2D computer graphics

2D computer graphics is the computer-based generation of digital images—mostly from two-dimensional models (such as 2D geometric models, text, and digital images) and by techniques specific to them. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary A 2D geometric model is a Geometric model of an object as two-dimensional figure usually on the Euclidean or Cartesian plane. The word may stand for the branch of computer science that comprises such techniques, or for the models themselves. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their

Raster graphic sprites (left) and masks (right)

2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, etc. In Computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap, is a Data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of Pixels In Computer graphics, a sprite (also known by other names see Synonyms below is a two-dimensional/three-dimensional Image or Animation that Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety A technical drawing is a form of graphic communication This type of Drawing is used in the transforming of an idea into physical form Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand . In those applications, the two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real-world object, but an independent artifact with added semantic value; two-dimensional models are therefore preferred, because they give more direct control of the image than 3D computer graphics (whose approach is more akin to photography than to typography). An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually 3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety

In many domains, such as desktop publishing, engineering, and business, a description of a document based on 2D computer graphics techniques can be much smaller than the corresponding digital image—often by a factor of 1/1000 or more. Desktop publishing (also known as DTP) combines a Personal computer and WYSIWYG page layout Software to create Publication Documents Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary This representation is also more flexible since it can be rendered at different resolutions to suit different output devices. Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by means of computer programs Image resolution describes the detail an Image holds The term applies equally to Digital images film images and other types of images An output device is any piece of Computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of Data processing carried out by an Information processing system For these reasons, documents and illustrations are often stored or transmitted as 2D graphic files. Image file formats are standardized means of organising and storing images

2D computer graphics started in the 1950s, based on vector graphics devices. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points lines, Curves and shapes or Polygon (s which are all based These were largely supplanted by raster-based devices in the following decades. In Computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap, is a Data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of Pixels The PostScript language and the X Window System protocol were landmark developments in the field. PostScript ( PS) is a dynamically typed concatenative Programming language created by John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982

1 2D graphics techniques
2 2D graphics hardware
3 2D graphics software
4 Developmental animation
5 See also

2D graphics techniques

2D graphics models may combine geometric models (also called vector graphics), digital images (also called raster graphics), text to be typeset (defined by content, font style and size, color, position, and orientation), mathematical functions and equations, and more. A 2D geometric model is a Geometric model of an object as two-dimensional figure usually on the Euclidean or Cartesian plane. Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points lines, Curves and shapes or Polygon (s which are all based A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary In Computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap, is a Data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of Pixels Typesetting involves the presentation of textual material in graphic form on Paper or some other medium. In Typography, a typeface is a set of one or more Fonts designed with stylistic unity each comprising a coordinated set of Glyphs A typeface usually comprises The Mathematical concept of a function expresses dependence between two quantities one of which is given (the independent variable, argument of the function An equation is a mathematical statement, in symbols, that two things are exactly the same (or equivalent These components can be modified and manipulated by two-dimensional geometric transformations such as translation, rotation, scaling. In Mathematics, a transformation could be any Function from a set X to itself In Euclidean geometry, a translation is moving every point a constant distance in a specified direction A rotation is a movement of an object in a circular motion A two- Dimensional object rotates around a center (or point) of rotation In Euclidean geometry, uniform scaling or Isotropic scaling is a Linear transformation that enlarges or diminishes objects the Scale factor

In object-oriented graphics, the image is described indirectly by an object endowed with a self-rendering method—a procedure which assigns colors to the image pixels by an arbitrary algorithm. Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points lines, Curves and shapes or Polygon (s which are all based In its simplest embodiment an object is an allocated region of storage Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by means of computer programs In Object-oriented programming, the term method refers to a Subroutine that is exclusively associated either with a class (called class methods In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image Complex models can be built by combining simpler objects, in the paradigms of object-oriented programming. Object-oriented programming (OOP is a Programming paradigm that uses " objects " and their interactions to design applications and computer programs

Direct painting

A convenient way to create a complex image is to start with a blank "canvas" raster map (an array of pixels, also known as a bitmap) filled with some uniform background color and then "draw", "paint" or "paste" simple patches of color onto it, in an appropriate order. In Computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap, is a Data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of Pixels In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image In Computer graphics, a bitmap or pixmap is a type of memory organization or Image file format used to store Digital images The Web colors are Colors used in designing web pages and the methods for describing and specifying those colors In particular, the canvas may be the frame buffer for a computer display. A framebuffer is a video output device that drives a video display from a memory buffer containing a complete frame of data A visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of Electrical equipment which displays images generated from the Video

Some programs will set the pixel colors directly, but most will rely on some 2D graphics library and/or the machine's graphics card, which usually implement the following operations:

paste a given image at a specified offset onto the canvas;
write a string of characters with a specified font, at a given position and angle;
paint a simple geometric shape, such as a triangle defined by three corners, or a circle with given center and radius;
draw a line segment, arc, or simple curve with a virtual pen of given width. A graphics library is a program designed to aid in rendering Computer graphics to a monitor A video card, also known as a graphics accelerator card, display adapter, or graphics card, is a hardware component whose function is to A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary The shape ( OE sceap Eng created thing) of an object located in some space refers to the part of space occupied by the object as determined A triangle is one of the basic Shapes of Geometry: a Polygon with three corners or vertices and three sides or edges which are Line Circles are simple Shapes of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which are at a constant Distance, called the In Geometry, a line segment is a part of a line that is bounded by two distinct end points, and contains every point on the line between its end points

Extended color models

Text, shapes and lines are rendered with a client-specified color. Many libraries and cards provide color gradients, which are handy for the generation of smoothly-varying backgrounds, shadow effects, etc. . (See also Gouraud shading). Gouraud shading, named after Henri Gouraud, is a method used in Computer graphics to simulate the differing effects of light and colour across the surface of The pixel colors can also be taken from a texture, e. g. a digital image (thus emulating rub-on screentones and the fabled "checker paint" which used to be available only in cartoons). A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary Screentone is a technique for applying textures and Shades to Drawings used as an alternative to Hatching. The word cartoon has various meanings based on several very different forms of Visual art and Illustration.

Painting a pixel with a given color usually replaces its previous color. In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image However, many systems support painting with transparent and translucent colors, which only modify the previous pixel values. Transparency is possible in a number of graphics file formats In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing The two colors may also be combined in fancier ways, e. g. by computing their bitwise exclusive or. This technique is known as inverting color or color inversion, and is often used in graphical user interfaces for highlighting, rubber-band drawing, and other volatile painting—since re-painting the same shapes with the same color will restore the original pixel values.

Layers

The models used in 2D computer graphics usually do not provide for three-dimensional shapes, or three-dimensional optical phenomena such as lighting, shadows, reflection, refraction, etc. A shadow is an area where direct light from a light source cannot reach due to obstruction by an object Reflection is the change in direction of a Wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns into the medium from which Refraction is the change in direction of a Wave due to a change in its Speed. . However, they usually can model multiple layers (conceptually of ink, paper, or film; opaque, translucent, or transparent—stacked in a specific order. In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing Transparency is possible in a number of graphics file formats The ordering is usually defined by a single number (the layer's depth, or distance from the viewer).

Layered models are sometimes called 2 1/2-D computer graphics. They make it possible to mimic traditional drafting and printing techniques based on film and paper, such as cutting and pasting; and allow the user to edit any layer without affecting the others. For these reasons, they are used in most graphics editors. In Computer graphics, graphics software or image editing software is a program or collection of programs that enable a person to manipulate visual images Layered models also allow better anti-aliasing of complex drawings and provide a sound model for certain techniques such as mitered joints and the even-odd rule. In Digital signal processing, anti-aliasing is the technique of minimizing the distortion artifacts known as Aliasing when representing a high-resolution signal The even-odd-rule is an Algorithm implemented in vector-based graphic software like the PostScript language which determines how a graphical shape with more than

Layered models are also used to allow the user to suppress unwanted information when viewing or printing a document, e. g. roads and/or railways from a map, certain process layers from an integrated circuit diagram, or hand annotations from a business letter. A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside

In a layer-based model, the target image is produced by "painting" or "pasting" each layer, in order of decreasing depth, on the virtual canvas. Conceptually, each layer is first rendered on its own, yielding a digital image with the desired resolution which is then painted over the canvas, pixel by pixel. Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by means of computer programs A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary Image resolution describes the detail an Image holds The term applies equally to Digital images film images and other types of images Fully transparent parts of a layer need not be rendered, of course. The rendering and painting may be done in parallel, i. e. each layer pixel may be painted on the canvas as soon as it is produced by the rendering procedure.

Layers that consist of complex geometric objects (such as text or polylines) may be broken down into simpler elements (characters or line segments, respectively), which are then painted as separate layers, in some order. In Computer programming and some branches of Mathematics, a string is an ordered Sequence of Symbols. For other uses see Character. In Computer and machine-based Telecommunications terminology a character is a unit of In Geometry, a line segment is a part of a line that is bounded by two distinct end points, and contains every point on the line between its end points However, this solution may create undesirable aliasing artifacts wherever two elements overlap the same pixel. This article applies to signal processing including computer graphics

2D graphics hardware

Modern computer graphics card displays almost overwhelmingly use raster techniques, dividing the screen into a rectangular grid of pixels, due to the relatively low cost of raster-based video hardware as compared with vector graphic hardware. A video card, also known as a graphics accelerator card, display adapter, or graphics card, is a hardware component whose function is to In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image Most graphic hardware has internal support for blitting operations and sprite drawing. Bit blit ( bitblt, blitting etc is a Computer graphics operation in which several Bitmap patterns are combined into one using a "raster In Computer graphics, a sprite (also known by other names see Synonyms below is a two-dimensional/three-dimensional Image or Animation that A co-processor dedicated to blitting is known as a Blitter chip. A coprocessor is a Computer processor used to supplement the functions of the primary processor (the CPU Bit blit ( bitblt, blitting etc is a Computer graphics operation in which several Bitmap patterns are combined into one using a "raster In a Computer system a blitter is a Co-processor or a logic block on a Microprocessor that is dedicated to rapid data transfer within that computer's

Classic 2D graphics chips of the late 1970s and early 80s, used in the 8-bit video game consoles and home computers, include:

Atari's ANTIC (actually a 2D GPU), TIA, CTIA, and GTIA
Commodore/MOS Technology's VIC and VIC-II

2D graphics software

Many graphical user interfaces (GUIs), including Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, or the X Window System, are primarily based on 2D graphical concepts. Eight-bit CPUs normally use an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit address bus which means that their Address space is limited to 64 KBs This is not a "natural A home computer was a class of Personal computer entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972. This article refers to the display chip For the football manager see Radomir Antić. The Television Interface Adapter ( TIA) is the custom chip that is the heart of the Atari 2600 game console and was created by Jay Miner of Amiga The Atari 8-bit family of computers use a series of custom Television Interface Adapter (TIA chips called CTIA and GTIA respectively The Atari 8-bit family of computers use a series of custom Television Interface Adapter (TIA chips called CTIA and GTIA respectively Commodore, the commonly used name for Commodore International, was a US-American Electronics company based in West Chester Pennsylvania MOS Technology Inc, also known as CSG (Commodore Semiconductor Group, was a semiconductor design and fabrication company based in Norristown Pennsylvania The VIC (Video Interface Chip, specifically known as the MOS Technology 6560 ( NTSC version / 6561 ( PAL version is the Integrated The VIC-II (Video Interface Chip II, specifically known as the MOS Technology 6567/8562/8564 ( NTSC versions 6569/8565/8566 ( PAL) is the microchip Mac OS is the trademarked name for a series of Graphical user interface -based Operating systems developed by Apple Inc Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Such software provides a visual environment for interacting with the computer, and commonly includes some form of window manager to aid the user in conceptually distinguishing between different applications. A window manager is Computer software that controls the placement and appearance of windows within a Windowing system in a Graphical user interface The user interface within individual software applications is typically 2D in nature as well, due in part to the fact that most common input devices, such as the mouse, are constrained to two dimensions of movement. An input device is any Peripheral (piece of Computer hardware equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system (such as a In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses)

2D graphics are very important in the control peripherals such as printers, plotters, sheet cutting machines, etc. . They were also used in most early video and computer games; and are still used for card and board games such as solitaire, chess, mahjongg, etc. A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. A personal computer Game (also known as a computer game or simply PC game) is a Video game played on a Personal computer, rather Solitaire, also called patience, is any of a family of single-player Card games of a generally similar character but varying greatly in detail Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Mahjong (also called mah-jongg by the American association Traditional Chinese 麻將 Pinyin: májiàng is a Game for four players that originated in .

2D graphics editors or drawing programs are application-level software for the creation of images, diagrams and illustrations by direct manipulation (through the mouse, graphics tablet, or similar device) of 2D computer graphics primitives. A graphics tablet (or digitizing tablet, graphics pad, drawing tablet) is a computer Input device that allows one to hand-draw images and graphics These editors generally provide geometric primitives as well as digital images; and some even support procedural models. A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary The illustration is usually represented internally as a layered model, often with a hierarchical structure to make editing more convenient. These editors generally output graphics files where the layers and primitives are separately preserved in their original form. Image file formats are standardized means of organising and storing images MacDraw, introduced in 1984 with the Macintosh line of computers, was an early example of this class; recent examples are the commercial products Adobe Illustrator and CorelDRAW, and the free editors such as xfig or Inkscape. MacDraw was a vector based drawing application released along with the first Apple Macintosh systems in 1984 Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc Adobe Illustrator is a vector-based drawing program developed and marketed by Adobe Systems. CorelDRAW is a Vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation of Ottawa, Canada. Xfig is an Open source Vector graphics editor which runs under the X Window System on most UNIX -compatible platforms Inkscape is a free and Open source Vector graphics editor application There are also many 2D graphics editors specialized for certain types of drawings such as electrical, electronic and VLSI diagrams, topographic maps, computer fonts, etc.

Image editors are specialized for the manipulation of digital images, mainly by means of free-hand drawing/painting and signal processing operations. Digital image processing is the use of computer Algorithms to perform Image processing on Digital images As a subfield of Digital signal processing A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary Signal processing is the analysis interpretation and manipulation of signals Signals of interest include sound, images, biological signals such as They typically use a direct-painting paradigm, where the user controls virtual pens, brushes, and other free-hand artistic instruments to apply paint to a virtual canvas. Some image editors support a multiple-layer model; however, in order to support signal-processing operations like blurring each layer is normally represented as a digital image. Therefore, any geometric primitives that are provided by the editor are immediately converted to pixels and painted onto the canvas. The name raster graphics editor is sometimes used to contrast this approach to that of general editors which also handle vector graphics. One of the first popular image editors was Apple's MacPaint, companion to MacDraw. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics MacPaint is a Bitmap -based graphics painting software program developed by Apple Computer and released with the original Macintosh MacDraw was a vector based drawing application released along with the first Apple Macintosh systems in 1984 Modern examples are the free GIMP editor, and the commercial products Photoshop and Paint Shop Pro. The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a free Raster graphics editor used to process digital graphics and photographs Paint Shop Pro ( PSP) is a Raster graphics editor and later in the series a Vector graphics editor for computers running the Microsoft Windows This class too includes many specialized editors — for medicine, remote sensing, digital photography, etc. Digital photography is a form of Photography that utilizes Digital technology to make Digital images of subjects

Developmental animation

With the resurgence of 2D animation and its booming popularity, software like Toonz Harlequin, CelAction, Anime Studio, Toon Boom Animation, Animaker and Adobe Flash have emerged as the new tools of choice for both amateur and professional animators. Anime Studio is a proprietary vector -based 2D animation software for animators originally distributed by LostMarble later by E frontier. British spellings. Thank you --> Toon Boom Animation Inc is a Canadian Adobe Flash (previously called Shockwave Flash and Macromedia Flash) is a set of Multimedia software created by Macromedia and currently

However, the principal issue with 2D animation is labor requirements. With advanced software like Retas and Adobe After Effects, coloring and compositing can be easily done with significantly less time. Adobe After Effects is a digital motion graphics and Compositing software published by Adobe Systems.

Additional software is being developed to aid and speed up the process of digital 2D animation, specifically in the area of automatic coloring and in-betweening. Tweening, short for in-betweening is the process of generating intermediate frames between two images to give the appearance that One such example is Cacani, developed by Singapore's NTU. Cacani, abbreviation for " C omputer A ssisted C el Ani mation" is a 2D animation system that automatically generates in-between frames

Contents