| Millennia: | 2nd millennium |
| Centuries: | 19th century - 20th century - 21st century |
| Decades: | 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s |
| Years: | 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 |
| Categories: | Births - Deaths - Architecture Establishments - Disestablishments |
The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. A millennium (pl millennia) is a period of Time equal to one thousand Years (from Latin la mille, thousand and la annum The second millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1001, and ended on December 31, 2000. A century (from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred is One hundred consecutive Years Centuries are numbered ordinally (e The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. See also List of centuries, History This is a list of Decades in history including links to corresponding articles with more information about them The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) A decade is a period of 10 Years (since 1594 a factor of 10 difference between two numbers, or sometimes a set or a group of ten (since 1451 Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) In Western cities primarily, the focus shifted from the social activism of the sixties to social activities for one's own pleasure: drug use, all-night dancing at discotheques and swinging parties. Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 A discothèque, diskoˈtɛk̚ compare the Spanish "discoteca" is an Entertainment venue or Club with recorded music played by "Discaires" Swinging, sometimes referred to as the swinging lifestyle, is "non-monogamous sexual activity treated much like any other social activity that can be experienced as a The seventies were considered by Tom Wolfe as the "Me Decade. Thomas Kennerly Wolfe Jr (born March 2, 1931 in Richmond, Virginia) known as Tom Wolfe, is a Best-selling " A notable exception was the tremendous growth in environmentalism. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment.
The perception of the established institutions of nuclear family, religion and trust in one's government continued to lose ground during this time. The term nuclear family developed in the Western world to distinguish the Family group consisting of parents most commonly a Father and Mother A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Major developments of the sexual revolution included the awareness of the impact of contraceptive pills on social-interactional relationships, and an increase in divorce rates, single parent households, and unprotected sex. The sexual revolution refers to the well-documented changes in social thought and codes of behaviour related to sexuality throughout the Western world that continues to evolve Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. A single parent (also lone parent and sole parent) is a Parent who cares for one or more children without the assistance of another parent in the home By the end of the decade, the feminist movement had helped change women's working conditions. The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement or Women's Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as Reproductive rights (sometimes The hippie culture, which started in the 1960s, peaked in the early 1970s and carried on through the end of the decade. The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The United States' withdrawal from its extensive military involvement in Vietnam and the resignation of Richard Nixon helped bring about a sense of malaise which continued through the Jimmy Carter Presidency and mistrust in political authority. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002
The United States experienced an economic recession, but the economy of Japan prospered. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The economies of many third world countries continued to make steady progress in the early 1970s, because of the green revolution. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically The Green Revolution refers to the transformation of Agriculture that began in 1945 at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to They might have thrived and become stable in the way that Europe recovered after the war through the Marshall Plan; however, their economic growth was slowed by the oil crisis. The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of
Contents |
Worldwide trends
The first ethos of the 1970s emerged from a transition of the global social structure. Ethos (ˈiːθɒs (grc ἦθος ἔθος plurals ethe (ἤθη ethea (ἤθεα is a Greek word originally meaning "accustomed It reflected the transition from the decline of colonial imperialism since the end of World War II to globalization and the rise of a new middle class in the developing world. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones
Globally, the 1970s had several features that were similar and definitive across economic levels and regions. Some defining points of the 1970s were the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 and the subsequent oil shock of 1973, the economic strain caused by the rapid increase in the price of oil and its influence on the Bretton Woods system of international economic stabilisation, and the effect of the contraceptive pill on social dynamics. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states
Developing nations that were rich in oil experienced economic growth; others, not so endowed, saw the economic strain of oil price hikes lead to economic decline, particularly in Africa where a number of moderately democratic states became dictatorial regimes. Many Middle Eastern democracies crumbled into chaotic regines with pseudo-democratic governments. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Several Asian countries also saw the rise of dictators, including South Korea, Malayasia and Indonesia.
As well, people were influenced by the rapid pace of societal change and the aspiration for a more egalitarian society in cultures that were long colonised and have an even longer history of hierarchical social structure. Social structure is a term frequently used in Sociology and Social theory — yet rarely defined or clearly conceptualised (Abercrombie et al
The first face lifts were attempted in the 1970s. A facelift, technically known as a rhytidectomy (literally surgical removal of wrinkles) is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure used to give a more youthful
The green revolution of the late 1960s brought about self sufficiency in food in many developing economies. The Green Revolution refers to the transformation of Agriculture that began in 1945 at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to At the same time an increasing number of people began to seek urban prosperity over agrarian life. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture This consequently saw the duality of transition of diverse interaction across social communities amid increasing information blockade across social class. In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures.
Other common global ethos of the seventies world include: increasingly flexible and varied gender roles for women in industrialised societies. More women could enter the work force. However, the gender role of men remained as that of a bread-winner. The period also saw the socioeconomic effect of an ever-increasing number of women entering the non-agrarian economic workforce. The Iranian revolution also affected global attitudes to and among those of the Muslim faith toward the end of the 1970s. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed
The global experience of the cultural transition of the 1970s and an experience of a global zeitgeist revealed the interdependence of economies since World War II, in a world increasingly polarised between the United States and the Soviet Union. Zeitgeist ( pronounced) is a German language expression literally translated Zeit time; Geist spirit, meaning "the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Economy
The 1970s were perhaps the worst decade of Western and American economic performance since the Great Depression. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Although there was no severe economic depression as witnessed in the 1930s, economic growth rates were considerably lower than previous decades. A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. As a result, the 1970s adversely distinguished itself from the prosperous postwar period between 1945 and 1973. Then, the world economy was buoyed by the Marshall Plan and the robust American economy. The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger However, the high standing enjoyed by the American economy gradually became discomposed by years of loose domestic spending (particularly the Great Society campaign) and funding for the Vietnam war. The Great Society was also a 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, and a 1914 book by English social theorist Graham Wallas. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 added to the existing ailments and conjured high inflation throughout much of the world for the rest of the decade. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Soaring oil prices compelled most American businesses to raise their prices as well, with inflationary results.
The average annual inflation rate from 1900 to 1970 was approximately 2. 5 percent. From 1970, however, the average rate hit about 6 percent, topping out at 13. 3 percent by 1979. This period is also known for "stagflation", a phenomenon in which inflation and unemployment steadily increased, therefore leading to double-digit interest rates that rose to unprecedented levels (above 12% per year). Stagflation is an economic situation in which Inflation and Economic stagnation occur simultaneously and remain unchecked for a period of time The prime rate hit 21. 5 in December 1980, the highest in history. By the time of 1980, when U. S. President Jimmy Carter was running for re-election against Ronald Reagan, the misery index (the sum of the unemployment rate and the inflation rate) had reached an all-time high of 21. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The misery index is an Economic indicator, created by economist Arthur Okun, and found by adding the Unemployment rate to the Inflation rate. 98 percent.
In Eastern Europe, Soviet-style command economies began showing signs of stagnation, in which successes were persistently dogged by setbacks. The oil shock increased East European, particularly Soviet, exports, but a growing inability to increase agricultural output caused growing concern to the governments of the COMECON block, and a growing dependence on food imported from Western nations.
Oil crisis
Economically, the seventies were marked by the energy crisis which peaked in 1973 and 1979 (see 1973 oil crisis and 1979 oil crisis). The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. After the first oil shock in 1973, gasoline was rationed in many countries. Europe particularly depended on the Middle East for oil; the U. S. was also affected even though it had its own oil reserves. Many European countries introduced car-free days and weekends. In the U. S. , customers with a license plate ending in an odd number were only allowed to buy gasoline on odd-numbered days, while even-numbered plate-holders could only purchase gasoline on even-numbered days. The experience that oil reserves were not endless and technological development was not sustainable without harming the environment ended the age of modernism. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century As a result, ecological awareness rose substantially. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment.
Social movements
Environmentalism
The 1970s started a mainstream affirmation of the environmental issues early activists from the 1960s, such as Rachel Carson and Murray Bookchin had warned of. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Rachel Louise Carson (May 27 1907 – April 14 1964 was an American marine biologist and Nature writer whose writings are credited with advancing the global Murray Bookchin ( January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American libertarian socialist, political and social The moon landing that had occurred at the end of the previous decade transmitted back concrete images of the Earth as an integrated, life-supporting system and shaped a public willingness to preserve nature. A moon landing is the arrival of an intact manned or unmanned Spacecraft on the surface of a Planet 's Natural satellite. On April 22, 1970, the United States celebrated its first Earth Day in which over two thousand colleges and universities and roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools participated. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Earth Day is one of two Observances both held annually during spring in the Northern hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern hemisphere.
Feminism
Feminism in the United States got its start in the 1960s, but began to take flight starting in 1970, with the fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (which legalized female suffrage). Second-wave feminism refers to a period of Feminist activity which began during the 1960s and lasted through the late 1970s The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Nineteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits each of the states and the federal government from
With the anthology Sisterhood is Powerful and other works being published at the start of the decade, feminism started to reach a larger audience than ever before. Sisterhood Is Powerful (ISBN 0-394-70539-4 published in 1970 was one of the first widely available anthologies of early Second Wave radical feminist
No-Fault divorce laws paved the way for increased divorce rates, as depicted in the movie Irreconcilable Differences, and divorce became widely acceptable in western countries. No-fault divorce is a Divorce in which the dissolution of a marriage requires neither a showing of wrong-doing of either party nor any evidentiary proceedings at all Irreconcilable Differences is a 1984 Comedy-Drama starring Ryan O'Neal, Shelley Long, and Drew Barrymore.
Science and technology
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The 1970s witnessed an explosion in the understanding of solid-state physics, driven by the development of the integrated circuit, and the laser. The spirit of discovery and exploration characterized the seventies in scientific pursuits in several disciplines The birth of modern computing was in the 1970s The world's first general Microprocessor — the Intel 4004, came out on Nov Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. The CERN super-collider was constructed, and Stephen Hawking developed his theories of black holes and the boundary-condition of the universe at this period. The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN Stephen William Hawking CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942 is a British theoretical physicist. A black hole is a theoretical region of space in which the Gravitational field is so powerful that nothing not even Electromagnetic radiation (e The biological sciences greatly advanced, with molecular biology, bacteriology, virology, and genetics achieving their modern forms in this decade. Biodiversity became a cause of major concern as habitat destruction, and Stephen Jay Gould's theory of punctuated equilibrium revolutionized evolutionary thought. Stephen Jay Gould (September 10 1941 &ndash May 20 2002 was a prominent American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science Punctuated equilibrium is a theory of evolutionary biology which states that most sexually reproducing populations experience little change for most of their geological Space exploration reached its zenith in the 1970s with the ambitious Voyager program aimed at outer planets in the solar system, though Apollo lunar flights terminated in 1972. See also Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. The Voyager program consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes Voyager 1 and The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. The Soviet Union developed vital involving long-term human life in free-fall on the Salyut and later Mir space stations. The Salyut program (Салют lit Salute or Fireworks) was the first Space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and
The birth of modern computing was in the 1970s, which saw the development of the world's first general microprocessor, the C programming language, rudimentary personal computers, pocket calculators, the first supercomputer, and consumer video games. The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit Central processing unit (CPU released by Intel Corporation in 1971 tags please moot on the talk page first! --> In Computing, C is a general-purpose cross-platform block structured A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated A calculator is device for performing mathematical calculations distinguished from a Computer by having a limited problem solving ability and an interface optimized for interactive The Cray-1 was a Supercomputer designed by a team including Seymour Cray for Cray Research. A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. The 1970s were also the start of fiber optics, which transformed the communications industry. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length In automotive technology, United States and especially Europe turned toward more lightweight, fuel efficient vehicles. Automotive historians have also described the period as 'the era of poor quality control', though the integration of the computer and robot, particularly in Japan, allowed unprecedented improvements in mass production. In consumer goods, microwave ovens and Cassette tapes surged in popularity, and the first consumer videocassette recorders became available. A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats Food by Dielectric heating. The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a Magnetic tape sound PLEASE BEAR IN MIND THAT THIS IS A GENERAL ARTICLE ABOUT VCRs/VIDEOCASSETTE RECORDERS Genetic engineering became a commercially viable technology.
Culture
In North America especially, Universities became friendlier and less authoritarian towards students. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects This was part of a broader change in social hierarchy that was also reflected in the corporate culture of the 1970s, where the hierarchy between supervisor and subordinates became increasingly flattened. Organizational culture is a concept in the field of Organizational studies and Management which describes the attitudes experiences beliefs and values @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - A supervisor, foreman foreperson team leader overseer cell coach facilitator or area coordinator is a manager in business @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - This influenced social interaction and family relationships as well. Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence The nuclear family began to lose its prominence in the industrialised world, and the role of women in nuclear families took radical shift from those of earlier generations. The term nuclear family developed in the Western world to distinguish the Family group consisting of parents most commonly a Father and Mother In particular, the easing of laws regarding divorce led to the rise of new family structures. With the changing family structures and liberal attitudes towards social structures came new perspectives to child rearing and education. The '70s saw a decline in attendance at private boarding schools and a rise of privately-owned local day schools, as well as the creation of large consolidated schools in rural areas, and in the USA, the integration of black and white students in schools. A boarding school is a School where some or all pupils not only study but also live during term time with their fellow students and possibly teachers A day school is - as opposed to a Boarding school - an Institution where Children are given educational instruction during the day and after which children Social norms and laws were increasingly framed in favour of women.
Music
The 1970s saw the rise of disco music, which dominated popular music during the last half of the decade. Music of the 1970s saw the rise of experimental classical music and Minimalist music by classical composers Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define In response to this, rock music became increasingly hard edged with artists such as Led Zeppelin. Led Zeppelin were Minimalism also emerged, lead by composers such as Philip Glass, Steve Reich and Michael Nyman. Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3 WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes This was a break from the intellectual serial music of the tradition of Schoenberg which lasted from the early 1900s to 1960s. Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969
Experimental classical music influenced both art rock and progressive rock as well as the punk rock and New Wave genres. Art rock is a term describing a subgenre of Rock music that tends to have "experimental or avant-garde influences" and emphasizes "novel sonic texture Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved New Wave is a Rock music genre that existed during the late 1970s and the 1980s Hard rock also emerged among British bands Deep Purple, Uriah Heep, Led Zeppelin, Judas Priest and Black Sabbath. Hard rock (also referred to as heavy rock) is a variation of Rock music which has its earliest roots in mid-1960s garage and Psychedelic rock Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertfordshire in 1968 Led Zeppelin were Judas Priest are an English heavy metal band formed in 1970 in Birmingham. Black Sabbath are an In Europe, there was a surge of popularity in the early decade for glam rock. Glam rock (also known as glitter rock) is a sub-genre of Rock music that developed in the UK in the post- Hippie early 1970s which was "performed by The mid-seventies saw the rise of punk music from its protopunk/garage band roots in the 1960s and early 1970s. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Major acts include the Ramones, Blondie, Patti Smith, the Sex Pistols, and The Clash. The Ramones were an American rock band often regarded as the first Punk rock group Blondie is an American rock band that first gained fame in the late 1970s and has so far sold over 60 million records Patricia Lee Smith ( born December 30 1946 is an American Singer-songwriter and poet The Sex Pistols are an English Punk rock band that formed in London in 1975 For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were The highest-selling album was Pink Floyd's Dark Side of The Moon (1973). The Dark Side of the Moon (titled Dark Side of the Moon in the 1993 CD edition is a Concept album by the British Progressive It remained on the Billboard Top 200 Albums Chart for 741 weeks. The Billboard 200 is a ranking of the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard The rise of Disco music occurred in the late 1970s; however, the first half of the 1970s saw many jazz musicians from the Miles Davis school achieve cross-over success through jazz-rock fusion. Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly In Germany, Manfred Eicher started the ECM label, which quickly made a name for 'chamber jazz'. Manfred Eicher (born 1943 in Germany) is a German Record producer, and the founder of the ECM Record label and its subsidiaries ECM (Edition of Contemporary Music is a Record label founded in Munich, Germany in 1969 by Manfred Eicher. Towards the end of the decade, Jamaican reggae music, already popular in the Caribbean and Africa since the early 1970s, became very popular in the U.S. and in Europe, mostly because of reggae superstar and legend Bob Marley. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Robert "Bob" Nesta Marley OM (February 6 1945 – May 11 1981 was a Jamaican Musician, Singer-songwriter and Rastafarian The late '70s also saw the beginning of hip hop music with the song "Rapper's Delight" by Sugarhill Gang. The Sugarhill Gang is an American hip hop and Funk group known mostly for their biggest hit " Rapper's Delight " the first hip hop Country music remained very popular in the U. Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. S. In 1977 it became more mainstream after Kenny Rogers became a solo singer and scored many hits on both the country and pop charts. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Kenneth Ray "Kenny" Rogers (born August 21, 1938, in Houston Texas) is an American Country music Singer-songwriter
Cinema
In 1970s European cinema, the failure of the Prague Spring brought about nostalgic motion pictures such as István Szabó's Szerelmesfilm (1970). World cinema In cinema all over the world the seventies brought about vigor in adventurous cool and realistic complex narratives with rich cinematography and elaborate scores The cinema of Europe has compared to the Cinema of the United States, the reputation of being more liberal when it comes to the representation of nudity and sexuality but less The Prague Spring ( Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during This article is about the Hungarian film director For the Hungarian canoer see István Szabó (canoer István Szabó (born February Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. German New Wave and Rainer Fassbinder's existential movies characterized film-making in Germany. New German cinema ( German -Neuer Deutsche Film or JDF „Junger Deutscher Film“ is a period in German cinema which lasted from the late 1960s into the 1980s Rainer Werner Fassbinder (May 31 1945 &ndash June 10 1982 was a German Film director, Screenwriter and Actor. The movies of the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman reached a new level of expression in motion pictures like Cries and Whispers (1973). "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( pronounced) (14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 was a nine-time Academy Award -nominated Swedish film, stage Cries and Whispers ( Viskningar och rop) is a 1973 Swedish film about two sisters who watch over their third sister on her deathbed torn between fearing Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar.
Asian cinema of the 1970s catered to the rising middle class fantasies and struggles. In the Bollywood cinema of India, this was epitomised by the movies of Bollywood superhero Amitabh Bachchan. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Another Asian touchstone beginning in the early '70s was traditional Hong Kong martial arts film which sparked a greater interest in Chinese martial arts to the West. Hong Kong action cinema is the reason why Hong Kong film industry 's is so well known Martial arts film reached the peak of its popularity largely in part due to its greatest icon, Bruce Lee. For other uses see Martial arts (disambiguation Martial arts film is a Film genre that originated in the Pacific Rim. Bruce Lee ( November 27 1940 – July 20 1973 was an American-born Martial artist, Philosopher, instructor, Martial arts actor and the
Hollywood emerged from its early 1970s slump with young film-makers taking greater risks and exploring more adult subject matter in movies such as A Clockwork Orange and The Godfather. A Clockwork Orange is a 1971 Satirical Science fiction Film adaptation of a 1962 novel of the same name, by Anthony The Godfather is a 1972 Crime drama film based on the 1969 novel of the same name by Mario Puzo and directed The nostalgic Love Story was a huge commercial and critical hit. Love Story is a 1970 Romantic drama film written by Erich Segal coordinated with his 1970 best-selling novel. The 1970s saw a rebirth of the action film with movies like The French Connection. For other uses see The French Connection. The French Connection is a 1971 Hollywood Crime film directed Airport was hugely successful and launched a series of disaster-related films, such as Earthquake. Airport is a 1970 film based on the 1968 Arthur Hailey novel of the same name. A disaster film is a movie genre that has an impending or ongoing Disaster (such as a damaged Airliner, Fire Earthquake is a 1974 action adventure / disaster / Thriller film that achieved huge box-office success continuing the Disaster film Throughout the seventies, the horror film developed into a lucrative genre of film; notable examples include The Exorcist, The Omen, Halloween, and The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. This article is about the novel published in 1971 For information about the 1973 film please see The Exorcist (film. The Omen is a 1976 suspense / horror Film directed by Richard Donner. Halloween, or Hallowe’en, is a Holiday celebrated on the night of October 31. The Texas Chain Saw Massacre is a 1974 American independent Blaxploitation also emerged as a genre. Blaxploitation is a Film genre that emerged in the United States in the early 1970s when many Exploitation films were made that targeted the urban Top-grossing Jaws(1975) ushered in the blockbuster era of film-making, though it was eclipsed two years later by the science-fiction epic Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977). Jaws is a 1975 thriller / horror Film directed by Steven Spielberg and based on Peter Benchley 's best-selling This article refers to the theatrical slang term for other uses see Blockbuster (disambiguation. Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope (originally released as Star Wars) is a 1977 Space opera
Television
In the United Kingdom, color channels were now available; three stations had begun broadcasting in color between 1967 and 1969. The decade of the 1970s saw significant changes in television programming in both the United Kingdom and the United States. Notable UK dramas included Play for Today and Pennies From Heaven. Play for Today was a British television anthology drama series produced by the BBC and transmitted on BBC1 from 1970 to 1984 Pennies From Heaven is a 1978 BBC television drama serial by the highly-regarded television playwright Dennis Potter. The science fiction show Doctor Who reached its peak. Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. Many popular British situation comedies (sit-coms) were gentle, innocent, unchallenging comedies of middle-class life; typical examples were Terry and June, Sykes, and The Good Life. Terry and June is a British sitcom that aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1987 Sykes is a British sitcom that aired on BBC1 from 1972 to 1979 The Good Life is a British sitcom that aired on BBC1 from 1975 to 1978 A more diverse view of society was offered by series like Porridge and Rising Damp. Porridge was a British situation comedy that was broadcast on BBC1 from 1973 to 1977 running for three series two Christmas specials as well as Rising Damp was a UK television sitcom produced by Yorkshire Television for ITV, first broadcast from 1974 to 1978 In police dramas there was a move towards increasing realism; popular shows included Dixon of Dock Green, Softly, Softly, and The Sweeney. Dixon of Dock Green was a popular BBC television series, which ran from 1955 to 1976 and later a radio series Softly Softly was a British Television drama series produced by the BBC and screened on BBC 1 from January 1966 The Sweeney was a British Television Police drama focusing on two members of the Flying Squad, an elite branch of the Metropolitan
In the United States, long-standing trends were declining. The Red Skelton Show and The Ed Sullivan Show, long-revered American institutions, were canceled. The Red Skelton Show was a staple of American Television for almost two decades from the early 1950s through the early 1970s The Ed Sullivan Show was an American television Variety show that ran from June 20, 1948 to June 6, The "family sitcom" saw its last breath at the start of the new decade with The Brady Bunch. The Brady Bunch is an American Television Situation comedy based around a large blended family. Television was transformed by what became termed as "social consciousness" programming such as All in the Family, which broke down television barriers. All in the Family is an American Situation comedy that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network from January 12 1971 to April The television western, which had been very popular in the 1960s, slowly died out during the 1970s, with The High Chaparral, The Virginian, and Gunsmoke ending their runs. The Western is a fiction Genre seen in Film, Television, Radio, Literature, Painting and other Visual arts. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The High Chaparral is a Western -themed television series which aired on NBC from 1967 to 1971 The Virginian is a western -themed Television series which aired on NBC from 1962 to 1971 for a total of 249 episodes Gunsmoke is an American radio and television Western drama series created by director Norman MacDonnell and writer John Meston By the mid- to late 1970s, "jiggle television"--programs centred around sexual gratification and bawdy humor and situations such as Charlie's Angels and Three's Company--became popular. Charlie's Angels is a television series about three women who work for a private investigation agency and is one of the first shows to showcase women Three's Company is an American Sitcom that aired from 1977 to 1984 on ABC. Soap operas expanded their audience beyond housewives with the rise of All My Children and As the World Turns. A soap opera is an ongoing episodic work of Fiction, usually broadcast on Television or Radio. Homemaker is a mainly American term which may refer either to the person within a family who is primarily concerned with the management of the household whether All My Children ( AMC) is a popular American Soap opera and drama television series that has been broadcast Monday through Friday on the ABC As the World Turns ( ATWT) is an American television Soap opera that airs each weekday on CBS. Game shows such as The Hollywood Squares and Family Feud were also popular daytime television. The Hollywood Squares was an American Television comedy and Game show in which two contestants play Tic-tac-toe to win money Family Feud is a popular Television Game show that pits two families against each other in a contest to name the most popular responses to a survey-type Another influential genre was the television newscast, which built on its initial widespread success in the 1960s. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Finally, the variety show received its last hurrah during this decade, with shows such as The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and Donny & Marie. A variety show or variety entertainment is an entertainment made up of a variety of acts especially Musical performances and Comedy Skits and The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour is a Variety show that ran on CBS in the United States from August 1971 until May 1974
Literature
Fiction in the early '70s brought a return to old-fashioned storytelling, especially with Erich Segal's Love Story. Fiction in the '70s brought a return to old-fashioned storytelling especially with Erich Segal's Love Story. Erich Wolf Segal (born June 16, 1937 in Brooklyn New York) is an American Author, Screenwriter, and Educator Love Story is a 1970 Romantic drama film written by Erich Segal coordinated with his 1970 best-selling novel. The seventies also saw the decline of previously well-respected writers, such as Saul Bellow and Peter De Vries, who both released poorly received novels at the start of the decade. Saul Bellow, born Solomon Bellows ( June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was an acclaimed Canadian -born American Peter De Vries ( February 27, 1910 - September 28, 1993) was an American editor and Novelist known for his satiric Racism remained a key literary subject. John Updike emerged as a major literary figure. John Hoyer Updike (born March 18 1932 in Reading, Pennsylvania) is an American Novelist, Poet, Short story Reflections of the 1960s experience also found roots in the literature of the decade through the works of Joyce Carol Oates and Morris Wright. Joyce Carol Oates (born June 16 1938) is an American author and the Roger S Wright Marion Morris (born January 6, 1910 in Central City, Nebraska; died April 25, 1998) was an award-winning American With the rising cost of hard-cover books and the increasing readership of "genre fiction," the paperback became a popular medium. Genre fiction is a term for fictional works ( Novels short stories) written with the intent of fitting into a specific Literary genre Paperback, softback, or softcover describe and refer to a Book by the nature of its binding. Criminal non-fiction also became a popular topic. Irreverence and satire, typified in Kurt Vonnegut's Breakfast of Champions, were common literary elements. Kurt Vonnegut Jr (November 11 1922 – April 11 2007 (ˈvɒnəgət was a prolific and genre-bending American Novelist known for works blending Satire, Black Breakfast of Champions or Goodbye Blue Monday is a 1973 novel by the American author Kurt Vonnegut. The horror genre also emerged, and by the late seventies Stephen King had become one of the most popular genre novelists. Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American Author, Screenwriter, Musician, Columnist,
In nonfiction, several books related to Nixon and the Watergate scandal topped the best-selling lists. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's 1977 brought many high-profile biographical works of literary figures, such as those of Virginia Woolf, Agatha Christie, and J.R.R. Tolkien. (Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941 was an English Novelist and Essayist, regarded as one of the foremost Agatha Mary Clarissa Lady Mallowan, DBE (née Miller; 15 September 1890 &ndash 12 January 1976 commonly known as Agatha Christie, was an English Books discussing sex such as Everything You Wanted to Know About Sex but Were Afraid to Ask were popular as authors took advantage of the lifted censorship laws on literature in the sixties. Exposés such as All the President's Men were also popular. All the President's Men is a 1974 Non-fiction book by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, two of the journalists investigating the first Watergate Self-help and diet books replaced the cookbooks and home fix-it manuals that topped the sixties's charts.
Architecture
Architecture in the 1970s began as a the continuation of styles created by such architects as Frank Lloyd Wright and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8 1867 &ndash April 9 1959 was an American (of Welsh descent Architect, Interior designer, Writer, and educator who Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (ˈlʊdvɪç miːs faːn dɛʀ ˈʀoːɐ born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies ( March 27, 1886 &ndash August 17, 1969 Early in the decade, several architects competed to build the tallest building in the world. Of these buildings, the most notable are the John Hancock Center and Sears Tower in Chicago, both designed by Bruce Graham and Fazlur Khan and the World Trade Center towers that were in New York by Japanese architect Minoru Yamasaki. The John Hancock Center at 875 N Michigan Ave. in Chicago, Illinois, is a 100- story, 1127-foot (344 m tall Skyscraper The Sears Tower, a Skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, has been the tallest building in North America since 1973 Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Bruce Graham is an American architect Among his most notable buildings are the Sears Tower, the Inland Steel Building, and the John Hancock Center. Fazlur Rahman Khan ( Bengali: ফজলুর রহমান খান Fozlur Rôhman Khan) ( April 3 The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. was an American Architect best known for his design of the twin towers of the World Trade Center buildings 1 and 2 The decade also brought experimentation in geometric design, pop-art, postmodernism and early deconstructivism. Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Deconstructivism in architecture also called deconstruction, is a development of Postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s
In 1974, Louis Kahn's last and arguably most famous building, the National Assembly Building of Dhaka, Bangladesh was completed. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Louis Isadore Kahn (born Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky) ( February 20, 1901 or 1902 &ndash March 17, 1974) was a world-renowned Dhaka (also known as Dacca ( Bangla: ঢাকা ɖʱaka is the Capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The building's use of open spaces and groundbreaking geometry brought rare attention to the small southeast Asian country. Hugh Stubbins' Citicorp Center revolutionized the incorporation of solar panels in office buildings. Hugh Asher Stubbins Jr (January 11 1912 - July 5 2006 was an architect who designed several high profile buildings around the world Citicorp Center can refer to three Skyscrapers in the United States Citicorp Center (San Francisco Citigroup Center (Chicago, The seventies brought further experimentation in glass and steel construction and geometric design. Chinese architect I. M. Pei's John Hancock Tower in Boston, Massachusetts is an example, although like many buildings of the time, the experimentation was flawed and glass panes fell from the façade. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Ieoh Ming Pei ( (b April 26, 1917) commonly known by his initials I Three different buildings in Boston, Massachusetts, have been known as the "John Hancock Building" In 1976, the completed CN Tower in Toronto was the world's tallest free-standing structure on land until 2007. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The CN Tower, located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is a communications and tourist Tower standing tall Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario The fact that no other tower built between the construction of the CN Tower and the Burj Dubai shows how innovative and unsurpassed the architecture and engineering of the structure truly was. Burj Dubai ( برج دبي "Dubai Tower" is a Skyscraper under construction in the Business Bay district of Dubai, United Arab
But modern architecture was increasingly criticized, both from the point of view of postmodern architects such as Philip Johnson, Charles Moore and Michael Graves who advocated a return to pre-modern styles of architecture and the incorporation of pop elements as a means of communicating with a broader public. Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8 1906&ndash January 25 2005 was an influential American Architect. Charles Moore is the name of Charles Moore (athlete (born 1929 America Olympic hurdler Charles Moore (English MP (1771&ndash1826 Michael Graves (born July 9, 1934) is an American Architect. Identified as one of The New York Five, Graves has become a household name Other architects, such as Peter Eisenman of the New York Five advocated the pursuit of form for the sake of form and drew on semiotics theory for support. Peter Eisenman (born August 11, 1932 in Newark, New Jersey) is an American architect The New York Five refers to a group of five New York City Architects ( Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves, Charles Gwathmey, John Hejduk
"High Tech" architecture moved forward as Buckminster Fuller continued his experiments in geodesic domes while the George Pompidou Center, designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, which opened in 1977, was a prominent example. Richard Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller ( July 12, 1895 &ndash July 1, 1983) was an American Architect, Author A geodesic dome is an almost spherical shell structure based on a network of Great circles ( Geodesics lying approximately on the surface of a Sphere Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement Renzo Piano (born September 14 1937) is a world renowned Italian Richard George Rogers Baron Rogers of Riverside, CH, FRIBA (born 23 July 1933) is a British Architect noted Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays As the decade drew to a close, Frank Gehry broke out in new direction with his own house in Santa Monica, a highly complex structure half-excavated out of an existing bungalow and half cheaply-built construction using materials such as chicken wire fencing. Frank Owen Gehry CC (born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, February 28, 1929) is a Pritzker Prize -winning Architect
Social science
Social science intersected with hard science in the works in natural language processing by Terry Winograd (1973) and the establishment of the first cognitive sciences department in the world at MIT in 1979. Natural language processing ( NLP) is a subfield of Artificial intelligence and Computational linguistics. Terry Allen Winograd (born February 24, 1946) is an American Professor of Computer science at Stanford University, and Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The fields of generative linguistics and cognitive psychology went through a renewed vigour with symbolic modeling of semantic knowledge while the final devastation of the long standing tradition of behaviorism came about through the severe criticism of B.F. Skinner's work in 1971 by the cognitive scientist Noam Chomsky. Generative linguistics is a school of thought within Linguistics that makes use of the concept of a Generative grammar. Cognitive psychology is a branch of Psychology that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving memory and language Behaviorism or Behaviourism, also called the learning perspective (where any physical action is a behavior is a philosophy of Psychology based on the Burrhus Frederic Skinner ( March 20, 1904 &ndash August 18 1990) was an influential American Psychologist, author Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political
Sports
In the 1970s, the renegade sports leagues of the National Basketball Association (founded in 1946), the World Hockey Association (lasting from 1972 through 1979), and the World Series Cricket (lasting from 1977 to 1979) challenged older, established organizations. Major events The 1970s will be forever associated in terms of sport with the great Welsh Rugby teams of that decade The World Hockey Association (French Association Mondiale de Hockey) was a professional Ice hockey league that operated in North America from 1972 Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) World Series Cricket (WSC was a break away professional Cricket competition staged between 1977 and 1979 and organised by Kerry Packer for his Australian television The "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs, who proclaimed the women's game to be inferior, was a turning point in sports during the decade; after King's victory, the match was heralded as a major victory for women in athletics. Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Billie Jean King ( née Moffitt) (born November 22, 1943, in Long Beach, California) is a retired Tennis Robert Larimore ("Bobby" Riggs ( February 25, 1918 &ndash October 25, 1995) was a 1930s&ndash40s The 1970s marked a boom in the popularity of distance running, especially in the United States. Running is a means for an animal to move on Foot. It is defined in Sporting terms as a Gait in which at some point all feet are off the ground The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The 1972 Summer Olympics were marred by terrorism and Cold War-related international controversy. The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Munich, in what was Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Among the competition's highlights was the performance of swimmer Mark Spitz, who set seven World Records to win a record seven gold medals in one Olympics, bringing his total to nine. Mark Andrew Spitz (born February 10 1950 is a retired American Swimmer, best known for winning seven gold medals at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games The 1976 Summer Olympics were highlighted by the legendary performance of Romanian female gymnast Nadia Comaneci and the strong U. The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Montreal, Quebec Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Nadia Elena Comăneci (originally Comăneci /komə'neʧʲ/ born November 12 1961 is a Romanian gymnast, winner of five Olympic gold medals S. boxing team. Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight,
Regional issues
Middle East
- Further information: Yom Kippur War
- Further information: Camp David Accords
Political authoritarianism in Arab and Middle Eastern states, combined with the occupation of the West Bank by Israel after a military victory in Israel's Six-Day-War war of 1967, led to a major increase in Palestinian suicide attacks against Israeli civilians. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons The Palestinian terror group Black September was involved in aircraft hijackings and a deadly hostage incident at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. The Black September Organization (منظمة أيلول الأسود munazzamat aylul al-aswad) was a Palestinian militant group founded in 1970 Hijacking (also known as skyjacking and aircraft piracy) is the take over of an Aircraft, by a person or group usually armed A hostage is a person or entity which is held by a captor The original definition meant that this was handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Munich, in what was Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany.
On September 6, 1970 the world witnessed the beginnings of modern rebellious fighting in what is today called as Skyjack Sunday. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the Dawson's Field hijackings (September 6 1970 four Jet aircraft bound for New York City were hijacked by members of the Popular Front for the Liberation Palestinian terrorists hijacked four airliners and took over 300 people on board as hostage. An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers Later the hostages were released but the planes exploded in front of world wide media coverage.
The relationship between Egypt and Israel changed dramatically throughout the 1970s. In 1975, tensions between Christian and Muslim factions in Lebanon brought that country to civil war, which would continue sporadically for 20 years. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990 was a multifaceted Civil war whose antecedents can be traced back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 transformed Iran from an autocratic pro-west monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to an Islamic, theocratic government under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 Distrust between the revolutionaries and Western powers led to the Iran hostage crisis on November 4, 1979 where 66 diplomats, mainly from the U. The Iran hostage crisis ( Persian: تصرف سفارت آمریکا was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) S. , were held captive. In Iraq, Saddam Hussein began to rise to power by helping to modernize the country. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 One major initiative was removing the western monopoly on oil which later during the high prices of 1973 oil crisis would help Hussein's ambitious plans. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of On July 16, 1979 he assumed the presidency cementing his rise to power. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The President of Iraq is Iraq 's Head of state. Presidents of the Republic of Iraq (1958-2003 For most of the country's history Iraq's His presidency led to the breaking off of a Syrian-Iraqi unification, which had been sought under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and would later lead to the Iran-Iraq War starting in the 1980s. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr ( Arabic أحمد حسن البكر) ( July 1, 1914 – October 4, 1982) was The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989.
Africa
Idi Amin became infamous in the seventies for his brutal regime in Uganda. Idi Amin Dada (mid 1920s &ndash 16 August 2003 commonly known as Idi Amin, was a Ugandan military dictator and the President of Uganda The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. The seventies also witnessed the fall of Haile Selassie and Jean-Bedel Bokassa, and the continuation of apartheid in South Africa (and the death of Steve Biko). Haile Selassie I ( Ge'ez: am ኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ "Power of the Trinity " 23 July 1892 &ndash 27 August 1975 born Tafari Makonnen, was Jean-Bédel Bokassa (ʒɑ̃ bedɛl bɔkasa 22 February 1921 &ndash 3 November 1996) also known as Bokassa I of Central Africa The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Stephen Bantu Biko December 1946 &ndash 12 September 1977 was a noted anti-[[apartheid] activist in South Africa in the 1960s and early
Asia
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971/Bangladesh Liberation War/Concert for Bangladesh (relates back to culture), Indian Emergency 1975–1977 Martial law was declared in the Philippines on September 21, 1972 by Pres. Ferdinand Marcos. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. The Bangladesh Liberation War (i ( Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ Muktijuddho) was an armed conflict between West Pakistan (later The Concert For Bangladesh was the event title for two Benefit concerts organized by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar, held at noon and at 700 p See also State of Emergency in India The Indian Emergency of June 1975–21st March 1977 was a 21-month period when President Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the Philippines. Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos ( September 11, 1917 &ndash September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986
The Vietnam War came to a close in the early Seventies with the Paris Peace Accords. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Paris Peace Accords (or Paris Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam) were signed on January 27, 1973 by the governments of the Opposition had increased in the United States which led to U. S. withdrawal in the early part of 1973. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. However, in 1975 North Vietamese forces invaded the South and quickly took over the government breaking the treaty.
In Cambodia the communist leader Pol Pot led a revolution against the American backed government of Lon Nol. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Saloth Sar ( May 19, 1925 – April 15, 1998) also known as Pol Pot, was leader of the Communist movement known as Lon Nol ( November 13, 1913 - November 17, 1985) was a Cambodian Politician and Soldier who served as Prime On April 17 1975 his forces captured Phnom Penh the capitol, two years after America had halted the bombings of their positions. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Phnom Penh ( Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ official Romanization Phnum Pénh; pʰnum pɯɲ is the Capital His communist government, the Khmer Rouge, moved the citizens into communal housing which led to starvation. The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed The estimated death toll in the genocide ranges between 800,000 and 2. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group 3 million. Vietnam invaded the country in 1979 which led to a long ensuing war between the nations.
Cultural Revolution also came to the end with the death of Mao Zedong and the arrest of Gang of Four in 1976
Japan
Japan's economic growth surpassed the rest of the world in the Seventies. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The country expanded on the economic growth it received from elaborate building and job growth as a result of the 1964 Summer Olympics, which were held in Tokyo. The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. National Geographic profiled the Japanese work ethic in a March 1974 cover story entitled "Those Successful Japanese!"
With a rise in technology and a more urgent need to commute for salaried jobs, the Shinkansen became an efficient tool for people to travel cross-country in a rather inexpensive and quick manner. Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The is a Network of High-speed railway lines in Japan operated by four Japan Railways Group companies The first "bullet train" was opened between Tokyo and Osaka in 1964, with further extension to Fukuoka in 1975. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. is the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture and is situated on the northern shore of the island of Kyūshū in Japan, across Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Tokyo-Osaka line was key in transporting visitors to Expo '70 in Osaka, where Japan showcased its newest technological achievements. Expo '70 was a World's Fair held in Suita Osaka, Japan between March 15 and September 13, 1970.
In 1969, Prime Minister Eisaku Sato negotiated with President Richard Nixon to hand over the island of Okinawa on May 15, 1972. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was a Japanese Politician and the 61st 62nd and 63rd Prime Minister of Japan, elected on November 9 1964 and re-elected on February 17 1967 and January 14 1970 is one of Japan 's southern prefectures, and consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1000 km long which extends southwest from Kyūshū Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The compromise for the handover was that the United States Armed Forces were still allowed to maintain military bases on the island after Okinawa officially became part of Japan. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States To celebrate the handover, Expo '75 was held at Okinawa, with an oceanographic theme: "The Sea We Would Like to See". Expo '75 (Japanese 沖縄国際海洋博覧会 Okinawa kokusai kaiyou hakurankai) was a World's Fair held on the island of Okinawa in Japan Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or
In 1972, Sato, who was Prime Minister since 1964, decided not to run for a fourth three-year term. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. He was succeeded by Kakuei Tanaka, whose term as Prime Minister would become one of the most infamous in Japan's modern era. was a Japanese Politician and the 64th and 65th Prime Minister of Japan from July 7, 1972 to December
Just as Richard Nixon was resigning from office in the United States, Tanaka was facing a scandal of his own. The Diet was concerned about his business practices (specifically, he used the name of a geisha he frequented on land deeds). or are traditional female Japanese Entertainers whose skills include performing various Japanese arts such as classical music and dance The first witness to be called was his secretary, with whom he had a romantic affair. To save face, he resigned his post late in 1974, and was replaced by Takeo Miki. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Takeo Miki (三木 武夫 Miki Takeo March 17, 1907 November 4, 1988) was a Japanese Politician and the 66th When news of Tanaka's embezzlement of the Lockheed Corporation's funds reached Japan in 1976, Prime Minister Miki pushed for Tanaka's arrest. The Lockheed Corporation (originally Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company was an American aerospace company founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tanaka, who had become a Diet member, responded in kind by removing support from his government, causing him to lose his spot as Prime Minister. Tanaka would spend the rest of the decade endorsing and later removing support from Prime Ministers when he felt his best interests were not served.
The emperor and the rest of his family were not well-received when they made public their intentions of their first ever state visit to Europe in the autumn of 1971. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. When he arrived in London in October, he was granted an audience with Queen Elizabeth, and in a semi-public appearance, Hirohito stopped short of a full apology for Japan's role during World War II. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Instead, he pledged solidarity with the United Kingdom in the new era. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The reason Hirohito did not fully apologize was due to factions of opposition in Japan, who believed the nation should become feudal once more and close its borders to the West. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed
After the ritual suicide of writer Yukio Mishima in November 1970, a vocal opposition emerged, shaking Japan's ruling post-war elite. is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by Disembowelment. Seppuku was originally reserved only for Samurai. was the pseudonym of, a Japanese author poet and Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Therefore, it was in Hirohito's best interests not to make a full apology, which would have been the only solution that would have appeased hostile opinion against Japan in Europe. Hirohito's statement was subsequently seen as a slap in the face by many war veterans. Hirohito received an equally unfavorable response when he visited Queen Juliana in Amsterdam in November. Juliana (Juliana Emma Louise Marie Wilhelmina van Oranje-Nassau 30 April 1909 &ndash 20 March 2004) was Queen regnant of the Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west
Latin America
Soviet Union/ Eastern Bloc
The Seventies in the Soviet Union were in a distinct cultural and economic era known as the Brezhnev era, named after the Communist Party Secretary at the time, Leonid Brezhnev, who had been at the helm in the USSR since 1964. The Cold War ensued as the USSR and the United States struggled indirectly for influence around the world The General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( First Secretary in 1953-1966 was the title synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union after Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The Soviet Union became the world's leading producer in steel, and oil. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit During this period wages were doubled which led to more focusing on personal lives rather than the traditional "Communist ideal". Despite this growth, inflation continued to grow for the second straight decade, and production consistently fell short of demand in agriculture and manufacturing. The USSR began to import grain from the United States, which expanded production "fence row to fence row". Consumer goods remained hard to get.
In People's Republic of Poland, the seventies were the Gierek decade, when under the leadership of Edward Gierek massive loans were channeled into raising the people's standard of living. The People's Republic of Poland or Polish People's Republic ( Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL Russian The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of Soviet Communist dominance over the People's Republic of Poland following World Edward Gierek ( January 6 1913 - July 29 2001) was a Polish communist politician On 16 October 1978 an event that would shape not only Poland's fate but that of the entire world took place: Karol Wojtyła, a Polish cardinal, was elected Pope, becoming Pope John Paul II. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope
In 1971, Erich Honecker was chosen to lead the German Democratic Republic, a role he would fill for the whole of the 1970s and 1980s. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Erich Honecker ( August 25, 1912 – May 29, 1994) was a German Communist Politician who led the German Democratic The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state The mid-1970s were a time of extreme recession for East Germany, and as a result of the country's higher debts, consumer goods became more and more scarce. If East Germans had enough money to procure a television set, a telephone, or a Trabant automobile, they were placed on waiting lists which caused them to wait as much as a decade for the item in question. The Trabant is an Automobile formerly produced by East German auto maker VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau in Zwickau, Saxony
Enver Hoxha's rule in Albania was characterized in the 1970s by growing isolation, first from a very public schism with the Soviet Union the decade before, and then by a split in friendly relations with China in 1978. (ɛnˈvɛɾ ˈhɔdʒa 16 October 1908 11 April 1985 was the leader of the People's Republic of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985 as the This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The Sino-Albanian split ( Chinese: 中阿破裂 Pinyin: Zhōng-Ā pòliè in 1978 saw the parting of the People's Republic of China (PRC and Socialist China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Albania normalized relations with Marshal Tito's Yugoslavia in 1971, and attempted trade agreements with other European nations, but was met with vocal disapproval by the governments in Washington, D.C. and London. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
United States
At the start of the decade, President Richard Nixon proved to be popular with the American people, in that he sent the last American troops from Vietnam, and took the first steps to normalizing relations with China and the Soviet Union, both of which he visited in 1972. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nixon started the process known as détente when he joined the SALT I talks and eventually signed the treaty with Leonid Brezhnev. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s His high approval ratings led him to be overwhelmingly re-elected in the 1972 election against George McGovern. The United States presidential election of 1972 was waged on the issues of radicalism and the Vietnam War. George Stanley McGovern However, the Watergate scandal erupted soon after which put the entire Nixon administration in jeopardy. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's Nixon became the first President to resign his post, in 1974, and received a pardon for his involvement in the scandal by new President Gerald Ford later that year, a move which was seen by many as unfavorable. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President
Ford's pardoning of Nixon, coupled with economic troubles felt by nearly every segment of the American population, cost him the 1976 election, in which he was soundly beaten by Jimmy Carter, a peanut farmer and former Governor of Georgia. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Colonial governors James Oglethorpe, Resident Trustee, 1733 - 1743 ( Oglethorpe County) William Stephens, One of the key events that turned the tide in Carter's favor was an embarrassing blunder on Ford's part, in which he said during a live, televised presidential debate, that Eastern Europe was not under the domination of the Soviet Union. During presidential elections in the United States, it has become customary for the main candidates Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Carter's more personable style resonated with the majority of voters.
Carter did not have any more luck than Ford had in curbing stagflation, as economists had termed it. Stagflation is an economic situation in which Inflation and Economic stagnation occur simultaneously and remain unchecked for a period of time Carter tried to address the price of imported oil and the subsequent energy dilemmas by creating the United States Department of Energy, but his efforts were largely unsuccessful, leading to the 1979 energy crisis, which was also felt in other parts of the world. The United States Department of Energy ( DOE) is a Cabinet -level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Carter's leadership was also challenged abroad, with the aforementioned Iran hostage crisis, arguably the biggest blow to Carter's administration. The hostages were only released when Ronald Reagan took the oath of office on January 20, 1981, succeeding Carter. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981
The continuing rise of inner-city poverty and crime rates, the Watergate scandal, defeatism in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, stagflation, the hardships of economic recession, the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, and the Iran Hostage Crisis of 1979, were just some of the several problems that plagued America in the 1970s. The inner city is the central area of a major city or metropolis Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Stagflation is an economic situation in which Inflation and Economic stagnation occur simultaneously and remain unchecked for a period of time A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. The Iran hostage crisis ( Persian: تصرف سفارت آمریکا was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 As the economy slipped, the use of recreational drugs increased and mistrust in the American government among blue collar workers grew. Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. In addition, many began to fear purported cults such as the Children of God. This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice The Children of God (COG later known as the Family of Love, the Family, and now the Family International (TFI is a Christian religious group widely
United Kingdom
In 1970, the Conservative Party was brought to power under the leadership of Edward Heath. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Heath's term was plagued with a number of strikes by nearly every profession (in 1972 alone, nearly 24 million working days were lost due to strikes). Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His plan to ration electricity for businesses and factories to a mere three days in the work week starting in January 1974 proved almost universally unpopular. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. In February, miners, with the support of the rail and power unions, went out on strike. Heath called a general election to gauge support, which led to his narrow loss.
Labour was voted back in again, under Harold Wilson, who had led the country from 1964 to 1970. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the James Harold Wilson Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 &ndash 24 May 1995 was one of the most prominent British politicians Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. When Wilson retired from the post in 1976, former Chancellor of the Exchequer James Callaghan took over the office. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Leonard James Callaghan Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005 was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 However, failure to assuage the growing energy problem, coupled with rising inflation and unemployment, paved the way for a Tory win in 1979, under Margaret Thatcher's guidance. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 The world first took notice of Thatcher in 1975 when she became the first woman leader of the Tories; she was subsequently featured on the cover of TIME magazine. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Thatcher's rise to Prime Minister, at the tail end of the Seventies, ushered in a new era of change that would become the trademark of what the Eighties represented throughout the world.
During the Seventies, support for the British royal family was thought to have dwindled, but the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 1977 assuaged the family's fears of being irrelevant in a more modern Britain. The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom. The Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II 's accession to the Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Elaborate parades and street parties were thrown in the Queen's honour, and the Queen met with millions of her subjects on a tour throughout the Commonwealth. In spite of such widespread support, an emerging class of people voiced opposition to the monarchy, epitomized in the Sex Pistols' song "God Save the Queen". The Sex Pistols are an English Punk rock band that formed in London in 1975 " God Save the Queen " was the second single released by the Punk rock band Sex Pistols. About two thousand people died as a result of The Troubles in Northern Ireland during the seventies[1]. The overwhelming majority of these were killed in Northern Ireland itself, but significant casualties were also caused by the pub bombings in Guildford, Aldershot and Birmingham. Guildford ( IPA /ˈgɪlfəd/ is the County town of Surrey, England, as well as the seat for the borough of Guildford and the Aldershot is a town in the English County of Hampshire, located on heathland about 60 km (37 miles southwest of London. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um
Commonwealth
Hong Kong stepped on its way to evolving into an international financial centre in the 1970s. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders During this period, the promotion of social welfare improved the living standard of Hong Kong people, at the same time attracting foreign investments into this city.
In Australia, the seventies was a defining decade. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. After 23 years of rule under various Coalition Prime Ministers, the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam was elected under the slogan "It's Time", a group of people singing for the end of the Coalition government. The Coalition in Australian politics refers to a pragmatic grouping of Centre-right parties that has existed in the form of a coalition agreement since 1922 The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916 known as Gough Whitlam (ˈɡɒf goff is an Australian former politician and 21st Whitlam brought sweeping education reforms including free University places, and Medibank (later Medicare), the first fully public hospital system. Medibank was the name given to Australia 's system of universal health insurance when it was first created by Gough Whitlam 's Australian Labor Party government The Whitlam government was also pro-multicultrual and supported greater immigration during their term.
However, after all of Whitlam's social reforms, the government was nearly broke. The Coalition under Malcolm Fraser took advantage of a newly-acquired majority in the Senate and drove the public service to near bankruptcy by refusing to allow the passage of money bills through the Senate. John Malcolm Fraser, AC, CH (born 21 May 1930 is an Australian Liberal politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia. In response, Whitlam was controversially dismissed as Prime Minister by the Governor-General Sir John Kerr during the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the monarch of Australia (currently Elizabeth II Queen of Australia) John Kerr may refer to one of the following Government and politics John Kerr (Governor-General (1914&ndash1991 Australian Governor-General
Despite these moves, Fraser toed a not too dissimilar line of politics, despite predictions of the conservative Murdoch press and his party. is gay Bold text' Keith Rupert Murdoch', AC, KCSG (born Melbourne, March 11 1931 usually known as Rupert Murdoch, is an Australian-American He did make cuts to public spending to reign in inflation and the defecits caused by the Whitlam government. He also formed Medibank Private to reduce the strain in the public hospital system. Medibank Private is an Australian government-owned private health insurer established under the Fraser government in 1976 through the Health Insurance Commission (now known However, he introduced Special Broadcasting Service to ensure a multicultural representation on TV, and supported the end of Apartheid in South Africa. The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS is one of two government-funded Australian Public broadcasting radio and television networks, the other being the
Timeline of military invasions in the 1970s
- 1978: Israel invades Lebanon to push PLO forces north of the Litani River.
- 1979: USSR invades Afghanistan
See also
- Decade nostalgia
- That '70s Show
- I Love the '70s — A BBC (UK) and VH1 (U. That '70s Show is an American television sitcom that centered on the lives of a group of teenagers living in the fictional town of VH1 (known as VH-1 Video Hits One from 1985 to 1994 and VH1 Music First until 2003) is an American Cable television S. ) Television program
- MTV's The 70s House
- Disco
References
- Burrows, Terry. A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U MTV's The 70's House was a Reality television show created by Aaron Matthew Lee Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define ITV's Visual History of the Twentieth Century. London: Carlton Books Ltd. , 1999. 350–419.
- Crosby, Alfred W. (1995). "The Past and Present of Environmental History". The American Historical Review 100 (4), 1177–1189
External links
- Early Xer: Things that people who grew up in the '70s would remember
- Nostalgia Central — The Premier Internet Guide to the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s
- Museum of the '70s - eclectic collection/blog of cultural and literary reference points from the 1970s
- 1970s America - An Indian student's journey
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