| Games of the XXIX Olympiad | |
 同一个世界同一个梦想 (One World, One Dream) |
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| Host city | Beijing, China |
|---|---|
| Nations participating | (See below) |
| Athletes participating | 10,500 (approx. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES )[1] |
| Events | 302 in 28 sports |
| Opening ceremony | August 8 |
| Closing ceremony | August 24 |
| Stadium | Beijing National Stadium |
| 2008 Summer Olympics |
|---|
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| IOC COC BOCOG |
The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, will be celebrated from August 8, 2008, to August 24, 2008, with the opening ceremony beginning at 08:08:08 pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, People's Republic of China. The Olympic sports comprise all the Sports contested in the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River The Olympic Stadium is the name usually given to the big centrepiece Stadium of the Summer Olympic Games. Beijing National Stadium ( also known as the National Stadium ( 国家体育场) Of the final thirteen Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research Five cities made the shortlist with their bids to host the 2008 Summer Olympics (officially known as Games of the XXIX Olympiad) and 2008 Summer Paralympics The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, China from August 8 to August 24, 2008. The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics. The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay route carried the torch through the following locations between March 2008 and August 2008 Chinese Olympic Committee ( IOC code: CHN represents the People's Republic of China in international affairs related to the Olympic Movement. The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an International Multi-sport event, usually quadrennial organised by the International Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common China standard time or Beijing time is the Time zone observed in the People's Republic of China ( PRC) Beijing National Stadium ( also known as the National Stadium ( 国家体育场) Of the final thirteen Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES [a] Some events will be held outside Beijing, namely football (soccer) (in Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Tianjin), equestrian (in Hong Kong) and sailing (in Qingdao). Association football, usually known simply as football or soccer has been included in every Olympiad except 1896 and 1932 as a men's competition sport Qinhuangdao ( Postal map spelling: Chinwangtao) is a city in Hebei province China. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Equestrianism made its Summer Olympics debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held from August 9 to 21 This will be the third time the Olympics are held under the jurisdiction of 2 different NOCs (Hong Kong and mainland China compete separately).
The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing, People's Republic of China after an exhaustive ballot of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on July 13, 2001. Five cities made the shortlist with their bids to host the 2008 Summer Olympics (officially known as Games of the XXIX Olympiad) and 2008 Summer Paralympics Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The exhaustive ballot is a Voting system used to elect a single winner Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The official logo of the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylized calligraphic character jīng (京, meaning capital), referencing the host city. Dancing Beijing is the name of the official emblem of the 2008 Summer Olympics, which took place in Beijing in the People's Republic of China. The art of Calligraphy is widely practiced and revered in the East Asian Civilizations that use or used Chinese characters. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each representing one color of the Olympic rings. The Fuwa ( literally "good-luck dolls" and can be known as "Friendlies" are the mascots of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing The Olympic symbols are the icons Flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee to promote the Olympic Games. The Olympic slogan, One World, One Dream, calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Athletes will compete in 302 events in 28 sports, just one event more than was on the schedule of the Athens games of 2004. A sportsperson ( British and American English) or athlete (principally American English is any person who participates regularly in a Sport. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated Several new National Olympic Committees (NOCs) have also been recognized by the IOC. National Olympic Committees (or NOCs) are the national constituents of the worldwide Olympic movement National Olympic Committees (or NOCs) are the national constituents of the worldwide Olympic movement
The Chinese government has promoted the games to highlight China's emergence on the world stage,[2][3] amidst concerns about environmental issues and human rights violations, particularly in Tibet. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the human rights issue of China has come to the forefront Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European There have also been growing concerns of major nations boycotting the Olympics in protest of China's actions in Tibet. [4][5][6] Earlier in 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch had said that he believes that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history. Juan Antonio Samaranch Torelló Marquess of Samaranch (born 17 July 1920) is a Spanish sports official and was president of the International Olympic "[7]
Contents |
Host selection process
Beijing was elected the host city on July 13, 2001, during the 112th IOC Session in Moscow, beating Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and Osaka. Five cities made the shortlist with their bids to host the 2008 Summer Olympics (officially known as Games of the XXIX Olympiad) and 2008 Summer Paralympics Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū Prior to the session, five other cities—Bangkok, Cairo, Havana, Kuala Lumpur, and Seville—submitted bids to the IOC but failed to make the shortlist in 2000. Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. The voting distributions were as follows:
| 2008 Summer Olympics bidding results | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| City | NOC | Round 1 | Round 2 |
| Beijing |  China |
44 | 56 |
| Toronto, Ontario |  Canada |
20 | 22 |
| Paris |  France |
15 | 18 |
| Istanbul |  Turkey |
17 | 9 |
| Osaka |  Japan |
6 | — |
After the first round of voting, Beijing held a significant lead over the other four candidates. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Osaka received only six votes and was eliminated. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū In the second round, Beijing was supported by an absolute majority of voters, eliminating the need for subsequent rounds. An absolute majority or majority of the entire membership (in American English, a Supermajority Voting requirement is a Voting basis [8]
After winning the bid, the vice premier of the PRC Li Lanqing declared (2001 August 17): "The winning of the 2008 Olympic bid is an example of the international recognition of China's social stability, economic progress and the healthy life of the Chinese people. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Li Lanqing ( Chinese: 李岚清 Pinyin: Lǐ Lánqīng born May 1932 is a prominent Chinese politician Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES " Previously, Beijing had bid to host the 2000 Summer Olympics. "I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever It led the voting over the first three rounds, but ultimately lost to Sydney in the final round in 1993. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4
Development and preparation
The Beijing government has issued new mandates that require police officers in the city to act more appropriately. A police officer (also known as a policeman or policewoman) is a warranted employee of a Police force. The government has circulated pamphlets urging officers to desist from using foul language, being arrogant, and hanging up on people who call to report crimes. They have been told that violators will be reprimanded. By doing this, Beijing hopes to clean up its image in time for the games. [9]
A drive has also been launched to improve the poor English translations common on Chinese signage and labeling in readiness for the Olympics. [10]
Venues
By May 2007, construction of all thirty-one Beijing-based Olympic Games venues had begun. The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, China from August 8 to August 24, 2008. See also Olympic Village An Olympic Park is a venue or group of venues set up when a country hosts the Olympic Games. [11] The Chinese government is also investing in the renovation and construction of six venues outside Beijing as well as fifty-nine training centers. Its largest architectural pieces will be the Beijing National Stadium, Beijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing National Aquatics Centre, Olympic Green Convention Centre, Olympic Green, and Beijing Wukesong Culture & Sports Center. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Beijing National Stadium ( also known as the National Stadium ( 国家体育场) Of the final thirteen Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research The Beijing National Indoor Stadium, also known as the National Indoor Stadium (国家体育馆 is an indoor arena that is located in the Olympic Green in The Beijing National Aquatics Center ( also known as the National Aquatics Center (国家游泳中心 better known as the Water Cube (水立方 or the "Ice The Olympic Green (北京奧林匹克公園 is an Olympic Park in Beijing, China constructed for the 2008 Summer Olympics. The Wukesong Indoor Stadium is an indoor arena for the 2008 Summer Olympics basketball preliminaries and finals Almost 85 percent of the construction budget for the six main venues is being funded by US$2. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 1 billion (RMB¥17. 4 billion) in corporate bids and tenders. Investments are expected from corporations seeking ownership rights after the 2008 Summer Olympics. Some venues will be owned and governed by the State General Administration of Sports, which will use them after the Olympics as facilities for all future national sports teams and events.
It was announced on July 8, 2005 that the equestrian events are to be held in Hong Kong because of the "uncertainties of equine diseases and major difficulties in establishing a disease-free zone. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders " The five venues outside Beijing will be located in Qingdao, Hong Kong, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Qinhuangdao. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Qinhuangdao ( Postal map spelling: Chinwangtao) is a city in Hebei province China. [12]
Beijing National Stadium
The centerpiece of the 2008 Summer Olympics will be the Beijing National Stadium, nicknamed the "Bird nest" because of its nest-like skeletal structure. Beijing National Stadium ( also known as the National Stadium ( 国家体育场) Of the final thirteen Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research Beijing National Stadium ( also known as the National Stadium ( 国家体育场) Of the final thirteen Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. A bird nest is the spot in which a Bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young A bird nest is the spot in which a Bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young [13] Construction of the venue began on December 24, 2003. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Guangdong Olympic Stadium was originally planned, constructed, and completed in 2001 for the Games, but a decision was made to construct a new stadium in Beijing. The Guangdong Olympic Stadium is a multi-use Stadium in Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. [14] Government officials engaged architects worldwide in a design competition. A Swiss firm, Herzog & de Meuron Architekten AG, collaborated with China Architecture Design & Research Group to win the competition. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Herzog & de Meuron Architekten BSA/SIA/ETH ( HdeM) is a Swiss Architecture firm founded and headquartered in Basel, Switzerland in Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The National stadium features a lattice-like concrete skeleton forming the stadium bowl and will have a seating capacity of 80,000 people. A national stadium is a Stadium that typically serves as the primary or exclusive home for one or more of a country's national representative sports teams Architects originally described the overall design as resembling a Bird nest with an immense ocular—an opening with a retractable roof over the stadium. A bird nest is the spot in which a Bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young A retractable roof is a kinetic architectural element used in many sports venues in which a roof made of a suitable material can readily be mechanically deployed from some However, in 2004, the idea of retractable roof was abandoned for economic and safety reasons. A retractable roof is a kinetic architectural element used in many sports venues in which a roof made of a suitable material can readily be mechanically deployed from some The Beijing National Stadium will be the site of the opening and closing ceremonies, as well as the athletics events and soccer finals. Beijing National Stadium ( also known as the National Stadium ( 国家体育场) Of the final thirteen Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research The stadium's designer Ai Weiwei has since withdrawn his support for China's Olympic games, saying "he wants nothing to do with them anymore". Ai Weiwei ( Chinese: 艾[[wikt 未|未]] 未 Pinyin:;; --> born in 1957 in Beijing, is a leading Chinese Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES [15][16]
Transport
Anticipating a huge rush during the games, Beijing's subway system is currently undergoing a major expansion which will increase its capacity to more than twice its existing size. The Beijing Subway ( is a Rapid transit rail network that serves the urban and suburban districts of Beijing Municipality. The system currently is composed of four lines and 64 stations. An additional seven lines and more than eighty new stations are being constructed, including a direct link to Beijing Capital International Airport. Beijing Capital International Airport, ( is the main international Airport that serves the capital city of Beijing, People's Republic of China. In the airport itself, eleven unmanned trains, each transporting a maximum of 83 passengers, will expedite the movement of people throughout the new terminal building. [17] Most of them are scheduled to operate from June 30, 2008, one month before the beginning of the games. In January 2007, the BOCOG announced that the Metro cars will be fitted with video screens showing the latest news and events during the games. Additionally, cellphone signals would be made available, so that people can use their communication devices in the metro stations or underground. [18]
According to the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, a new five-level emergency alert system for extreme weather and security threats will be implemented in the airport. An emergency population warning is a method whereby local regional or national authorities can contact members of the public en masse to warn them of an impending emergency See also List of extreme weather events Extreme weather includes Weather phenomena that are at the extremes of the historical distribution especially This system is designed to ensure smooth and safe transportation for the estimated three million domestic and overseas visitors who will flock to Beijing for the games in August 2008. [19]
On the ground, Beijing is set to designate thirty-eight official public transit routes that will link the Olympic venues. During the games, 2,500 large-size buses and 4,500 minibuses will be operated by a total of 8,000 drivers to transport people across various venues. "Microbus" redirects here For the Volkswagen Microbus see Volkswagen Type 2. Prior to the games, public transport will be optimized in order to reduce the existing 110 overlapping routes. [20]
Smoking is banned in the 66,000 cabs, the violation of which would lead to a fine of 100 to 200 yuan (13 to 26 USD). Smoking is a practice where a substance most commonly Tobacco, is burned and the Smoke tasted or inhaled Infraction as a general term means a violation of a rule or Local ordinance or regulation promise or obligation Beijing authorities are thus trying to make the event a non-smoking event.
Marketing
Emblem
The 2008 Summer Olympics emblem entitled "Dancing Beijing" (舞动的北京) was unveiled in August 2003 in a ceremony attended by 2,008 people at Qi'niandian (祈年殿) — the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests in Beijing's Temple of Heaven (天壇 or 天坛). Dancing Beijing is the name of the official emblem of the 2008 Summer Olympics, which took place in Beijing in the People's Republic of China. Dancing Beijing is the name of the official emblem of the 2008 Summer Olympics, which took place in Beijing in the People's Republic of China. Tian Tan redirects here For the Big Buddha statue in Hong Kong, see Tian Tan Buddha The Temple of Heaven, literally the Altar The emblem combines elements of traditional Chinese society—a red seal and a calligraphic word for jing (京) ("national capital") with athletic features. The open arms of the calligraphic word symbolizes the invitation of China to the world to share in its culture. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES IOC president Jacques Rogge was very happy with the emblem, saying, "Your new emblem immediately conveys the awesome beauty and power of China which are embodied in your heritage and your people. Jacques Count Rogge (born May 2 1942 ( pronounced in Dutch) is a Belgian sports functionary Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES "[21]
Mascots
The Fuwa (Chinese: 福娃; pinyin: Fúwá; literally "good-luck dolls") were designed by Han Meilin. The Fuwa ( literally "good-luck dolls" and can be known as "Friendlies" are the mascots of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Han Meilin ( Simplified: 韩美林 Traditional: 韓美林 Pinyin: Hán Měilín born 1936 in Jinan, Shandong) is a famous Chinese They were originally named "The Friendlies", but this name was dropped as Chinese officials were worried that it would be misunderstood as "friendless" or "friend lies. "[22]
The Fuwa consist of five members that incorporate fish, giant panda, fire, Tibetan antelope, and swallow designs. The Fuwa ( literally "good-luck dolls" and can be known as "Friendlies" are the mascots of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two The Giant Panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca, "black-and-white cat-foot" is a Mammal classified in the Bear family ( Ursidae) native to Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. "Chiru" redirects here For the Indian actor see Chiranjeevi. The swallows and martins are a group of Passerine Birds in the family Hirundinidae which are characterised by their adaptation to aerial They roughly correspond with the five elements of Chinese philosophy: water, metal, fire, wood, and earth. In traditional Chinese philosophy, natural phenomena can be classified into the Wu Xing ( or the Five Phases, usually translated as five elements, Chinese philosophy is Philosophy written in the Chinese tradition of thought Water has been important to all peoples of the earth and it is rich in spiritual tradition In traditional Chinese philosophy, Metal is classified as one of the Wu xing ( or the Five Elements, also translated as five phases Fire has been an important part of many cultures and religions from pre-history to modern day and was vital to the development of civilization In traditional Chinese philosophy, Wood is classified as one of the Wu xing ( or the Five Elements, also translated as five phases Earth, home and origin of humanity has often been worshipped in its own right with its own unique spiritual tradition The Fuwa each have as their primary color one of the colors of the five Olympic Rings that stand for the five continents. The Olympic symbols are the icons Flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee to promote the Olympic Games. The five Fuwa are named Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, and Nini. When the first syllable of each of the five names are said together, the result is the phrase 北京欢迎你 (Běijīng huānyíng nĭ) which means "Beijing welcomes you". [23]
Tickets
The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee began publicizing in early August 2006 that it will sell over 7 million tickets for various sporting events and ceremonies to the general public. [24] The chief of the committee expressed her hopes that all Chinese people would have a chance to come to the games. The committee has, therefore, set low ticket prices so as to encourage the Chinese people to become more involved in the Olympics.
On April 14, 2007, tickets to the general public went on sale through the Beijing Organizing Committee for domestic tickets (which will account for 75% of the sales) and through each nation's NOC for overseas ticket sales. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [25] By June 2007, 2. 2 million tickets—about a third of the supply volume—had already been sold. [26]
Slogan
The slogan for the 2008 Olympics is "One World, One Dream" (simplified Chinese: 同一个世界 同一个梦想; traditional Chinese: 同一個世界 同一個夢想; pinyin: Tóng Yíge Shìjiè Tóng Yíge Mèngxiǎng. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use )[27] The slogan calls upon the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity. It was chosen from over 210,000 entries submitted from around the world. [13]
Merchandising
Since early 2007, licensed Olympics merchandise stores have been in business throughout China. More than 800 official stores were in operation at the end of July 2007. Since August 2007, Olympic merchandise has been made available online, with more than 5000 products available via the official merchandising website, which include apparel, mascot dolls, key-chains and commemorative chopsticks. [28] In November 2007, overseas Olympic E-shop provide online access to customers all over the world to Licensed Products of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. (Excluding the USA, Japan, UK, Canada and China)[29]
Music
The official song for the game's one-year countdown celebration was entitled "We Are Ready"[30] with a version recorded by Hong Kong's Jackie Chan[31]. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Jackie Chan, SBS, MBE (born Chan Kong Sang, 陳港生 on 7 April 1954 is an Actor, action choreographer, Film director 106 contestants of Miss World 2007 performed the English version of the torch relay song "Light the Passion Share the Dream", composed by Chris Babida[32] About ten Olympic-themed music videos were recorded, including "Every One is Number One" by Hong Kong's Andy Lau[33], "Hero" by Chris Yu from Taiwan featuring the story of athlete John Stephen Akhwari from Tanzania[34], "Dream in Sight" by Zhou Bichang from China[35], "Forever Friends" by American Coco Lee and Sun Nan[36], "You, me, and him -- happily we participate" by Super Girl and Happy Boys[37], and "Together on the Blue Planet" by Nicholas Tse and Joey Yung from Hong Kong[38]. Miss World 2007 was held in the Crown of Beauty Theatre Sanya, People's Republic of China on December 1, 2007. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Not to be confused with film director Andrew Lau. Andy Lau Tak-Wah MH, JP (born September 27 1961 is a Hong Kong John Stephen Akhwari (b 1938 in Mbulu, Tanganyika) was an Olympic athlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Zhou Bichang ( also known as Bibi Chow is a Chinese Singer and Songwriter. Ferren Lee-Kelly (born January 17 1976) popularly known as Super Girl or Super Voice Girls ( literally "Super Female Voice" was an annual national singing contest in People's Republic of China Nicholas Tse Ting-Fung is a Hong Kong based Singer-songwriter, Actor and Musician. Joey Yung Cho-Yee ( Traditional Chinese 容祖兒 Simplified Chinese 容祖儿 Cantonese Yung Cho-Yee Mandarin Pinyin: Róng Zǔ'ér (born Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders
It was announced that Canada's Celine Dion[39] and Taiwan's Jay Chou[40] would perform during the opening ceremony. Céline Marie Claudette Dion ( OC OQ (born March 30 1968 in Charlemagne Quebec) is a Canadian pop Singer Jay Chou ( (born January 18 1979 is a Taiwanese musician singer producer actor and director who has won the World Music Award three times
"Beijing Huan Ying Ni," or "Beijing welcomes you" was the theme song for the 100-day countdown celebration, a follow-up to "We Are Ready". [41] During the celebration on 30 April, the song "Light the Passion, Share the Dream" was selected as the official theme for the torch relay. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics. "I am a Star" and "Smile Beijing" were selected as theme songs for the Beijing Olympic Volunteers Committee. [42]
Sports
The program for the Beijing 2008 Games is quite similar to that of the Athens Games held in 2004. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated The 2008 Olympics will see the return of 28 sports, and will hold 302 events (165 men’s events, 127 women’s events, and 10 mixed events), one event more in total than in Athens. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's
Overall nine new events will be held, which include two from the new cycling discipline of BMX. Cycling has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 BMX ( Bicycle Motocross) is a form of Cycling on specially designed bicycles which usually have 20 inch wheels Women will compete in the 3000 m steeplechase for the first time. The steeplechase is an obstacle race in athletics, which derives its name from the steeplechase in horse racing In addition, marathon swimming events for men and women, over the distance of 10 kilometers, will be added to the swimming discipline. Team events (men and women) in table tennis will replace the doubles events. In fencing, women's team foil and women's team sabre will replace men's team foil and women's team epee. Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand The épée ('epeɪ is the modern derivative of the original Duelling Sword, the Rapier, used in sport fencing. [b][43][44]
In mid-2006, video gamers held talks with the Chinese government in hopes of allowing video games to be a demonstration sport at the games. A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. A demonstration sport is a sport which is played in order to promote itself most commonly during the Olympic Games, but also at other sporting events Demonstration events have not been held at any Olympic Games (Summer or Winter) since 1992. The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Barcelona, [45]
On August 7, 2006, a day before the 2-year countdown to the Beijing Games, the Beijing Organizing Committee released pictograms of the 35 Olympic disciplines. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A pictogram ( also spelled pictogramme) or pictograph is a Symbol representing a Concept, object, activity place or event Each pictogram is designed so that people of nations around the world can recognize the different sports being played at the Olympic Games. This set of sport icons is named the beauty of seal characters, due to each pictogram's likeness to Chinese seal script. Seal script ( Chinese: Simplified 篆书 篆書 Pinyin: zhuànshū is an ancient style of Chinese calligraphy. [46]
The following are the sports to be contested at the games. The Olympic sport of aquatics has been split into its constituent disciplines of diving, swimming, synchronized swimming, and water polo. The Olympic sports comprise all the Sports contested in the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. Diving off a deck into the Great South Bay of Long Islandjpg|thumb|A man dives into the Great South Bay of Long Island. Swimming is the movement by humans or animals through Water, usually without artificial assistance Water polo is a team water sport A team consists of six field players and one Goalkeeper. The number of events to be contested in each sport is indicated in parentheses.
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Torch relay
The plans accepted by the IOC for the Olympic torch relay were announced on 26 April 2007, in Beijing. Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held over a seven day period from August 9 to August 15. Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last 10 days of the games from August 15 to August 24, 2008, at the Badminton competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 9 to August 17 at the Beijing University Baseball at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held from August 13 to August 23. Basketball contests at the 2008 Olympic Games were held from August 9, 2008 to August 24, 2008. The Boxing programme of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China was held at the Workers Indoor Arena. Canoeing competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 11 to August 23 at the Shunyi Olympic Cycling competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 9 to August 23 at the Laoshan Velodrome Diving competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 10 to August 23, at the Beijing National Equestrian competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 9 to August 21 at the Hong Kong Fencing competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 9 to August 17 at the Olympic Green Field hockey at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held over a fourteen day period beginning on August 10, and culminating with the medal Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held in Beijing and several other cities in the People's Republic of China from 6 August to 23 August The Gymnastics competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 9 to August 24 Handball competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 9 to August 24, at the Olympic Sports Judo competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 to August 15 at the Beijing Science Modern pentathlon competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held on August 21 and August 22 at the Rowing competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 to August 17 at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park. Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held from August 9 to 21 Shooting competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 to August 17, at the Beijing Softball at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing took place over a ten day period starting August 12 and culminating with the medal finals on August 21 Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held over a thirteen day period from August 9 to August 21 with the conventional events ending on August 17 and the new marathon Synchronized swimming competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 18 to August 23 at the Beijing National Table tennis competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 13 to August 23, at the Taekwondo competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 20 to August 23 at the Beijing Tennis competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 10 to August 17 at the Olympic Green Tennis Centre Triathlon competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics, in Beijing, was held on August 18 (women and August 19 (men Volleyball competitions ( beach and indoor) at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 2008 to August Water polo at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held from August 10 to August 24 2008, at the Ying Tung Natatorium in Beijing Weightlifting competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 to August 19. Wrestling competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China were held at the China Agricultural University Gymnasium from The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics. The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay route carried the torch through the following locations between March 2008 and August 2008 The Olympic Flame or Olympic Torch is a Symbol of the Olympic Games. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. [47] The relay, with the theme Journey of Harmony, is expected[48] to last 130 days and carry the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi) — the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay. So far, the torch relay has been a public relations disaster[49] for China, with protests of China's human rights record, particularly in Tibet. Since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the human rights issue of China has come to the forefront The 2008 Tibetan unrest, also known as the 3•14 Riots in China began with demonstrations on March 10, 2008 ( Tibetan Uprising Day
The relay began 24 March 2008, in Olympia, Greece. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Olympia ( Greek: Olympí'a or Olýmpia, older transliterations Olimpia, Olimbia) a sanctuary of ancient Greece From there, it traveled across Greece to Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on 31 March. The Panathinaiko ( Panathenaic) Stadium (also known as the Kallimarmaron, i Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor From Beijing, the torch followed a route passing through every continent except Antarctica. The torch visited cities on the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the A total of 21,880 torchbearers have been selected from around the world by various organizations and entities. [50]
The BOCOG carried the flame to the top of Mount Everest[50] on a 108 km (67 mi) long "highway" scaling the Tibetan side of the mountain especially built for the relay. Mount Everest, also called Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा meaning Head of the Sky) or Chomolungma, Qomolangma or Zhumulangma (in The $19. 7 million blacktop project spanned from Tingri County of Xigazê Prefecture to the Everest Base Camp. Tingri County or Dhringgri County () is a county of the Xigazê Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Xigazê (also Rikaze, Shigatse) (Chinese 日喀则 Rìkāzé) is a prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region in China. There are two base camps on opposite sides of Mt Everest to the South in Nepal, and to the North in Tibet. Environmental concerns about the effects of the road on the fragile Himalayan region were expressed by the media. [51] In March 2008, China banned mountaineers from climbing its side of Mount Everest and later persuaded the Nepalese government to close their side as well, officially citing environmental concerns. [52] It also reflected concerns by the communist government that Tibet activists may try to disrupt its plans to carry the Olympic torch up the world's tallest peak. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European [53]
The original route included a stop in Taipei before heading for Hong Kong. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of Taiwan's government, however, later rejected this proposal, claiming that such arrangement would make the Taiwan relay be seen as part of China's domestic route, rather than the international route. [54] The IOC eliminated Taipei from the relay; both China and Taiwan have blamed each other for injecting politics into the event. [55]
The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as the "Propitious Clouds" (祥云). The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometer per hour winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimeters per hour.
The relay has been a problematic, month-long world tour that has seen wide-scale protests to China's human rights abuses and recent crackdown in Tibet. After trouble in London saw several attempts to put out the flame, the following day, the flame was extinguished in Paris . [56] The American leg in San Francisco on 9 April was altered without prior warning to avoid such scenes, although there were still demonstrations along the original route, [57] but the remaining legs have not been as disastrous. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) The relay was further delayed and simplified after the devastating 2008 Sichuan earthquake affecting western China. The 2008 Sichuan earthquake ( or " Great Sichuan Earthquake " which measured at 8
Participating NOCs
Though the qualifying competitions for various sports are well underway, it cannot be certain which of the current 205 National Olympic Committees (NOCs)[58] will participate in 2008. National Olympic Committees (or NOCs) are the national constituents of the worldwide Olympic movement Most NOCs participate regularly, although various circumstances could cause a nation to be absent from the games, as was the case for six NOCs at the 2006 Winter Olympics. The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were a Winter Multi-sport event which was celebrated in Nevertheless, placements in various qualifying events can help predict which nations and how many athletes will be at the games. Steven Roush, chief of sport performance for the United States Olympic Committee, expects that the United States will bring about 600 competitors to the games, their largest Olympic team thus far. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [59]
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Afghanistan
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png){kind=small}
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bolivia
British Virgin Islands
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
Comoros
Congo
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Dominica
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Gabon
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong, China
Jamaica
Jordan
Kuwait
Laos
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Malawi
Mauritania
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Niger
Oman
Palestine
Panama
Paraguay.svg/22px-Flag_of_Peru_(state).svg.png){kind=small}
Peru
Qatar
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
St. 
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Sudan
Suriname
Syria
Timor-Leste
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
United Arab Emirates
Uruguay
Vietnam
Yemen
ZimbabweParticipation changes
The Marshall Islands and Tuvalu gained National Olympic Committee status in 2006 and 2007 respectively, and are expected to participate in the Games. Samoa has sent a delegation to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. San Marino competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Saudi Arabia competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Serbia competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Singapore competed in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to Slovakia competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Slovenia, represented by the Slovenian Olympic Committee ( Olimpijski komite Slovenije, abbreviated OKS) sent a team with 62 athletes to The Solomon Islands send a team to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. South Africa competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Spain competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China with 286 athletes Sri Lanka competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August Swaziland competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August Sweden competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Switzerland competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Tajikistan competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics which was held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August Tanzania competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August Thailand competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing, People's Republic of China, from August 8 to Tonga competed at the Games 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Tunisia competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August Turkey competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Turkmenistan competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to Tuvalu made their first ever appearance in an Olympic Games when the country sent three athletes to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing Uganda competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August Ukraine competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics. Medalists Archery See also Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics The United States competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China Uzbekistan competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to Vanuatu competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Venezuela competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics which was held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 The United States Virgin Islands competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics which was held in Beijing, People's Republic of China Zambia competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics. Athletics See also Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics One of The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI is a Micronesian nation of islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean Tuvalu, formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian Island nation located in the Pacific Ocean midway between Hawaii and [60][61][62] In May 2006 (just after the 2006 Winter Olympics), the citizens of Montenegro severed its political union with Serbia. The Montenegrin independence referendum was a referendum on the independence of the Republic of Montenegro from the State Union of Serbia The states of Serbia and Montenegro, which participated at the 2004 Games jointly as Serbia and Montenegro, will now compete separately. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated The Montenegrin Olympic Committee was accepted as a new National Olympic Committee in 2007. [62] On February 17, 2008, the IOC also promised to recognize the Republic of Kosovo as a new independent nation. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common However, it is not probable that athletes from the newly formed republic will be able to qualify for the Olympics in time to send a delegation to Beijing. Their participation is additionally compromised by the fact that the new nation has yet to be recognized by many other international athletic federations. [63]
North Korea and South Korea have considered sending a united team to the 2008 Olympics. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː [64][65] In the past, the two nations have walked together in the parade of nations during the opening ceremonies, but have never competed as one team. The two NOCs met with IOC president Jacques Rogge on September 5, 2006, to discuss the possibility of creating such a combined team. Jacques Count Rogge (born May 2 1942 ( pronounced in Dutch) is a Belgian sports functionary Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [66] In early 2007, Korean Olympic Committee President Kim Jung-Kil and North Korean Olympic Committee President Mun Jae-duk met to further discuss the logistics of sending a unified team. [65] At the meeting, South Korea advocated for the selection of athletes based on performance, while North Korea hoped for equal representation of athletes if the two indeed sent a joint team. [67] The NOCs failed to reach an agreement on representation, but said they would have further discussions in the future. [68]
Broadcasting
These games will be the first to be produced and broadcast entirely in high definition television, and will likely garner upwards of four billion viewers. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Seven Network is an Australian television network, owned by the Seven Media Group. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those RTBF or Radio télévision belge de la communauté française is the national broadcasting organisation of the government of the French-speaking southern |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Rede Globo ( English: Globo Network, better known as TV Globo, Globo TV or simply Globo) is a Brazilian television network Rede Bandeirantes ( English: Bandeirantes Network) officially nicknamed Band, is a Television network from Brazil, ESPN Brasil is a Brazilian Cable television network. History Launched in June 1995 ESPN Brasil was the first ESPN broadcaster The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Bulgarian National Television (Българска национална телевизия or BNT (БНТ is the public broadcaster of Bulgaria. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page CBC Radio is the Radio division of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Réseau des sports (commonly known as RDS) is a Canadian French language Cable television Specialty channel showing Sports Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the National Television of Chile (TVN ( Televisión Nacional de Chile) is Chile 's state-owned television station Corporación de Televisión de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UCTV, generally known by its broadcast frequency Canal 13, is the second oldest Television Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES CCTV-1 is the primary channel of the CCTV (China Central Television Network in the People's Republic of China. CCTV-Olympic (中国中央电视台奥运频道 variably known as the Olympic Channel, is the name given to CCTV-5, part of the China Central Television Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Caracol Televisión ( Acronym: Ca dena Ra dial Col ombiana - Televisión) is a Colombian private national Television RCN Televisión is a Colombian private Television network It started as a production company ( programadora) in 1967. Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in Eri-TV is short for Eritrean television and nominally refers to Eri-TV1 the first television channel broadcasted in Eritrea. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Eurosport is the largest European sports Satellite and cable network available in 54 countries and broadcasting in 20 different languages Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. YLE (Full name Finnish: Yleisradio Oy, Swedish: Rundradion Ab) is Finland 's national broadcasting company founded This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. France 2 is the largest French public Television network It is part of the France Télévisions group along with France 3, France 5 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ARD ( Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland &ndash "Consortium of public-law broadcasting institutions of Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ("Second German Television" ZDF, is a public service German Television channel based in Mainz. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Asia Television Limited ( is one of the two free-to-air television broadcasters in Hong Kong, the other being its arch-rival Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB Television Broadcasts Limited ( commonly known as TVB, was the first over-the-air commercial Television station in Hong Kong. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Magyar Televízió (or Hungarian Television) is a Hungarian national public service television company which operates two channels called M1 India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Doordarshan (दूरदर्शन literally Tele-Vision) is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati, a public The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. RCTI ( Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia) is Indonesia 's first privately owned Television network based in West Jakarta. Global TV is an Indonesian private Television station based in West Jakarta. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Channel 3 (شبكه سه in Persian) is one of five nationally broadcast Television channels in Iran. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Rai - Radiotelevisione Italiana, known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane, is the Italian public service broadcaster, and is considered Rai Due is one of the three main Television channels broadcast by Italian public television company RAI alongside with Rai Uno and Rai For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. or Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japan 's Public broadcaster. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Latvijas Televīzija The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Televisa is a Mexican multimedia company and is the largest media company in the Spanish -speaking world and a major player in the international entertainment For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Astro is a Subscription -based Direct broadcast satellite (DBS or Direct-to-home Satellite television and radio service Radio Televisyen Malaysia or RTM is a Malaysian government-owned public broadcaster which owns and operates a number of radio and Television stations The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Public-service broadcasting in the Netherlands is provided jointly by a number of broadcasting organizations under the tutelage of NPO ( Netherlands Public Broadcasting, Dutch Nederlandse The Nederlandse Omroep Stichting ( NOS, Dutch Broadcasting Foundation) is one of the broadcasters in the Dutch Public broadcasting system Nederlandse New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For other uses see TV1 disambiguation TV One is a New Zealand national television network owned and operated by state-owned media Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Solar Sports or the Solar Sports Network is a Philippine sports channel owned by Solar Entertainment Corporation. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland TVP1 - is a television channel owned by TVP (Telewizja Polska S TVP2 is a Polish public mainstream TV channel operated by TVP. TVP Sport is a Polish sport channel owned by TVP launched on 18 November 2006 Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Televiziunea Română (pronunciation "télévizju': nèa ro: mīnə" more commonly referred to as TVR' (pronunciation "té'vé'ré" Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Unitary enterprise All-Russia State Television and Radio Company (Всероссийская государственная телевизионная и радиовещательная Channel One (Пе́рвый кана́л Pervy kanal;) is the Russian TV channel with the widest reception area Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Singapore MediaCorp ( is a state-owned group of commercial media companies in Singapore specialising primarily in Television and Radio Broadcasting Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slovak Television (STV Slovenská televízia in Slovak) is a state-owned Public television network in Slovakia. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Radiotelevizija Slovenija or RTV Slovenija (Radio-Television Slovenia or more commonly en ''RTV Slovenia'' is the national Public broadcasting Organization South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Korean Broadcasting System ( KBS) is South Korea's premier public broadcaster and the biggest one of three major Korean television networks. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Teledeporte (TDP is a Spanish Sports channel owned by TVE.Teledeporte launched on 14 February, 1994 through Hispasat The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation also known as TRT, ( Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu) was founded in 1964, it is the national The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's CNBC (an abbreviation for the " C onsumer N ews and B usiness C hannel" its official name until 1991 is a cable and MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada. History The privately held company Oxygen Media was founded in 1998 by Geraldine Laybourne, talk show host Oprah Winfrey and producers Marcy USA Network (commonly referred to as USA) is an American Cable television channel with about 89 million household subscribers as of 2005 Telemundo is an American television network based in Hialeah Florida a suburb of Miami Florida. Universal HD is an HDTV Cable television network owned by NBC Universal. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Venevisión, is one of Venezuela 's largest television networks which is owned and presided over by Gustavo Cisneros. Meridiano Televisión is a 24-hour sports network in Venezuela. TVes is a Venezuelan public Television channel. Its name is short for Televisora Venezolana Social ( Venezuelan Social Television) and Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Vietnam Television, or VTV, is the national Television broadcaster for Vietnam. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition [81] In their bid for the Olympic games in 2001, Beijing confirmed to the olympic evaluation commission "that there will be no restrictions on media reporting and movement of journalists up to and including the Olympic Games. "[82]
In Canada the public network CBC/Radio-Canada and cable networks TSN and RDS will broadcast its final games before a private consortium involving CTV/Rogers/TQS takes over for the 2010 Winter Olympics, which will be happening within Canadian borders, in Vancouver. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Sports Network (commonly known as TSN) is a Canadian English language Cable television Specialty channel and is Canada's leading Réseau des sports (commonly known as RDS) is a Canadian French language Cable television Specialty channel showing Sports
Issues
Likely competitors in the Games, especially swimmers, have voiced dissatisfaction with the IOC's decision to schedule some events to meet the requests of NBC, which paid US$5. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's 7 billion[83] for exclusive United States broadcasting rights to the Summer and Winter Games from 2000 through 2012. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an International Multi-sport event, usually quadrennial organised by the International The Winter Olympic Games are a winter Multi-sport event held every four years [84] NBC requested that popular events, such as swimming, athletics, basketball, and gymnastics, be broadcast live during television primetime in the United States between 8:00 and 11:00 p. Prime Time is the major News analysis current affairs and Politics programme broadcast on Radio Telefís Éireann in Ireland m. EDT (between 00:00 and 03:00 UTC) for maximum advertising revenue. The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America This would require events to be held in the early morning between 8:00 and 11:00 a. m. , Beijing time. The IOC granted the request for swimming and gymnastics but denied it for athletics and basketball. [85] The IOC has precedent for its decision: at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, some swimming, gymnastics, and athletics finals were held in the morning. The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event staged in 1988 in Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. Also, at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, gymnastics finals were held in the afternoon which allowed most of Europe to view gymnastics during their primetime. The 1996 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad and unofficially known as the Centennial Olympics, were an International
Concerns and controversies
Concerns over the games include the potential for boycotts from pro-Tibetan organizations such as Students for a Free Tibet as well as from organizations such as Amnesty International upset with China's involvement in the crisis in Darfur. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Students For a Free Tibet is a non-profit student-led organization which uses Education, Advocacy, and nonviolent Direct action with the goal Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to China has also been battling problems with air pollution both in the city of Beijing and in neighboring areas, which the Beijing Organizing Committee (BOCOG) says it hopes to remedy before the games. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort The head of Interpol warned China on April 25, 2008 that there is a "real possibility" that the Beijing Olympics will be targeted by terrorist groups[86], as well as potentially violent disruption from pro-Tibet protestors. The International Criminal Police Organization, better known by its telegraphic address Interpol is an organization facilitating international police cooperation [87]
Mass displacement
The Geneva-based group, Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions has claimed that 1. 5 million Beijing residents will be displaced from their homes for the Olympics event. Beijing's Olympic organizing committee and China's Foreign Ministry have put the number at 6,037. [88] Some sources say that as of May 2005, 300,000 residents have been evicted in preparation for the games and that police in Beijing placed many people under arrest for protesting against the evictions. [89] Other sources say that nearly 15,000 people have been relocated. [90]
Human Rights Violations
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For more details on this topic, see Human rights in the People's Republic of China. Since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the human rights issue of China has come to the forefront
Numerous human rights violations have taken place in China because of the Olympics, according to an Amnesty International report. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to [91] In 2006, Beijing implemented a detention without trial scheme called "Re-education Through Labor" which targets people who have committed minor offenses and are forced to work long hours and can be detained for 4 years. [92]
Sabotage Plot
On April 10, 2008, China announced that they had foiled a sabotage plot against the games. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction According to the Chinese security ministry, Uyghur separatists in the North-Western Province of Xinjiang planned to conduct suicide bomb attacks on Chinese cities and conduct kidnappings in Beijing in order to disrupt the Olympic Games. East Turkestan Independence Movement is a broad term that refers to advocates of an independent self-governing Xinjiang, also referred to as East Turkestan Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Uyghur activists claim that the Chinese fabricated these terror plots in order to prevent people in the region from voicing their grievances with the Chinese. [93] Xinjiang province is historically mainly an Islamic region of China which is largely populated by Turkic peoples, some who wish to make Xinjiang an independent state called East Turkestan. DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND [94] China reported that they had arrested 35 suspects, as part of a ten day raid. [95]
Protests
While no state has indicated they will boycott the 2008 games, some groups are initiating independent campaigns to do so and other notable groups have called for protests. The 2008 Tibetan unrest, also known as the 3•14 Riots in China began with demonstrations on March 10, 2008 ( Tibetan Uprising Day The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics. It has been reported that Chinese intelligence services were monitoring the activities of foreigners suspected of plotting demonstrations during the Olympics. Chinese intelligence agencies are believed to be active outside of the People's Republic of China. In addition to monitoring NGOs that are concerned with domestic Chinese issues, the Chinese intelligence is also monitoring possible terrorism-related activities and anti-American demonstrations. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Anti-Americanism, often anti-American sentiment, is opposition or hostility to the people culture or policies of the United States. [96]
Tibet
Pro-Tibetan independence groups, such as Students for a Free Tibet, have initiated a campaign to protest the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics. Students For a Free Tibet is a non-profit student-led organization which uses Education, Advocacy, and nonviolent Direct action with the goal [97][98][99] The group plans to protest for Tibetan independence and objects to the Chinese government's use of the Tibetan antelope (chiru) as one of its five mascots. "Chiru" redirects here For the Indian actor see Chiranjeevi. The Olympic symbols are the icons Flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee to promote the Olympic Games. [100] The Tibetan People's Movement has also demanded representation of Tibet with its own national flag. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Hollywood actor Richard Gere in his position as the chairman of the International Campaign for Tibet called for the boycott of the games to put pressure on China to make Tibet independent. Richard Tiffany Gere (born August 31, 1949) is a Golden Globe - and Screen Actors Guild Award -winning American Actor. The International Campaign for Tibet ( ICT) is a private Non-profit Advocacy group working to promote democratic freedoms for Tibetans, ensure China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European There have also been plans by Tibetans to organise their own version of the Olympics in May at the headquarters of Tibetan government-in-exile, because Tibet doesn't get representation. The Tibetan Olympics 2008 was held from 15 to 25 May 2008 in Dharamsala, in northern India [101]
The press freedom organisation Reporters Without Borders has advocated a boycott expressing concerns over violations of free speech and human rights in China. Freedom Constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to freedom of the press It hopes that international pressure and petition can effect the release of prisoners of conscience, and hold China to promises made to the IOC, regarding improvements in human rights. Prisoner of conscience (POC is a term coined by the human rights group Amnesty International in the early 1960s Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled [102] Reporters Without Borders journalists interrupted the speech of China organizing committee chief during the Olympic torch lighting ceremony in Greece March 24, 2008. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [103] Three of them breached a cordon of 1,000 police at the ancient Olympia stadium and ran behind Liu Qi, head of the Beijing Games committee, as he made a speech. One protestor tried to snatch the microphone as another unrolled a black flag showing the Olympic rings as handcuffs. The trio, from a French human rights group, were dragged away by police. [104] Nearly 50 Tibetan exiles in India began a global torch relay March 25, 2008 with a symbolic "Olympic" flame that will end in Tibet on August 8, 2008, the day of the Summer Games' opening ceremonies in Beijing. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [103]
China's Involvement in Darfur
Activists working to address the ongoing violence in Darfur, Sudan, have called for pressure to be exerted on China because of their financial and diplomatic support for Omar al-Bashir, who is responsible for the Sudanese government's proxy militias. The War in Darfur is a military conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan. Darfur (دار فور daar foor, lit "realm of the Fur " is a region in Sudan. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir ( Arabic: عمر حسن أحمد البشير born January 1 1944) is the President of Sudan. The Janjaweed ( Arabic: جنجويد; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed or Jingaweit etc These advocates, which include actress Mia Farrow, NBA athlete Ira Newble, and Sudan researcher Eric Reeves, have organized a global advocacy campaign called Olympic Dream for Darfur. Maria de Lourdes Villiers-Farrow, known as Mia Farrow (born February 9, 1945) is an American Actress. Ira Newble (born January 20 1975, in Detroit Michigan) is an American professional Basketball player who's currently a Free Agent Dr Eric Reeves is professor of English Language and Literature at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, where he teaches courses in Shakespeare Some have begun to refer to the Beijing Olympics as the "Genocide Olympics" as noted in The China Post as a way of connecting Beijing's close political and economic ties to the Sudanese regime. For the article on the postal system based in the People's Republic of China see China Post. The Chinese government, in turn, has criticised the activists for "politicising" the Olympics and outlined its plans to help the Sudanese economy. [105][106]
China's Involvement in Myanmar
Since China has close economic and military ties with Myanmar, it is seen as a major lever against the repressive regime in Myanmar. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. [107] Many have also criticized China's opposition of sanctions against Myanmar's military rulers,[108] who used force against anti-government protesters in 2007. The 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were a series of anti-government protests that started in Burma (also known as Union of Myanmar on August 15, The Olympics are considered a way to motivate China to take a firm stance against human rights violations in Burma. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. [109]
On September 28, 2007, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Desmond Tutu urged China to intervene in the ongoing protests in Myanmar. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African Cleric and activist who rose to Worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent The 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were a series of anti-government protests that started in Burma (also known as Union of Myanmar on August 15, Tutu said that if China did not take a stance against the military rulers in Myanmar he would "join a campaign to boycott the Beijing Olympics". [110] His call has been taken up by the U.S. Campaign for Burma. The United States Campaign for Burma (USCB is a US-based membership organization dedicated to empowering Grassroots Activists around the world to bring about an
Boycotts
Calls for sustained pressure and possible boycotts of the Olympics have come from former French presidential candidate François Bayrou,[111] actor and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Mia Farrow,[112] Genocide Intervention Network Representative Ronan Farrow,[112] author and Sudan scholar Eric Reeves[113] and the The Washington Post editorial board. François Bayrou (fʁɑ̃swa·bajʁu Francés Vairon in Occitan) is a French centerist Politician, president of Union for French Democracy The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946 Maria de Lourdes Villiers-Farrow, known as Mia Farrow (born February 9, 1945) is an American Actress. The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a Non-profit organization that "envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect Ronan Seamus Farrow (born Satchel O'Sullivan Farrow on 19 December 1987) is an American Human rights Activist and The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D [114] Filmmaker Steven Spielberg, founder of the Los Angeles' University of Southern California's Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, sent a letter to Hu Jintao on April 2, 2007 to discuss and possibly end China's involvement in the conflict. Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [115] In February 2008, Spielberg announced he was stepping down from his role as an artistic advisor in protest of the Chinese government's refusal to pressure Sudan to stop the "continuing human suffering" in the Darfur region. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. He noted: "Sudan's government bears the bulk of the responsibility for these on-going crimes, but the international community, and particularly China, should be doing more. "[116] Additionally, a group of 106 lawmakers in the United States have circulated a letter calling for the US to boycott the coming Olympics because of China's support of the Sudanese regime and the forced relocation[89] of 300,000 Chinese poor to make room for the games. [117] Congresswoman Maxine Waters introduced a similar resolution in early August 2007. Maxine Waters (born Maxine Moore Carr on August 15 1938) has served as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives [118]
The British Olympic Association (BOA) will require that before leaving for China, British Olympic team members sign an agreement, stating that they "are not to comment on any politically sensitive issues. The British Olympic Association ( BOA) is responsible for the United Kingdom 's participation in the Olympic Games. " However, BOA spokesman Graham Newsom stated that the BOA didn't intend to censor athletes, and referred to a rule in the International Olympic Committee charter which states, "No kind of demonstration or political, religious or racial propaganda is permitted in any Olympic sites, venues or other areas. "[119][120]
On April 2, 2008, the Japanese government announced that its royal family will not participate in the opening ceremony, now that the violent crackdown in Tibet has been the focus of international concern. These issues led the government to decide to reject the request. [121]
On April 5, French newspaper Le Monde quoted a French minister as stating that the attendance of president Sarkozy at the opening ceremony is "conditional". Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced, Three conditions were set: "an end to violence against the population and the release of political prisoners, light to be shed on the events in Tibet and the opening of dialogue with the Dalai Lama. "[122] However, Minister Rama Yade said that Le Monde misquoted her as listing conditions, and that the word "conditions" was never used. BBC News wrote that while Sarkozy was opposed to a full boycott, he would "not close the door to any possibility" as far as his own attendance is concerned. [123]
Masahisa Tsujitani, a Japanese craftsman who makes shots used by many Olympic athletes announced April 14 he refuses to allow his wares to be used at the 2008 Olympics to protest against China's treatment of protesters in Tibet. [124]
Environmental and health issues
Concern has been raised over the air quality of Beijing and its potential effect on the athletes. [c] Although the Beijing Municipal Government, in its bid file in 2001, committed to lowering air pollution, increasing environmental protection, and introducing environmental technology,[126] research data show that even if the city were to dramatically cut down its emissions, pollution would still drift over the neighboring provinces,[127] from which 50 percent of Beijing's air is believed to originate. [128] At current levels, air pollution is at least 2 to 3 times higher than levels deemed safe by the World Health Organization. Marco Cardinale of the British Olympic Association has stated that air pollution coupled with heat and humidity makes it "very unlikely we'll see outstanding performances in endurance sports. Dr Marco Cardinale (born in Formia Italy is the Head of Sports Science and Research of the British Olympic Association. The British Olympic Association ( BOA) is responsible for the United Kingdom 's participation in the Olympic Games. "[127] Despite this, Beijing committed to remove 60,000 taxis and buses from the roads by the end of 2007 and relocate 200 local factories, including a prominent steel factory,[127] before the games begin. A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of Public transport for a single passenger or small group of passengers typically for a non-shared ride [128] The Chinese government has provided assurances that "blue skies are a requirement not only for Beijing, but also for the places around it. "[129] The United States Olympic Committee has also expressed its assurance that the air quality of Beijing will not be a concern for the U. S. delegation to the games. [130] Nevertheless, the IOC's medical commission recently analyzed air-quality data recorded by the Beijing Environment Protection Bureau in August, when test athletic events were held in the Chinese capital. The commission found that outdoor endurance events -- defined as those that include at least an hour of continuous, high-intensity physical effort -- may pose some risk. [131]
In spite of such efforts, several countries have indicated that their athletes will arrive at the games as late as possible to limit exposure to pollution. [132] Some countries including Japan and South Korea have set up offshore training camps to avoid the pollution. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː [133]
Meteorological findings in April 2007 also have suggested that, based on rainfall data from the past 30 years, there is a 50 percent chance of rain for the opening and closing ceremonies of the games. [134][135] To combat the chance of poor weather, Beijing officials plan to seed clouds to induce rain several days before the games begin by shooting thousands of silver iodate pellets into the air using ground-based rockets. Cloud seeding, a form of weather modification, is the attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from Clouds by dispersing substances Silver iodate (AgIO3 is a white crystal composed of Silver, Iodine and Oxygen. [136][137] While the effectiveness of this method is questionable, Beijing is optimistic that it will reduce the chance of rainfall during the games,[138] and planned to carry out several tests as a practice in the summer of 2007, one year before the games begin. [136] Officials have also stated that inducing rain should also remove some of the pollution from the air. [135]
Another issue of concern is that of Beijing's poor tap water supply. Tap water ( running water) is part of indoor Plumbing, which became available in the late 19th century and common in the mid-20th century A high-ranking Beijing official has stated that tap water in the city should be avoided. The water coming out of the water plants is safe, according to Bi Xiaogang of the Beijing Water Management Bureau; the process of transporting the water throughout the city is what contaminates it. Beijing is suffering from a drought of 15 years as well as a lack of major fresh water sources elsewhere, so many locals drink bottled water instead of that from the tap. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply Bottled water is Drinking water packaged in Bottles for individual consumption and retail sale [139] Officials of the city water authority have ensured, however, that "the safety and efficiency of the water system" will be maintained and that the recycled water supplied to the Olympic Village will be as clean as tap water. [140]
Following recent scares regarding the safety of food products manufactured in China, the United States Olympic Committee has decided to import food for its athletes. In particular, athletes were concerned that eating meat that was raised in China could contain enough steroids to cause the athletes to test positive for steroid use. [141] The United States Olympic Committee's plan to bring its own food to China has disappointed the leader of food services for the Beijing Olympics. [142]
Chinese counter-protests
The condemnation of China by Western countries has caused a surge of nationalism and anti-foreigner sentiment in China, with the risk that violence will be directed at foreign visitors to the Olympics. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation [143] French goods have been threatened with a boycott for the French government's handling of the torch relay through Paris, with flag burning protests outside the French supermarket chain Carrefour. Carrefour SA ( (karˈfur is a French international Hypermarket chain with a global network of outlets [144] A number of death threats have been received against foreign journalists in China, for what some Chinese see as the biased reporting on Tibet by the Western Media. A death threat is a threat, often made anonymously, against a person to kill him or her Time magazine suggests current patriotic protests could erupt into anti-government protests, as with the 1919 May Fourth Movement. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The May Fourth Movement ( was an anti- imperialist, cultural and political movement in early modern China. [143] Media reports that the attitudes of regular citizens towards foreigners in China have noticeably worsened. A poll found that 80% of Chinese respondents thought that foreign media sources conveyed a biased view of China. In late April Chinese internet censors, who had previously permitted posts critical of foreigners, began blocking words such as "Carrefour", in what was seen as an attempt to calm tensions before the games. Foreigners in Beijing reported more regular checks of their identification and work permits, while travel agents in Hong Kong reported that multiple-entry business visas for the mainland, commonly used by foreign businesspeople who lack work visas, were no longer being issued, apparently in an attempt to prevent the entry of foreign activists. A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit "a document that has been seen" is a document issued by a Country giving an individual [145]
See also
- 2008 Summer Olympics bids
- 2008 Summer Paralympics
- 2008 Summer Olympics venues
- 2008 Olympic Torch Relay
- Zhang Jigang (co-directing 2008 Opening and Closing Ceremonies)
- Zhang Yimou (co-directing 2008 Opening Ceremonies)
- Human Rights Torch Relay awareness relay for Human Rights in China
References
Citations
- ^ 6th Coordination Commission Visit To Begin Tomorrow. Five cities made the shortlist with their bids to host the 2008 Summer Olympics (officially known as Games of the XXIX Olympiad) and 2008 Summer Paralympics The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games, the thirteenth Paralympics, took place in Beijing, China from September 6 to September 17 2008 The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, China from August 8 to August 24, 2008. The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics. Zhang Jigang ( (born December 25 1958 is an internationally acclaimed Chinese Choreographer and a Lieutenant General in the People's Liberation Zhang Yimou (born November 14 1951 is an internationally acclaimed Chinese Filmmaker and former Cinematographer. The Human Rights Torch Relay (HRTR is a torch relay organized by the Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong started in Athens on 09 August 2007 one year before Since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the human rights issue of China has come to the forefront International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2006-05-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ "China's coming out party", Toronto Star, August 2007.
- ^ "2008-The Year of China?", BusinessCenter. TV, 2007-08-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Retrieved on 2008-01-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire.
- ^ EU may boycott Olympics over 'cultural genocide' Malaysia Sun, 26 March 2008
- ^ Polish government to boycott opening of Olympics 27th March 2008
- ^ Sarkozy hints at boycott Toronto Star March 26, 2008
- ^ "Beijing 2008 will be best-ever Games: Samaranch", BOCOG, 2007-06-25. The Sun (now branded as theSun) is Malaysia 's first national Free daily newspaper in Tabloid form Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Toronto Star is Canada 's highest-circulation newspaper though its print edition is distributed almost entirely within the province of Ontario. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Retrieved on 2007-06-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians
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- ^ "New Guidelines For Beijing Police Ahead Of 2008 Games", GamesBids, 2007-05-11. GamesBidscom is an Olympic bid news and information web site created in Toronto, Canada, by Robert Livingstone. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ "Beijing stamps out poor English", BBC News, 15 October 2006
- ^ "All Beijing-based Olympic venues under construction", BOCOG, 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
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- ^ a b "The Olympic Games en route for Beijing", International Olympic Committee, 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Retrieved on 2007-07-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and
- ^ ArchitectureWeek - Design - China's Banner Stadium - 2002.0501
- ^ "Stadium designer blasts China Olympics", Aljazeera, 2007-08-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Retrieved on 2007-07-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and
- ^ Chinese architect slams Olympic 'pretend smile'. Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-08-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting
- ^ "Un-manned trains to operate at new airport terminal building", BOCOG, 2007-06-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Retrieved on 2007-06-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat
- ^ "Official: passengers can watch the Games in Beijing metro", BOCOG, 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Retrieved on 2006-02-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ "Beijing airport to launch emergency alert mechanism for Olympics", BOCOG, 2007-06-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Retrieved on 2007-06-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians
- ^ "38 public transit routes to the Olympic venues", BOCOG, 2007-01-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ "Rogge's Message for Beijing Olympics Emblem Unveiling", People's Daily Online, 2003-08-03. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ Mascot renamed Fuwa in English
- ^ "The Official Mascots of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games", BOCOG. Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ "China to sell over 7mn tickets", Gulf Times Newspaper, 2006-08-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Retrieved on 2006-08-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
- ^ "Beijing 2008 tickets go on sale", BOCOG, 2007-04-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Retrieved on 2007-05-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
- ^ "Olympic Opening ceremony tickets getting hot", BOCOG, 2007-06-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Retrieved on 2007-06-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians
- ^ "'One World One Dream' selected as the Theme Slogan for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games", BOCOG, 2005-12-25. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Retrieved on 2007-05-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
- ^ Lei, Lei. "Official Olympics gear now just a click away", China Daily, 2007-07-31. The China Daily ( is an English-language daily newspaper published in the People's Republic of China. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ The Overseas Olympic E-shop goes on-line 29 November 2007. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Retrieved on 2007-11-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
- ^ "We Are Ready" - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Jackie Chan is ready for the Paralympics - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ 106 Misses 'light the passion' for the Olympic Games - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Andy Lau offers best wishes for the Olympics - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Akhwari, 'Hero' of Olympic music video - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Zhou Bichang hopes Olympic music video conveys moving story of athletes - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Sun Nan and Coco Lee film 'Forever Friends' music video - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Super Girls and Happy Boys have fun filming volunteer music video - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Nicholas Tse and Joey Yung film Olympic music video in Beijing - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Celine Dion to sing for 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Jay Chou to treat fans to debut performance of Olympic song - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Theme song for 100-day Olympic countdown released - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Theme songs for Olympic Torch Relay, Volunteers unveiled on 100-day countdown - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ "Beijing 2008: Games Programme Finalised", International Olympic Committee, 2006-04-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Retrieved on 2006-05-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
- ^ Programme of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, Beijing 2008, International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on May 15, 2006.
- ^ Morris, Chris. "Competitive gaming trying to earn a berth in the Olympics", Game Over, Cable News Network, 2006-05-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Retrieved on 2006-06-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
- ^ "Pictograms of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games unveiled", BOCOG, 2006-08-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Retrieved on 2006-08-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
- ^ "Beijing 2008: BOCOG Announces Olympic Torch Relay Route", International Olympic Committee, 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Officials Expect Olympic Torch to Continue on Route.
- ^ "Britain sends mandarins to China on subtle mission", The Times, 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Retrieved on 2007-04-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ a b "Beijing 2008 Olympic Torch Relay Planned Route and Torch Design unveiled", BOCOG, 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ "China to build highway on Mt Everest for 2008 Olympics", The Hindu, 2007-06-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Retrieved on 2007-06-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians
- ^ "Climbers banned from Everest as China seeks to stop protests on summit", The Independent, 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Retrieved on 2008-03-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ "China closes its side of Everest to climbers", CNN, 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Retrieved on 2008-03-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ "Taiwan rejects 'domestic' Olympic torch route", Taiwan Journal, 2007-05-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ "China blames Taiwan for scuttling Olympic torch relay through Taipei, labels 'vile precedent'", Yahoo! Canada Sports, 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.
- ^ Bremner, Charles. "Tibet protests force organisers to snuff out Olympic flame in Paris", The Times, 2008-04-07. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7339380.stm title= Confusion strikes US torch relay| date=2008-04-09| publisher=BBC News|
- ^ National Olympic Committees. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2008-03-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty
- ^ "About 600 athletes to compete for the U.S. at 2008 Olympic Games", BOCOG, 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ "Marshall Islands joins Olympic Family", ONOC, 2006-02-10. The Oceania National Olympic Committees ( Acronym: ONOC) is an International organisation that congregates the 17 National Olympic Committees (NOCs Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Retrieved on 2006-12-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila
- ^ "Robert Meets IOC President", ONOC, 2005-04-02. The Oceania National Olympic Committees ( Acronym: ONOC) is an International organisation that congregates the 17 National Olympic Committees (NOCs Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Retrieved on 2006-12-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila
- ^ a b "Two new National Olympic Committees on board!", International Olympic Committee, 2007-07-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Retrieved on 2007-07-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000
- ^ "IOC to recognise Kosovo", News24, 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ "Koreas 'to unify Olympics teams'", BBC, 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Retrieved on 2006-12-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila
- ^ a b "Two Koreas to meet on unified team in Beijing Olympics", BOCOG, 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2006-02-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ "Two Koreas Make Progress in Creation of Unified Team", International Olympic Committee, 2006-09-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Retrieved on 2006-09-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
- ^ "North, South Korea discuss joint team in 2008", NBC Sports, 2007-02-12. NBC Sports is the brand used for sports programming on NBC, responsible for the televising of many Sports events on the network Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Retrieved on 2007-02-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ "Koreas fail to agree on fielding joint team for Beijing Olympics", AP, 2007-02-13. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Retrieved on 2007-02-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule
- ^ Seven Network 2008 - Olympics
- ^ YLE tapahtumat. YLE. Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ International Olympic Committee (2007-08-06). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. "IOC Awards Broadcast Rights in Hong Kong to i-CABLE". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2008-04-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. “Please note: Over the air broadcast rights for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games were acquired by Asia Television Limited and Television Broadcasts Limited through the Asian Broadcasting Union. ”
- ^ China to mark its territory with Olympics 2008. RTÉ News (2007-11-12). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger
- ^ "Malaysia's TV operator to add more channels for Beijing Olympics", Xinhuanet, 2008-04-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ NOS brengt Olympische Spelen en EK Voetbal in HDTV. Broadcast Magazine. Broadcast Press. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger
- ^ Solar Sports, The Olympic Channel. Retrieved on 2008-04-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ "Pekin 2008 w TVP", 2007-12-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2008-06-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
- ^ The Russian satellite operator RSCC and the Chinese company CNC signed a cooperation agreement for international satellite TV transmissions from 2008 Olympic Games. News. Russian Satellite Communications Company. Retrieved on 2008-03-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor.
- ^ BBC key to London's Olympic win | Media | MediaGuardian
- ^ [Commercial during The Biggest Loser: Couples finale - April 15, 2008. ]
- ^ Medios se alistan para Beijing. News. Lavinotinto. com. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum
- ^ "Seeing clearly: Panasonic ushers in first HDTV Game", China Daily, 2007-07-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad in 2008, pg. 73
- ^ "Some Shows Turn NBC Olympics Into Also-Ran", New York Times, 2006-02-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus.
- ^ "Are the IOC and NBC Unfairly Prohibiting Internet Coverage of the Sydney Olympics?", 2001-01-09. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
- ^ "2008 Beijing Olympic Swimming Finals in the morning Looks to be a Reality", About, Inc. , 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ Interpol says Olympic terror attack 'real possibility. The Globe and Mail. Accessed: April 25, 2008
- ^ Interpol chief warns of Olympic terror threat. Yahoo! News. Accessed: April 25, 2008
- ^ "Beijing to evict 1.5 million for Olympics: group", Reuters, 2007-06-05. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Retrieved on 2007-06-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ a b Macartney, Jane. "Thousands of homes destroyed to make way for Olympic tourists", TimesOnline, 2005-05-26. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ China Defends Relocation Policy
- ^ http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/apro/aproweb.nsf/pages/Olympics/$File/ASA170502008.pdf
- ^ What human rights legacy for the Beijing Olympics? | Amnesty International
- ^ BBC NEWS | World | Asia-Pacific | China 'foils Olympic terror plot'
- ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/10/ST2008041001028.html?hpid=topnews China: Kidnap Plot During Olympic Games Foiled
- ^ China says 35 arrested in Olympics bomb plot
- ^ Hutzler, Charles (2007-07-23). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. China Sees Activists As Olympic Threat. Associated Press. Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
- ^ Denyer, Simon. "Tibetan Protesters train hard for Beijing Olympics". Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ August, Oliver. "Tibet activists begin Beijing Games protest", Times Online, 2004-08-31. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ Wade, Stephen (2007-08-07). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Protests, Smog Cloud Olympics a Year Out. Associated Press. Retrieved on 2007-08-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great.
- ^ Students for a Free Tibet, 2008 Olympics Campaign, blog. studentsforafreetibet. org. Retrieved on January 8, 2007.
- ^ Tibetan Olympics from May 15-25 Dharamshala, March 20, 2008 Hindustan Times
- ^ "Boycott Beijing 2008: Repression continues in China, one year before Olympic Games", Reporters Without Borders, 2007. Hindustan Times ( HT) is a leading newspaper in India, published since 1924 with roots in the independence movement Retrieved on 2007-10-03
- ^ a b "Olympic torch begins epic journey", CNN, 2007-03-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ "Tibet's Olympic flame of fury", the Sun, 2007-03-25. The Sun is a Tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland with the highest circulation of any daily English-language Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Retrieved on [[2008 -03-25]].
- ^ Bloomberg, Frederick Kempe. "China hopes to avoid 'genocide Olympics'", China Post, 2007-05-26. China Post (中国邮政 Zhōngguó Yóuzhèng) is the postal service of the People's Republic of China operating on the mainland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ "China's Games", Washington Post, 2007-05-29. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ ABC News: China Pressured to Act in Myanmar; Beijing Olympics Used as Leverage
- ^ ABC News: China Pressured to Act in Myanmar; Beijing Olympics Used as Leverage
- ^ ABC News: China Pressured to Act in Myanmar; Beijing Olympics Used as Leverage
- ^ Desmond Tutu vädjar till Burmas ledare Dagens Nyheter, September 28, 2007.
- ^ Call for Olympic boycott stirs up pre-poll France, Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-03-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor.
- ^ a b The 'Genocide Olympics', The Wall Street Journal, 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ On Darfur, China and the 2008 Olympic Games, Sudan Tribune, 2007-02-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ China and Darfur: The Genocide Olympics?, The Washington Post, 2006-12-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ Steven Spielberg. Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. "Steven Spielberg on Darfur/China situation", Spielbergfilms, 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-05-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
- ^ BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific | Spielberg in Darfur snub to China
- ^ "China defends Darfur role, deflects Olympic warning", Reuters AlertNet, 10 May 2007
- ^ Bresnahan, John (2007-08-07). This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Waters Wants To Boycott Beijing Olympics. The Politico Crypt. Retrieved on 2007-08-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
- ^ "Olympics - UK athletes barred from political comments", The Guardian, February 10, 2008. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Olympic Charter. International Olympic Committee (October 16, 2007). Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2008-02-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead
- ^ Japanese royal family will not attend opening of Beijing Olympics. Sankei Shimbun (2008-04-02). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Retrieved on 2008-04-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of
- ^ "Paris sets conditions for Sarkozy to attend Olympics: report", Associated Press, 2008-04-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop
- ^ "Sarkozy aide 'misquoted' on Games", BBC News, 2008-04-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop
- ^ A Japanese craftsman's one-man Olympic boycott
- ^ Olympians air a gripe about Beijing - Los Angeles Times
- ^ Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad in 2008. International Olympic Committee (2001-05-15). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Retrieved on 2007-07-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls,
- ^ a b c Oster, Shai. "Will Beijing's Air Cast Pall Over Olympics?", The Wall Street Journal, 2007-02-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ a b Mone, Gregory. "Choking at the Olympics". Popular Science (August 2007): 33–35. For the 1935-1949 film series see Popular Science (film. Popular Science is an American monthly Magazine founded in 1872 ISSN 0161-7370. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. Lay summary – Popular Science (June 2007). June 2007 is the sixth month of that year It began on a Friday and 30 days later ended on a Saturday.
- ^ "Promise of clean air during Olympics", BOCOG, 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Retrieved on 2007-03-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
- ^ "USOC official: air quality not a concern for U.S. Olympic delegation in Beijing", BOCOG, 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- ^ "Olympic Worry in the Air", The Wall Street Journal, 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Retrieved on 2008-03-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ "WHO fears over Beijing pollution", BBC, 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
- ^ "Olympians gripe about Beijing's air quality", Los Angeles Times, 2008-03-12. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Retrieved on 2008-03-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ "Beijing to keep skies clear on Games' opening day", BOCOG, 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Retrieved on 2007-04-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ a b Tandan, Marc. "The Buzz: Is China's weather plan for the Olympics all wet?", The Virginian-Pilot, 2007-04-27. The Virginian-Pilot is a daily Newspaper based in Norfolk Virginia and serving southeastern Virginia, Virginia's Eastern Shore Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Retrieved on 2007-04-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ a b Xiaohua, Sun. "Weather drills get under way for 2008 Olympics", China Daily, 2007-07-18. The China Daily ( is an English-language daily newspaper published in the People's Republic of China. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ Watts, Jonathan. "Organisers to give Olympic clouds a silver lining", Guardian Unlimited, 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Retrieved on 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
- ^ Robertson, Laura. "Beijing Fights Olympic Rain, But Can it Prevent the Protestors' Storm?", CBN News, 2007-04-27. The Christian Broadcasting Network, or CBN, is a Christian Television broadcasting network in the United States. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Retrieved on 2007-04-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ "Beijing 2008 advice: Don't drink the water", Associated Press, 2007-05-09. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Xiaohuo, Cui. "New water treatment system for Olympics", China Daily, 2007-07-19. The China Daily ( is an English-language daily newspaper published in the People's Republic of China. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
- ^ "Steroid use".
- ^ "China hurt over U.S. food plan for Games", CNN, 2008-02-22. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Retrieved on 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
- ^ a b Why China's Burning Mad. TIME magazine (2008-04-24). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ Torch protests stir Chinese nationalism. Reuters (2008-04-20). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
- ^ "For Chinese, a Shift in Mood, From Hospitable to Hostile" by Edward Cody, The Washington Post, 29 April 2008
Notes
- ^ The number 8 is associated with prosperity and confidence in Chinese culture. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common In mathematics 8 is a Composite number, its Proper divisors being 1, 2, and 4. In Chinese culture, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious (吉利 or inauspicious (不利 based on the Chinese word that the number name sounds similar to [1]
- ^ The fencing programme will again include all six individual events and four team events, though the team events will be a different set than were held in 2004. The International Fencing Federation's rules call for events not held in the previous Games to receive automatic selection and for at least one team event in each weapon to be held. Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE ( English: International Fencing Federation) is the international governing body of Olympic Voting is conducted to determine the fourth event. In 2004, the three men's team events and the women's épée were held. Thus, in 2008, the women's foil and sabre events and men's épée were automatically selected. Men's sabre was chosen over foil by a 45–20 vote. [2]
- ^ Poor-quality air in China contributes to the death of about 400,000 Chinese annually. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Ozone and fine particulate matter—bits of carbon, sulfates, and industrial by-products—will be the two biggest pollution threats to the athletes in 2008. OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 A by-product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a Manufacturing process a Chemical reaction or a biochemical pathway and is not the primary product When high ozone levels are present, lungs are not able to absorb as much air, causing coughing, wheezing, or headaches. In Medicine, a cough ( Latin: tussis) is a sudden and often repetitively occurring defence Reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages A wheeze is a continuous coarse whistling sound produced in the respiratory Airways during breathing A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted [3]
External links
- Official Website of the 2008 Summer Olympics
- IOC Official 2008 Summer Olympics Website
- 2008 Summer Olympics Travel, Hotels & Tickets Entrance.
- Olympic competition venues in Beijing 2008
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