Fiction 3-D film directed by Jack Arnold, and starring Richard Carlson, Following that was Paramount's first feature, Sangaree with Fernando Lamas and Arlene Dahl. Fernando Álvaro Lamas (January 9 1915 Buenos Aires, Argentina – October 8 1982 Los Angeles, California) was an Argentina -born Arlene Dahl (born August 11, 1925) is an American Movie actress who achieved notability during the 1950s

Columbia produced several 3-D westerns produced by Sam Katzman and directed by William Castle. Sam Katzman ( July 7, 1901 – August 4, 1973) was an American Film producer. William Castle ( April 24, 1914 &ndash May 31, 1977) was an American Film director, producer, and Castle would later specialize in various technical in-theater gimmicks for such Columbia features as 13 Ghosts, House on Haunted Hill, and The Tingler. House on Haunted Hill ( 1959) is a Horror film directed by William Castle, written by Robb White, and starring Vincent Price The Tingler is a 1959 horror - Thriller film by the American producer and director William Castle Columbia also produced the only slapstick comedies conceived for 3-D. The Three Stooges starred in Spooks and Pardon My Backfire; dialect comic Harry Mimmo starred in Down the Hatch. The Three Stooges were an American Vaudeville and Comedy act of the early to mid–20th century best known for their numerous Short subject films Producer Jules White was optimistic about the possibilities of 3-D as applied to slapstick (with pies and other projectiles aimed at the audience), but only two of his stereoscopic shorts were shown in 3-D. Jules White born Jules Weiss ( 17 September 1900 - 30 April 1985) was a movie director and producer Down the Hatch was released as a conventional, "flat" motion picture. (Columbia has since printed Down the Hatch in 3-D for film festivals. )

John Ireland, Joanne Dru and Macdonald Carey starred in the Jack Broder color production Hannah Lee, which premiered June 19, 1953. John Ireland may refer to John Ireland (theologian (1440&ndash1495 Scottish theologian and Rector of the Sorbonne John Ireland (martyr Joanne Dru ( January 31, 1922 – September 10, 1996) was an American Film and Television actress. Edward Macdonald Carey ( March 15, 1913 – March 21, 1994) was an American Actor, best known for his role as the Patriarch Realart Pictures was a motion picture re-releasing organization started in 1948 by Jack Broder and Joseph Harris Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The film was directed by Ireland, who sued Broder for his salary. Broder countersued, claiming that Ireland went over production costs with the film.

Another famous entry in the golden era of 3-D was the 3 Dimensional Pictures production of Robot Monster. Robot Monster is a 1953 Science fiction B-movie made in 3-D by Phil Tucker. The film was allegedly scribed in an hour by screenwriter Wyott Ordung and filmed in a period of two weeks on a shoestring budget. Despite these shortcomings and the fact that the crew had no previous experience with the newly-built camera rig, luck was on the cinematographer's side, as many find the 3-D photography in the film is well shot and aligned. Robot Monster also has a notable score by then up-and-coming composer Elmer Bernstein. Elmer Bernstein ( April 4 1922 - 18 August 2004) was an Academy and two-time Golden Globe award winning American The film was released June 24, 1953 and went out with the short Stardust in Your Eyes, which starred nightclub comedian, Slick Slavin. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

20th Century Fox produced their only 3-D feature, Inferno, starring Rhonda Fleming. Rhonda Fleming (born Marilyn Louis in Hollywood California, August 10 1923 is an American Motion picture and Television actress Fleming, who also starred in Those Redheads from Seattle, and Jivaro, shares the spot for being the actress to appear in the most 3-D features with Patricia Medina, who starred in Sangaree, Phantom of the Rue Morgue and Drums of Tahiti. Darryl F. Zanuck expressed little interest in stereoscopic systems, and at that point was preparing to premiere the new widescreen film system, CinemaScope. Darryl Francis Zanuck ( September 5, 1902 &ndash December 22, 1979) was an Academy Award -winning producer, Writer CinemaScope was a Widescreen movie format used from 1953 to 1967

The first decline in the theatrical 3-D craze started in the late summer/early fall of 1953. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The factors causing this decline were:

Because projection booth operators were at many times careless, even at preview screenings of 3-D films, trade and newspaper critics claimed that certain films were "hard on the eyes. "

Sol Lesser attempted to follow up Stereo Techniques with a new showcase, this time five shorts that he himself produced. The project was to be called The 3-D Follies and was to be distributed by RKO. Unfortunately, because of financial difficulties and the growing disinterest in 3-D, Lesser cancelled the project during the summer of 1953, making it the first 3-D film to be aborted in production. Two of the three shorts were shot: Carmenesque, a burlesque number starring exotic dancer Lili St. Cyr. Lili St Cyr ( June 3, 1917 or 1918 &ndash January 29, 1999) was a prominent American Burlesque Stripper and Fun in the Sun, a sports short directed by famed set designer/director William Cameron Menzies, who also directed the 3-D feature The Maze for Allied Artists. William Cameron Menzies ( July 29, 1896 - March 5, 1957) was an Academy Award -winning American Film

Although it was more expensive to install, the major competing realism process was anamorphic, first utilized by Fox with Cinemascope and its September premiere in The Robe. Anamorphic format is a term that can be used either for the Cinematography technique of capturing a Widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film, or other CinemaScope was a Widescreen movie format used from 1953 to 1967 The Robe is a 1953 Biblical Epic film that tells the story of a Roman tribune who commands the unit that crucifies Jesus Anamorphic features needed only a single print, so synchronization was not an issue. Cinerama was also a competitor from the start and had better quality control than 3-D because it was owned by one company that focussed on quality control. However, most of the 3-D features past the summer of 1953 were released in the flat widescreen formats ranging from 1. A widescreen image is a film computer or television image with a wider and shorter aspect ratio than the standard Academy frame developed during the Classical 66:1 to 1. 85:1. In early studio advertisements and articles about widescreen and 3-D formats, widescreen systems were referred to as "3-D," causing some confusion among scholars.

There was no single instance of combining Cinemascope with 3-D until 1960, with a film called September Storm, and even then, that was a blow-up from a non-anamorphic negative. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. September Storm also went out with the last dual-strip short, Space Attack, which was actually shot in 1954 under the title The Adventures of Sam Space. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar)

In December 1953, 3-D made a comeback with the release of several important 3-D films, including MGM's musical Kiss Me, Kate. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kiss Me Kate is the 1953 MGM film adaptation of the Broadway musical of the same name. Kate was the hill over which 3-D had to pass to survive. MGM tested it in six theaters: three in 3-D and three flat. According to trade ads of the time, the 3-D version was so well-received that the film quickly went into a wide stereoscopic release. However, most publications, including Kenneth Macgowan's classic film reference book Behind the Screen, state that the film did much better as a "regular" release. Kenneth Macgowan ( 30 November 1888, Winthrop Massachusetts - 27 April 1963, West Los Angeles) began his career as a drama The film, based on the popular Samuel and Bella Spewack musical, starred the MGM songbird team of Howard Keel and Kathryn Grayson as the leads, supported by Ann Miller, Keenan Wynn, Bobby Van, James Whitmore, Kurt Kasznar and Tommy Rall. Howard Keel, born Harold Clifford Keel ( April 13, 1919 &ndash November 7, 2004) was an American Actor WikipediaWikiProject_Opera#Infoboxes --> Kathryn Grayson (born February 9, 1922) is an American actress Ann Miller (April 12 1923 – January 22 2004 was an American dancer singer and actress Keenan Wynn ( July 27, 1916 – October 14, 1986) was an American Character actor and member of a well-known show-business Bobby Van ( December 6, 1928 &ndash July 31, 1980) was a musical Actor probably best known for his career on James Allen Whitmore Jr (born October 1, 1921) is an American two-time Academy Award -nominated Emmy - and Golden Globe Thomas E "Tommy" Rall (b December 27 1929, Kansas City Missouri) is an American Ballet dancer, Tap dancer and The film also prominently promoted its use of stereophonic sound.

Several other features that helped put 3-D back on the map that month were the John Wayne feature Hondo (distributed by Warner Bros. Hondo is a 1953 Western film starring John Wayne. It is somewhat a retelling of Hamlet, in that Hondo kills a young boy's father marries ), Columbia's Miss Sadie Thompson with Rita Hayworth, and Paramount's Money From Home with Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. Rita Hayworth (October 17 1918 &ndash May 14 1987 born Margarita Carmen Cansino was a Spanish-American actress who rose to stardom in the 1940s as the era's leading Sex symbol Dean Martin (born Dino Paul Crocetti; June 7 1917 &ndash December 25 1995 was an American Singer, Film Actor, television personality Jerry Lewis (born March 16, 1926) is an American Comedian, award-winning actor producer writer and director best-known for his slapstick Paramount also released the cartoon shorts Boo Moon with Casper, the Friendly Ghost and Popeye, Ace of Space with Popeye the Sailor. Casper the Friendly Ghost is the Protagonist of the Famous Studios theatrical animated cartoon series of the same name Popeye the Sailor Man is a fictional hero famous for appearing in comic strips and animated films as well as numerous TV shows Paramount Pictures released a 3-D Korean War film Cease Fire filmed on actual Korean locations in 1953. Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the

Top Banana, based on the popular stage musical with Phil Silvers, was brought to the screen with the original cast. Top Banana is a 1954 United Artists movie musical based on the musical of the same title starring Phil Silvers. Top Banana is a 1951 musical produced by Paula Stone and Mike Sloane that won comedian Phil Silvers a Tony award in 1952 Phil Silvers ( May 11, 1911 &ndash November 1, 1985) was an American entertainer and Comedy actor Although it was merely a filmed stage production, the idea was that every audience member would feel they would have the best seat in the house through color photography and 3-D. Although the film was shot and edited in 3-D, United Artists, the distributor, felt the production was uneconomical in stereoscopic form and released the film flat on January 27, 1954. This article is about the film studio Previously it was affiliated with a cinema chain bearing its name now owned by Regal Entertainment Group. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) It remains one of two "Golden era" 3- D features, along with another United Artists feature, Southwest Passage (with John Ireland and Joanne Dru), that are currently considered lost (although flat versions survive).

A string of successful 3-D movies followed the second wave. Some highlights are:

3-D's final decline was in the late spring of 1954, for the same reasons as the previous lull, as well as the further success of widescreen formats with theater operators. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Even though Polaroid had created a well-designed "Tell-Tale Filter Kit" for the purpose of recognizing and adjusting out of sync and phase 3-D, exhibitors still felt uncomfortable with the system and turned their focus instead to processes such as CinemaScope. The last 3-D feature to be released in that format during the "Golden era" was Revenge of the Creature, on February 23, 1955. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Ironically, the film had a wide release in 3-D and was well received at the box office.

Revival (1960-1979) in single strip format

Stereoscopic films largely remained dormant for the first part of the 1960s, with those that were released usually being anaglyph exploitation films. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 One film of notoriety was the Beaver-Champion/Warner Bros. production, The Mask (1961). The Mask (also known as Eyes of Hell) is a 1961 Low-budget Canadian Horror film produced in 3-D by Warner Bros The film was shot in 2-D, but to enhance the bizarre qualities of the dream-world that is induced when the main character puts on a cursed tribal mask, the film went to anaglyph 3-D. These scenes were printed by Technicolor on their first run in red/green anaglyph.

Although 3-D films appeared sparsely during the early 1960s, the true second wave of 3-D cinema was set into motion with the same producer who started the craze of the 1950s. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Using a new technology called Space-Vision 3D, stereoscopic films were printed with two images, one above the other, in a single academy ratio frame, on a single strip, and needed only one projector fitted with a special lens. This so-called "over and under" technique eliminated the need for dual projector set-ups, and produced widescreen, but darker, less vivid, polarized 3-D images. Unlike earlier dual system, it could stay in perfect sync, unless improperly spliced in repair.

Arch Oboler once again had the vision for the system that no one else would touch, and put it to use on his film entitled The Bubble, which starred Michael Cole, Deborah Walley, and Johnny Desmond. Michael Sean Coulthard Due to his war zone experience in 1995 he was also selected to cover the aftermath of the bombing of the Alfred P Deborah Walley ( August 12, 1943 &ndash May 10, 2001) was an American Actress. Johnny Desmond ( November 14 1919 - September 6 1985) was an American popular singer As with Bwana Devil, the critics panned The Bubble, but audiences flocked to see it, and it became financially sound enough to promote the use of the system to other studios, particularly independents, who did not have the money for expensive dual-strip prints of their productions.

In 1970, Stereovision, A new entity, founded by director/inventor, Allan Silliphant, and optical designer Chris Condon, developed a different 35mm single-strip format, which printed two images squeezed side-by-side and used an anamorphic lens to widen the pictures through polaroid filters. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. See also [[stereoscopy]] In film the term 3-D (or 3D) is used to describe any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images The new process, could not go out of sync, in the side by side version. Louis K. Sher (Sherpix) and Stereovision released the softcore sex comedy The Stewardesses (self-rated X, but later re-rated R by the MPAA). The Stewardesses (1969 revised 1971 is the most profitable 3-D film in history grossing over $27000000 ( USD) in 1970 dollars on a budget The film cost $100,000 USD to produce, and ran for up to a year in several markets. eventually earning $27 million in North America, alone ($114 million in constant-2007 dollars) in fewer than 800 theaters, becoming the most profitable 3-Dimensional film to date, and in purely relative terms, one of the most profitable films, ever. It was later released in 70mm 3-D. 3-D legend Chris Condon, and Director Ed Meyer, are set to remake The Stewardesses, the most successful 3D film in history, in Real D in 2009. The Stewardesses (1969 revised 1971 is the most profitable 3-D film in history grossing over $27000000 ( USD) in 1970 dollars on a budget Some 36 films world-wide were made with Stereovision over 25 years, using either a widescreen (above-below) or the anamorphic (side by side) format or 70mm 3-D. 3-D has become a popular American tradition.

The quality of the following 3-D films were not much more inventive, as many were either softcore and even hardcore adult films, horror films, or a combination of both. Paul Morrisey's Flesh For Frankenstein (aka Andy Warhol's Frankenstein) was a superlative example of such a combination. Andy Warhol's Frankenstein is a 1973 Horror film directed by Paul Morrissey and produced by Andy Warhol, Andrew Braunsberg Andy Warhol's Frankenstein is a 1973 Horror film directed by Paul Morrissey and produced by Andy Warhol, Andrew Braunsberg


The revival's apex (1980-1984)

In the 1980s, IMAX (Large format-sideways running, 70mm) began offering non-fiction films in 3-D, starting with the 20-min. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and National Film Board of Canada production Transitions, created for Expo 86 in Vancouver. The National Film Board of Canada (usually National Film Board or NFB) is Canada's public film producer and distributor Transitions was the world's first IMAX film in 3D. It was created for Expo 86 in Vancouver. The 1986 World Exposition on Transportation and Communication or simply Expo '86 was a World's Fair held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal The first IMAX 3-D fiction film was the 45-minute Wings of Courage (1995), by director Jean-Jacques Annaud, about the author and pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. Wings of Courage ( 1995) is the world's first dramatic picture shot in the IMAX -format Jean-Jacques Annaud (born October 1, 1943) is a French Film director. Antoine de Saint Exupéry (ɑ̃twan də sɛ̃tɛgzypeˈʀi ( June 29, 1900 — July 31, 1944) was a French Writer and

Using the over-under process pioneered by SpaceVision, Hollywood's film-makers hit a craze comparable to that of the one thirty years previous. With the popularity of StereoVision re-issues of House of Wax and Dial M for Murder, newly inspired directors jumped the bandwagon in creating 3-D films geared towards newer, mainstream audiences. Some of these included:

3-D formats (1984-Present)

In 1998, with the release of KISS's highly anticipated come-back album Psycho Circus, they released the first 3-D music video for the title track Psycho Circus. Amityville 3D (also known as Amityville III The Demon) is the third film in The Amityville Horror movie saga released in 3D Comin' at Ya! is a 3-D Western Film, featuring Tony Anthony, Victoria Abril and Gene Quintano and directed Treasure of the Four Crowns is an action adventure film featuring Tony Anthony, Ana Obregón, Gene Quintano and Francisco Rabal and directed by Friday the 13th Part III is the third film in the Friday the 13th series Jaws 3-D (also known as Jaws 3) is a 1983 horror &ndash Thriller film directed by Joe Alves and starring The Man Who Wasn't There is a 2001 Neo-noir film written and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. Metalstorm The Destruction of Jared-Syn is a 1983 Science fiction movie starring Jeffrey Byron, Michael Preston, Tim Parasite is a 1982 horror/science fiction film starring Demi Moore in her first major film role Spacehunter Adventures in the Forbidden Zone is a 1983 pulp action-comedy Science fiction film Starchaser The Legend of Orin is a 1985 animated movie It was written by animation writer Jeffrey Scott and was originally released in 3-D Psycho Circus is a 1998 album by the American Hard rock band Kiss.

In 2003, James Cameron's Ghosts of the Abyss was released as the first full-length 3-D IMAX feature filmed with the Reality Camera System. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Ghosts of the Abyss is a 2003 documentary film released by Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media. This camera system used the latest HDTV video cameras, not film, and was built for Cameron to his specifications. The same camera system was used to film Spy Kids 3D: Game Over (2003), Aliens of the Deep IMAX (2005), and The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005). Spy Kids 3-D Game Over ( Spy Kids 3 Game Over on VHS releases Pay-Per-View and pay channels Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Aliens of the Deep is a 2005 Documentary film, directed by Academy Award winner James Cameron and Steven Quale Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl is a 2005 Family film by Robert Rodriguez, the writer producer and director of Spy Kids Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In November 2004, Polar Express was released as IMAX's first full-length, animated 3-D feature. November 2004: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September The Polar Express is a 2004 Academy Award -nominated feature film based on the children's book of the same title by Chris Van It was released in over 3,550 theaters in 2D, and only 62 IMAX locations. The return from those few 3-D theaters was about 25% of the total. The 3-D version earned about 14 times as much per screen as the 2D version. This has prompted a greatly intensified interest in 3-D and 3-D presentation of animated films.

In November 2005, Walt Disney Studio Entertainment released Chicken Little in the new digital 3-D format known as REAL D, utilizing one digital projector alternating clockwise and counterclockwise polarized images at 144 frames per second. PortalCurrent events News collections and sources See WikipediaNews collections and sources. Disney Digital 3-D is a brand used by the The Walt Disney Company to describe digitally animated three-dimensional films shown exclusively using Digital projection Glasses are worn that diffuse each circular polarization for one of the eyes so that a 3-D effect is achieved. The use of circular polarization improves on the older technique of linear polarization in that there is no ghosting or leakage and the viewers can tilt their head without affecting the 3-D effects. In Electrodynamics, circular polarization (also circular polarisation) of Electromagnetic radiation is a Polarization such that the tip of the In Electrodynamics, linear polarization or plane polarization of Electromagnetic radiation is a confinement of the Electric field vector or Following the successful financial gross of the film, further animated films in 3-D have been introduced, including The Polar Express, Monster House, Meet the Robinsons, Beowulf, U2 3D, and the re-release with REAL D treatment ofThe Nightmare Before Christmas. For the film see The Polar Express (film. The Polar Express is a 1985 Children's book (ISBN 0-86264-143-8 Monster House is an American 2006 computer animated horror film released on July 21, 2006. Meet the Robinsons is a Computer-animated 2007 Film and the 46th Animated feature produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios Beowulf is a 2007 Performance capture Action film based on the Old English epic poem of the same name. U2 3D is a 2008 Concert film by Irish rock band U2, featuring footage from the band's 2006 Vertigo Tour. The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 stop-motion Fantasy Future REAL D releases will include Monsters vs. Aliens, Horrorween (2009), The Stewardesses (remake)(2009). Monsters vs Aliens is a computer-animated 3-D feature film scheduled for a March 27, 2009 release from DreamWorks Animation. Horrorween is a 2009 Comedy Film and Horror Film directed by Joe Estevez and written by Mike Muscat and Ed Meyer The Stewardesses (1969 revised 1971 is the most profitable 3-D film in history grossing over $27000000 ( USD) in 1970 dollars on a budget

The 3D technology currently used worldwide is based on the methods and inventions of Félix Bodrossy, who did not patent his methods, as these are still considered the most up-to-date. (Source in Hungarian, reference in Dutch)

The World 3-D Exposition

In September 2003, Sabucat Productions organized the first World 3-D Exposition, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original craze. September 2003: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September The Expo was held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre. Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California is one of the world's most famous movie theatres Opened in 1922 During the two-week festival, over 30 of the 50 "golden era" stereoscopic features (as well as shorts) were screened, many coming from the collection of film historian and archivist Robert Furmanek, who had spent the previous 15 years painstakingly tracking down and preserving each film to its original glory. In attendance were many stars from each film, respectively, and some were moved to tears by the sold-out seating with audiences of film buffs from all over the world who came to remember their previous glories.

In May 2006, the second World 3-D Exposition was announced for September of that year, presented by the 3-D Film Preservation Fund. May 2006 was a month with thirty-one days The following events also occurred during the month The 3-D Film Preservation Fund (or 3DFPF) is a 501(c3 non profit corporation dedicated to the preservation of stereoscopic motion pictures. Along with the favorites of the previous exposition were newly discovered features and shorts, and like the previous Expo, guests from each film. Expo II was announced as being the local for the world premiere of several films never before seen in 3-D, including The Diamond Wizard and the Universal short, Hawaiian Nights with Mamie Van Doren and Pinky Lee. Mamie Van Doren (born February 6, 1931 some sources say 1933 is an American actress and Sex symbol. Pinky Lee ( May 2, 1907, Saint Paul Minnesota &ndash April 3, 1993, Mission Viejo California) born Pincus Leff Other "re-premieres" of films not seen since their original release in stereoscopic form included Cease Fire!, Taza, Son of Cochise, Wings of the Hawk, and Those Redheads From Seattle. Also shown were the long-lost shorts Carmenesque and A Day in the Country (both 1953) and William Van Doren Kelley's two Plasticon shorts (1922 and 1923).

Several scenes from The Dark Knight have been filmed in a 3D format for IMAX distribution which will be released in late July 2008. The Dark Knight is a 2008 American Superhero film directed and co-written by Christopher Nolan.

New developments (2006-2007)

Through the entire history of 3D presentations, techniques to convert existing 2D images for 3D presentation have existed. Few have been effective or survived. The combination of digital and digitized source material with relatively cost effective digital post processing has spawned a new wave of conversion products. In June 2006, IMAX and Warner Brothers released Superman Returns including 20 minutes of 3-D images converted from the 2-D original digital footage. IMAX (short for Image MAXimum is a Film format created by Canada 's IMAX Corporation that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Superman Returns is a 2006 Academy Award -nominated Superhero film based on the fictional DC Comics character George Lucas has announced that he may re-release his Star Wars films in 3-D based on a conversion process from the company In-Three. George Walton Lucas Jr (born May 14, 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer, Screenwriter Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded

James Cameron (Titanic) intends to shoot his new films Avatar and Battle Angel in digital 3-D. Avatar is an upcoming 3-D Science fiction film directed by James Cameron, due to be released on December 18 2009 Filming will use HDTV cameras and the Fusion Camera System.

Animated films Open Season, and The Ant Bully, were released in IMAX 3D in 2006. Open Season is a 2006 computer-animated Film produced by Sony Pictures Animation and directed by Roger Allers, Jill The Ant Bully (ISBN 0590395912 is a 1999 Children's book drawn and written by John Nickle Monster House and The Nightmare Before Christmas were released in REAL D Cinema digital 3D in 2006. Monster House is an American 2006 computer animated horror film released on July 21, 2006. The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 stop-motion Fantasy

In late 2005 Steven Spielberg told the press he was involved in patenting a 3-D cinema system that does not need glasses, and which is based on plasma screens. Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. A computer splits each film-frame, and then projects the two split images onto the screen at differing angles, to be picked up by tiny angled ridges on the screen. (Spielberg is co-producer of the film Monster House but the potential process was not used for the current release of Monster House. )

January 30, 2007 SPIE Stereoscopic Displays and Applications Conference - Jason Goodman a CEO of New York City based stereoscopic production company 21st Century 3D [1] announced two new additions to their lineup of three dimensional digital camera systems. Their standard system is currently the worlds smallest and lightest, HI-DEF, stereoscopic 3D camera system. The additions are 3DVX–H and 3D-SSR which is a solid state stereoscopic recorder that directly interfaces with the 3DVX3, 3DVX3. 5 or 3DVX–H.

The 5th Harry Potter film, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, was released in IMAX theatres in July 2007 with 20 minutes of 3-D images. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 fantasy adventure Film, based on the novel of the same name by

In October 2006 it was announced that Beowulf would be shown in a 3-D format as well as the 35mm format. Beowulf is a 2007 Performance capture Action film based on the Old English epic poem of the same name.

Horrorween to be released in 2009, will also be in Real D 3-D. Horrorween is a 2009 Comedy Film and Horror Film directed by Joe Estevez and written by Mike Muscat and Ed Meyer

Final Destination 4 to be released in 2009, will also be in Real 3-D

The Stewardesses, the most profitable 3D film in history, is set to be remade in Real D, to be released in 2009. Final Destination 4 is the upcoming installment to the ''Final Destination'' Supernatural thriller franchise The Stewardesses (1969 revised 1971 is the most profitable 3-D film in history grossing over $27000000 ( USD) in 1970 dollars on a budget

Disney's wide release of "Meet the Robinsons"

On March 30, 2007 the first truly wide release of an animation film in digital 3D took place. Meet the Robinsons is a Computer-animated 2007 Film and the 46th Animated feature produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios The Disney film used the Real D technology, which utilizes polarized glasses. RealD Cinema is a digital 3D Stereoscopic projection technology which does not require two projectors unlike some older 3D stereoscopic projection technology Polarized 3D glasses create the illusion of three-dimensional images by restricting the light that reaches each Eye, an example of Stereoscopy. More than 600 theaters were equipped to run the new digital stereo format. Disney is hoping this will become an animation mainstay, just as their use of Technicolor for Snow White, 1937, changed the face of animation and the movies, in general. Snow White (in Low German Sneewittchen; in High German Schneeweißchen) is the title character of a Fairy tale known from many countries in

3-D TVs, Monitors and Viewing Devices

In November 2002 Sharp announced a number of developments in parallax barrier type autostereoscopic 3D displays. () is a Japanese Electronics manufacturer founded in 1912 It takes its name from one of its founder's first inventions the Ever-Sharp Mechanical pencil, which A parallax barrier is a device to allow a Liquid crystal display to show a three dimensional image without the need for the viewer to wear glasses. Autostereoscopy is a method of displaying three-dimensional images that can be viewed without the use of special headgear or glasses on the part of the user The key technology was a switchable LC (Liquid Crystal) sited at the rear of a normal LCD, in front of the backlight. This allows on the fly 2D/3D switching. The first public demonstration was shown at CEATEC 2002. Sharp also announced the creation of a 3D Consortium, [2]. Sharp launched multiple products based on this technology, including mobile phones (NTT Docomo SH251iS [10] in 2002, SH505i [11] in 2003), 3D laptops (RD-3D [12], AL-3D[13]) and a desktop monitor (LL-1513D[14]). The 3D technology had been developed over many years at Sharp Laboratories of Europe. [15]

In March 2005 German Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications demonstrated fully functional 30-inch 3D monitors with a resolution of 1600 by 1200 pixels at the CeBIT in Hannover (Germany). The Fraunhofer Society (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is a German research organization with 58 institutes spread throughout Germany each focusing on different fields of applied A 3D display is any Display device capable of conveying three-dimensional images to the viewer CeBIT ( Ce ntrum der B üro- und I nformations' t' echnik; German for "Centre of Office and Information technology" is the Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Visitors of the CeBIT were shown 3-dimensional objects and films. [16][17][18]

Philips has developed a slanted lenticular type autostereoscopic multiview display named WOWvx. Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. Autostereoscopy is a method of displaying three-dimensional images that can be viewed without the use of special headgear or glasses on the part of the user WOWvx is a type of monitor screen and software tools manufactured by Philips which offers 3D images without glasses for several viewers at a time [19]

While the above displays do not require any additional viewing aids, such as special glasses they all suffer from some viewing position dependence. The development of 3D displays is far ahead of the development of live action (natural) 3D video content. Currently, the biggest challenge for persuading the public to adopt 3D display technology is the lack of content, particularly the incredibly difficult task of converting legacy 2D content to 3D.


Notes

  1. ^ a b Limbacher, James L. Four Aspects of the Film. 1968.
  2. ^ Norling, John A. "Basic Principles of 3-D Photography and Projection" New Screen Techniques, P. 48
  3. ^ Denig, Lynde. "Stereoscopic Pictures Screened" Moving Picture World, June 26, 1915, P. 2072.
  4. ^ "3-D Power" Article about the making of "The Power of Love" by Daniel L. Symmes
  5. ^ a b "3-D Lost and Found," by Daniel L. Symmes
  6. ^ "The Chopper," article by Daniel L. Symmes
  7. ^ SEZIONI99-REDISC-TECN
  8. ^ Instant History
  9. ^ Edwin Herbert Land
  10. ^ Sharp SH251iS 3D phone (Japanese)
  11. ^ Sharp SH505i 3D phone (Japanese)
  12. ^ Sharp RD-3D 3D laptop
  13. ^ Sharp intros 3D-enhanced Actius AL-3D notebook
  14. ^ Sharp ships 3D monitor
  15. ^ 2D/3D switchable displays (Sharp)
  16. ^ Physorg
  17. ^ Fraunhofer
  18. ^ Fraunhofer Press Release
  19. ^ Wired.com

See also

External links

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