Millennia:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century - 20th century - 21st century
Decades:	1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
Years:	1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
Categories:	Births - Deaths - Architecture Establishments - Disestablishments

The 1950s decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive. A millennium (pl millennia) is a period of Time equal to one thousand Years (from Latin la mille, thousand and la annum The second millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1001, and ended on December 31, 2000. A century (from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred is One hundred consecutive Years Centuries are numbered ordinally (e The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. See also List of centuries, History This is a list of Decades in history including links to corresponding articles with more information about them The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A decade is a period of 10 Years (since 1594 a factor of 10 difference between two numbers, or sometimes a set or a group of ten (since 1451 Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Fifties in the United States and much of Western Europe are generally considered conservative in contrast to the social revolution of the next decade. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The Counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s refers to a period between 1960 and 1973 that began in the United States as a reaction against Mass suburban developments and nuclear family ideals serve as symbols of the era from the end of the Second World War in 1945 to the inauguration of United States President John F. Kennedy in 1961. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. The term nuclear family developed in the Western world to distinguish the Family group consisting of parents most commonly a Father and Mother The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Education grew explosively because of a very strong demand for high school and college education. The Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States played out through the entire decade. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The fifties also revolutionized entertainment with the mainstream introduction of television, rapid growth of the recording industry and new genres of music, and movies targeted at teenage audiences. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Due to the conservative norms of the era and the sometimes violent suppression of social movements, seeds of rebellion grew and were manifested through Rock and Roll, movies emphasizing rebelliousness, expansion of the Civil Rights Movement, the so-called Beat Generation of poets and artists. Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African See also Protests of 1968 Historically the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately twenty years (1960-1980 in All of these played significant roles in the Social Revolution of the Sixties (1960s). The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969

Contents 1 Ascendancy of the United States 2 Social and political movements 2.1 Trends 2.2 Korean War 2.3 Suez Crisis 2.4 European Common Market 2.5 Civil rights 3 Culture 3.1 Fashion 3.2 Popular music 3.3 Drama and musical theater 3.4 Film 3.5 Television 3.6 Comics 3.6.1 Public disapproval and the 1954 Senate subcommittee hearings 3.6.1.1 Comics trivia 3.7 Toys 3.8 Literature 3.9 Art Movements 3.10 Science and technology 3.11 Prizes 3.12 Sports 3.12.1 Olympics 4 International issues 4.1 Middle East 4.2 Africa 4.3 Asia 4.4 Latin America 4.5 Europe 4.6 Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc 4.7 Caribbean 5 People 5.1 Entertainers 5.2 World leaders 6 External links

Ascendancy of the United States

The 1950s in the U. S. were marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years, and a return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the baby boom from returning GIs who went to college under the G.I. Bill and settled in suburban America. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada Consumers refers to individuals or households that use goods and services generated within the economy. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions A baby boom is any period of greatly increased birth rate during a certain period and usually within certain geographical bounds and when the birth rate exceeds 2% of the population For other uses of GI see GI GI or GI is a term describing members of the U The GI Bill (officially titled Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 PL346 58 Statutes at Large 284 provided for college or vocational education for returning South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Most of the internal conflicts that had developed in earlier decades like women's rights, civil rights, and imperialism were relatively suppressed or neglected during this time as a world returning from the brink hoped to see a more consistent way of life as opposed to the radicalism of the 1930s and 1940s. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Political radicalism or simply radicalism is adherence to radical views and principles in Politics. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be The effect of suppressing social problems in the 1950s would have a significant impact on the rest of the twentieth century. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

Social and political movements

Trends

In the east, an American generation troubled by the Great Depression and World War II created a culture with emphasis on organization and suppression. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including African Americans took a generally different approach to a post-war society, aiming for a greater inclusiveness and social awareness after a global crisis in the preceding decades that many blamed on the failings of free market capitalism, and the fifties were marked by the establishment of a Welfare State in many countries in Europe. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom. Teenagers had a significant impact on fashion trends in the 1950s

Korean War

The Korean War, lasted from June 25, 1950 until a cease-fire on July 27, 1953 (as of now, there has been no peace treaty signed), started as a civil war between communist North Korea and the Republic of South Korea. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a War or any Armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː When it began, North and South Korea existed as provisional governments competing for control over the Korean peninsula, due to the division of Korea by outside powers. The division of Korea into North Korea and South Korea stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending Japan While originally a civil war, it quickly escalated into a proxy war between the capitalist powers of the United States and its allies and the Communist powers of the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. A proxy war is the war that results when two powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

On September 15, General Douglas MacArthur planned a grand strategy to dissect North-Korean-occupied Korea at the city of Incheon (Song Do port) to cut off further invasion by the North Korean army. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Incheon is a metropolitan city and a major seaport on the west coast of South Korea, near Seoul. Within a few days, MacArthur's army took back Seoul (South Korea's capital). Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. The plan succeeded which allowed American and South Korean forces to cut off further expansion by the North Koreans. The war continued until a cease-fire was agreed to by both sides on July 27, 1953. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The war left 33,742 American soldiers dead, 92,134 wounded, and 51,000 MIA(missing in action).

Suez Crisis

The Suez Crisis was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Following the nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956 by Gamal Abdel Nasser, the United Kingdom, France and Israel subsequently invaded. Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The operation was a military success, but after the USA and Soviet Union united in opposition to the invasion, the invaders were forced to withdraw. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 This was seen as a major humiliation, especially for the two European countries, and symbolises the beginning of the end of colonialism and weakening of European global importance.

European Common Market

The European Community (or Common Market), the precursor of the European Union, was established with the Treaty of Rome in 1957

Civil rights

During this time, African-Americans were subject to racial segregation, but the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s was brewing. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Key figures like Martin Luther King, Malcolm X and Rosa Parks highlighted and challenged those who were against African-American rights and freedom. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19 1925 February 21 1965 also known as El-Hajj Malik El- Shabazz, was an African American Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4 1913 – October 24 2005 was an African American Civil rights activist whom the U The Little Rock Nine integrated Central High School, which was a key event in the fight to end segregation in schools.

Culture

• Juvenile delinquency was said to be at unprecedented epidemic proportions in the United States, though some see this era as relatively low in crime compared to today. Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts performed by juveniles Most Legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles such as The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment
• Continuing poverty in some regions during recessions later on in this decade. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and The 1950s is often mistakenly painted as the pinnacle of American prosperity. To some, it also may be considered the peak of the modern American civilization. The '50s were supposed to be a time of the "Affluent Society".
• The 1950s saw fairly high rates of unionization, government social spending, taxes, and the like in the United States and European countries. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Most Western governments were liberal or moderate, though domestic politics were also affected by reactions to communism and the Cold War. In Politics and Religion, a moderate is an individual who holds an intermediate position between two viewpoints neither to be extreme or radical by those applying
• Beatniks, a culture of teenage and young adults who were seen as rebels and against the social norms, were popularized towards the end of the decade and criticised by older generations. They are seen as a predecessor for the counterculture and hippie movements. The Counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s refers to a period between 1960 and 1973 that began in the United States as a reaction against The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world
• Optimistic visions of a semi-utopian technological future, including such devices as the flying car, were popular.
• The Day the Earth Stood Still hits movie theaters launching a cycle of Hollywood films in which Cold War fears are manifested through scenarios of alien invasion or mutation. The Day the Earth Stood Still is a 1951 Black-and-white Science fiction film that tells the story of a humanoid alien visitor who comes
• Considerable racial tension arose with military and school desegregation in mostly the southern part of the United States, though major controversy and uproar did not truly erupt until the 1960s. Race relations is the area of Sociology that studies the Social, Political, and Economic relations between races at all different
• Resurgence of evangelical Christianity including Youth for Christ (1943); the National Association of Evangelicals, the American Council of Christian Churches, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (1950), Conservative Baptist Association of America (1947); and the Campus Crusade for Christ (1951). Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings William Franklin Graham Jr KBE (born November 7 1918 better known as Billy Graham, is an evangelist and an Evangelical Christian The first organization of Conservative Baptists was the Conservative Baptist Foreign Mission Society (CBFMS now called WorldVenture, formed in Chicago Illinois Christianity Today was first published in 1956. Christianity Today is an Evangelical Christian Periodical based in Carol Stream Illinois. 1956 also marked the beginning of Bethany Fellowship, a small press that would grow to be a leading evangelical press.
• Carl Stuart Hamblen, a religious radio broadcaster, hosted the popular show "The Cowboy Church of the Air". Carl Stuart Hamblen ( October 20, 1908 - March 8, 1989) often called Stuart Hamblen, became one of radio's first Singing
• The Kinsey Reports were published. The Kinsey Reports are two books on Human sexual behavior, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948 and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female Hugh Hefner launched Playboy magazine. Hugh Marston Hefner (born April 9 1926 is an American Magazine Publisher, and best known as the editor-in-chief of Playboy magazine Playboy is an American Men's magazine, founded in Chicago Illinois, by Hugh Hefner and his associates which has grown into Playboy [1][2]

Fashion

Flying in the face of continuity, logic, and erudite sociological predictions, fashion in the 1950s, far from being revolutionary and progressive, bore strong nostalgic echoes of the past. A whole society which, in the 1920s and '30s, had greatly believed in progress, was now much more circumspect. Despite the fact that women had the right to vote, to work, and to drive their own cars, they chose to wear dresses made of opulent materials, with corseted waists and swirling skirts to mid-calf. As fashion looked to the past, haute couture experienced something of a revival and spawned a myriad of star designers who profited hugely from the rapid growth of the media. Throughout the 1950s, although it would be for the last time, women around the world continued to submit to the trends of Parisian haute couture. Three of the most prominent of the Parisian couturiers of the time were Cristobal Balenciaga, Hubert de Givenchy, and Pierre Balmain. Cristóbal Balenciaga Eisaguirre ( January 21, 1895, Spain – March 23, 1972, Spain was a Spanish Basque Fashion Count Hubert James Marcel Taffin de Givenchy (born February 20, 1927) is a French aristocrat and Fashion designer who founded the The Pierre Alexandre Claudius Balmain (b St Jean de Maurienne France May 18, 1914 &ndash Paris France June 29, 1982) was a French Also notable is the return of Coco Chanel (who detested the New Look) to the fashion world. Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel ( August 19, 1883 &ndash January 10, 1971) was a pioneering French Fashion designer After the war, the American look (which consisted of broad shoulders, floral ties, straight-legged pants, and shirts with long pointed collars, often worn hanging out rather than tucked in) became very popular among men in Europe. The designers of Hollywood created a particular type of glamour for the stars of American film, and outfits worn by the likes of Marilyn Monroe, Lauren Bacall, or Grace Kelly were widely copied. Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1 1926 &ndash August 5 1962 baptized Norma Grace Patricia Kelly (later Grace Princess of Monaco; November 12 1929 &ndash September 14 1982 was an Academy Award -winning American film and By the end of the decade mass-manufactured, off-the-peg clothing had become much more popular than in the past, granting the general public unprecedented access to fashionable styles. Teen fashion in America favored blue jeans, penny loafers and bobby sox, saddle shoes, poodle skirts, letterman sweaters and varsity jackets, T-shirts and black leather motorcycle jackets made popular by the Marlon Brando film The Wild One, and, for boys, the greaser hairstyle known as the D. Jeans are Trousers made from Denim. Mainly designed for work, they became popular among Teenagers starting in the 1950s. Loafers aka penny loafers are low leather step-in Shoes usually with moccasin construction with broad flat Heels They first appeared in the A bobby sock is a type of Sock that was especially fashionable in the 1940s and 1950s. Saddle shoes are formal two-toned Leather Footwear, the normal coloration is white and black although other colorations are frequently sold A poodle skirt is one of the most memorable symbols of the 1950s. A T-shirt (or tee shirt) is a Shirt which is pulled on over the head to cover most of a person's Torso. Marlon Brando Jr (April 3 1924 – July 1 2004 was an Academy Award -winning American Actor, whose body of work spanned over half a century The Wild One is a 1953 Outlaw biker film directed by László Benedek. A. or Duck's Ass. The Duck's Ass is a Haircut style that was popular during the 1950s The hairstyle became a stereotypical feature of rebels and nonconformists, and was adopted by Hollywood to represent the wild youth of the era. Brylcreem and other hair tonics had a period of popularity. Brylcreem (pronounced brill-cream) is a brand name of a men's hair grooming product

Popular music

See also: Timeline of musical events#1950s

Popular music up to the early 1950s was mainly bebop and jazz variants. This page indexes the individual year in music pages 2000s Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Jazz stars included Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, and Thelonious Monk. John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie ( October 21 1917 &ndash January 6 1993) was an American Jazz Trumpeter Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Thelonious Sphere Monk ( October 10, 1917 - February 17, 1982) was an American Jazz Pianist and Composer. Rock and roll emerged as the teen music of choice with Little Richard, Chuck Berry and Buddy Holly being notable exponents. Rev Richard Wayne Penniman (born December 5 1932 better known by the Stage name Little Richard, is an American Singer, Songwriter Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (born October 18 1926 in St Charles Hardin "Buddy" Holley (September 7 1936 – February 3 1959 was an American Singer-songwriter and a pioneer of Rock and roll. Elvis Presley was the musical superstar of the period with rock, rockabilly, gospel, and romantic balladeering being his signatures. Bill Haley, Jerry Lee Lewis and Johnny Cash were rockabilly musicians. This article is specifically about the singer For detailed information about his rock and roll group see Bill Haley & His Comets. Jerry Lee Lewis (born September 29, 1935) is an American Rock and roll and Country music Singer, Songwriter Johnny Cash (born J R Cash; February 26 1932 - September 12 2003 was a Grammy Award -winning American country Singer-songwriter. Doo Wop was another popular genre at the time. Doo-wop is a style of vocal-based Rhythm and blues music which developed in African-American communities in the 1940s and which achieved mainstream popularity both in the 1950s Calypso enjoyed popularity with Jamaican Harry Belafonte being dubbed the "King of Calypso". Harold George Belafonte Jr (born March 1 1927 is an American musician actor and Social activist. The Kingston Trio was instrumental in launching the folk music revival of the fifties and sixties. The Kingston Trio is an American folk and Pop music group that helped launch the folk revival of the late 1950s to early 1960s On March 14, 1958, the RIAA certified crooner Perry Como's single, "Catch A Falling Star" its first ever Gold Record. Pierino Ronald "Perry" Como ( May 18 1912 &ndash May 12 2001) was an Italian-American singer and television personality

Drama and musical theater

Dramas included William Inge's Come Back, Little Sheba (1950), the Pulitzer Prize-winning Picnic (1953), Bus Stop (1955) and The Dark at the Top of the Stairs (1957). William Motter Inge (ˈɪndʒ "inj" –) was an American playwright and novelist whose works typically feature solitary protagonists encumbered with This article is about the play by William Inge For its film and television adaptations see Come Back Little Sheba. Picnic is a 1953 play by William Inge. The play premiered at the Music Box Theatre, Broadway on 19 February, 1953 For the movie see Bus Stop (film. Bus Stop is a 1955 play by William Inge. Tennessee Williams won a Tony Award for The Rose Tattoo (1952) and the Pulitzer Prize for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955). Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26 1911 &ndash February 25 1983 better known as Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright who received many of the top theatrical The Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Awards, recognize achievement in live American Theatre and are presented The Rose Tattoo is a Tennessee Williams play It opened on Broadway in February 1951 and a film adaptation was released in 1955 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a Tony -nominated play by Tennessee Williams. Arthur Miller followed his 1949 success Death of a Salesman with The Crucible (1953) and A View from the Bridge (1955). Arthur Asher Miller (October 17 1915 &ndash February 10 2005 was an American Playwright and Essayist. Death of a Salesman is a 1949 play by American playwright Arthur Miller and is considered a classic of American theater The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a play based upon the events in 1692, which led to the Salem Witch Trials, a series of hearings before A View from the Bridge is a play by Arthur Miller originally produced as a one-act Verse drama on Broadway in 1955 Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey Into Night, written 1941, was first performed 1956 and A Touch of the Poet, completed in 1942, was first performed 1958. Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16 1888–November 27 1953 was a Nobel -prize winning American playwright Long Day's Journey into Night is a 1956 dramatic play in four acts by Eugene O'Neill, widely considered to be his masterwork A Touch of the Poet is a play by Eugene O'Neill. It and its sequel More Stately Mansions, were intended to be part of a nine-

Musicals of the period included Guys and Dolls (1950), Rogers and Hammerstein's The King and I (1951), The Pajama Game (1954), Peter Pan (1954), Damn Yankees (1955), Lerner and Loewe's My Fair Lady (1956), Meredith Wilson's The Music Man (1957), Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story (1957), Lerner and Loewe's musical film adaptation of the stage play Gigi (1958), and Rogers and Hammerstein's The Sound of Music (1959). Guys and Dolls is a musical, with the music and lyrics written by Frank Loesser and book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows, based on Richard Rodgers (1902 &ndash 1979 and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895 &ndash 1960 were a well-known American songwriting duo The King and I is a musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. The Pajama Game is a musical based on the novel 7-1/2 Cents by Richard Bissell. Peter Pan is a musical adaptation of Sir J M Barrie 's renowned play Peter Pan and Barrie's own Novelization of it Damn Yankees is a Musical comedy with a book by George Abbott and Douglass Wallop and music and lyrics by Richard Adler and Lerner and Loewe are the American Musical comedy writing team of Lyricist and Librettist Alan Jay Lerner and composer Frederick My Fair Lady is a musical based upon George Bernard Shaw 's Pygmalion and with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner The Music Man is a musical with book music and lyrics by Meredith Willson. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes West Side Story is a musical by Arthur Laurents (book Leonard Bernstein (music and Stephen Sondheim (lyrics Not to be confused with Gigli. Gigi is a 1958 motion picture musical set in Paris France. The Sound of Music is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, and a book by Howard Lindsay

Film

See also: 1950s in film

With television's rapidly growing popularity producing a marked decline in fifties movie-going, Hollywood was prompted to seek ways to draw its former audience back to the theaters. Events Films of the 1950s were of a wide variety As a result of Television, the studios and companies sought to put audiences back in theaters New film techniques were developed (Cinemascope, VistaVision, Cinerama, and 3-D film) that were ideally suited for the big budget sword and sandal epics The Robe, Demetrius and the Gladiators, The Ten Commandments, Ben-Hur and Cleopatra (1963). CinemaScope was a Widescreen movie format used from 1953 to 1967 VistaVision is a variant of the 35 mm motion picture film format created by Paramount Pictures in 1954 based on the Glamorama and Superama Cinerama is the trademarked name for a Widescreen process which works by simultaneously projecting images from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge deeply-curved See also [[stereoscopy]] In film the term 3-D (or 3D) is used to describe any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images Sword and sandal films or pepla (singular= peplum) are a Genre of adventure or Fantasy films that have subjects set in Biblical The Robe is a 1942 Historical novel about the Crucifixion written by Lloyd C Demetrius and the Gladiators is a 1954 Sword and sandal Drama film and a sequel to The Robe. The Ten Commandments is a 1956 motion picture that Dramatized the Biblical story of Moses, an adopted Egyptian Ben-Hur (or Benhur is a 1959 Movie directed by William Wyler, and is the third film version of Lew Wallace 's novel Ben-Hur Cleopatra VII Philopator (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; January 69 BC &ndash 30 BC was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt Hercules (1958) and its follow-up Hercules Unchained launched internationally popular low budget epics with bodybuilders Steve Reeves, Gordon Scott, and others cast as the heroes of Greco-Roman mythology. Hercules ( 1958) is an Italian Feature film based upon the Hercules myths and the Quest for the Golden Fleece. Stephen L Reeves ( January 21, 1926 &ndash May 1, 2000) was an American bodybuilder, Actor, and author

The spectacle approach to film-making, Cold War paranoia, public fascination with Outer Space, and a renewed interest in science sparked by the atom bomb lent itself well to science fiction films. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the escape velocities of Celestial bodies. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Science fiction Film is a Film genre that uses speculative, Science -based depictions of imaginary phenomena such as extra-terrestrial Martians and other alien menaces were metaphors for Communism, foreign ideologies, and the misfits threatening democracy and the American way of life. The Day the Earth Stood Still, Invaders from Mars, Them!, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine, It Came from Outer Space, Creature from the Black Lagoon, The Day the Earth Stood Still, The Thing from Another World, This Island Earth, Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, and Forbidden Planet were popular. Invaders from Mars ( 1953) is a Science fiction film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies from a scenario by Richard Blake based For the films of the same name see Them (2006 film or Them (film The War of the Worlds (1898 by H G Wells, is an early Science fiction Novel which describes an invasion of England by The Time Machine is a novella by H G Wells, first published in 1895 and later directly adapted into at least two Feature films of the same name as It Came from Outer Space is a 1953 Science Fiction 3-D film directed by Jack Arnold, and starring Richard Carlson, This article is on the film For the titular character see Gill-man Creature from the Black Lagoon is a Monster film The Thing from Another World, often referred to as The Thing before 1982 is a 1951 Science fiction film which tells the story of This Island Earth is a 1955 Science fiction Film directed by Joseph M Earth vs the Flying Saucers is an American Black and white Science fiction film directed by Fred F Forbidden Planet is a 1956 Science fiction film directed by Fred M Queen of Outer Space (1958) with Zsa Zsa Gabor brought sex to the genre. Queen of Outer Space ( 1958) is an Allied Artists Pictures science fiction feature film starring Zsa Zsa Gabor, Eric Fleming Zsa Zsa Gabor ( born February 6 1917) is a Hungarian -born American Actress and Socialite. There were also Earth-based subjects, such as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954) and When Worlds Collide (1951). For the 1954 film starring Kirk Douglas see 20000 Leagues Under the Sea. When Worlds Collide is a 1933 Science fiction novel co-written by Philip Wylie and Edwin Balmer, who also authored the sequel Companies such as American International Pictures, Japan's Toho, and Britain's Hammer Film Productions were created to solely produce films of the fantastique genres. American International Pictures was a Film production company formed in April 1956 from American Releasing is a large Japanese Independent film Studio. It is headquartered in Chiyoda Tokyo, and is one of the core companies of the Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group Hammer Film Productions is a film production company based in the United Kingdom. Japanese films included Godzilla (1954), Godzilla Raids Again (1955), and Rodan (1956), and Battle in Outer Space (1959). Etymology Name "Godzilla" is a combination of two Japanese words and. also known in the United States as Gigantis the Fire Monster, is a 1955 Black and white, Japanese Tokusatsu Kaiju film produced Weapons and Abilities Rodan's primary weapons are his speed and agility he can create hurricane-force winds in his wake by flying at Supersonic speeds at low altitude is a Tokusatsu Film produced and released by Toho Studios in Japan in 1959, and distributed world-wide (sans Far East Territories in

Teen films came into their own during the decade. The teen film (also called teen movie or teenpic) is a Film genre targeted at teenagers and young adults in which the plot is based upon the MGM's Blackboard Jungle (1955) examined race and class dynamics in an inner-city high school, and is regarded by some as the spark that lit the Rock and Roll revolution by featuring Bill Haley & His Comets's Rock Around the Clock over the opening credits. Blackboard Jungle is a 1955 Social commentary film about teachers in an inner-city school Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African This article is specifically about the rock and roll band See Bill Haley for biographical information regarding Haley himself For the movie named after the song see Rock Around the Clock (film. Screenings of the film occasionally led to teen violence and vandalism, and, for some, the film marks the start of visible teen rebellion in the 20th century. Rebel Without a Cause (1955) thrust its angst-ridden star James Dean to international stardom, and, unlike Blackboard Jungle, told its story from the viewpoint of its teen characters. Rebel Without a Cause is a 1955 film directed by Nicholas Ray that tells the story of a rebellious teenager played by James Dean, Angst is a German word for Fear or Anxiety. ( Anguish is its almost entirely synonymous Latinate equivalent James Byron Dean ( February 8 1931 &ndash September 30 1955) was a two-time Oscar -nominated American Film Gidget (1959) set off a tsunami of light-hearted teen beach party and surfing movies that flirted with sex but respected fifties morality, conformism, and traditional values. Gidget ( 1959) is a Columbia Pictures Feature film starring Sandra Dee, Cliff Robertson, and James Darren Surf culture includes the people language fashion and life surrounding the sport of modern Surfing. Love, sex, marriage, divorce, alcoholism, dysfunctional families, and adultery were themes of A Summer Place featuring Sandra Dee and Troy Donahue as teen lovers and Dorothy McGuire and Richard Egan as their adulterous parents. A Summer Place is the title of a 1959 Film based on the novel of the same name by Sloan Wilson. Sandra Dee ( April 23 1942 - February 20 2005) was an American Film actress best known for her portrayal Troy Donahue ( January 27, 1936 – September 2, 2001) was an American Actor, known for being a Teen idol. Dorothy Hackett McGuire ( June 14, 1916 – September 13, 2001) was an Academy Award -nominated American actress Richard Egan may refer to Richard Egan (actor, American film actor Richard Egan (businessman, American businessman one-time Ambassador Low budget teen films punctuated with rock and roll soundtracks were produced through the decade with provocative titles such as High School Hellcats, High School Confidential, Girls in the Night, Girls Town, Hound-Dog Man, Lost, Lonely, and Vicious, Running Wild, Hot Rod Girl, Juvenile Jungle, Teenage Devil Dolls, and the Ed Wood-scripted The Violent Years. High School Hellcats is an American Black and white 1958 film about a high school girl gang Teenage Devil Dolls (aka One Way Ticket to Hell) is a mid-1950s American Black and white film about a high school graduate whose life spirals Ed Wood redirects here For the film see Ed Wood (film, and for the former British Foreign Secretary see E The Violent Years is an American Black and white 1956 Film starring Jean Moorhead as Paula Parkins the leader of a girl Teen and sci-fi genres were wedded in B-film The Blob with Steve McQueen in his first starring role while teen horror flick I Was a Teenage Werewolf launched Michael Landon's Hollywood career. The Blob is an independently made American horror/ Science-fiction film from 1958 depicting a giant Amoeba -like alien that terrorizes Terrence Steven "Steve" McQueen (March 24 1930 – November 7 1980 was an American movie Actor, nicknamed "The King of Cool" I Was a Teenage Werewolf is a 1957 Horror film starring Michael Landon as a troubled teenager and Whit Bissell as the primary adult Michael Landon ( October 31 1936 - July 1 1991) was an American Actor, writer director, and producer

The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, Lady and the Tramp (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and Sleeping Beauty. Cinderella is a 1950 Animated feature produced by Walt Disney, and released to theaters on February 15, 1950 by RKO Radio Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 Animated feature film produced by Walt Disney and originally premiered in London England on July 26 Peter Pan is an animated feature film produced by Walt Disney based on the play Peter Pan or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up by Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 Animated feature film produced by Walt Disney, and originally released to theaters on June 22, 1955 by The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as The Sword and the Rose, Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier, Johnny Tremain, Old Yeller, Light in the Forest, Tonka, and Darby O'Gill and the Little People. This is a list of live-action films produced by Walt Disney Productions and its successor label Walt Disney Pictures. Davy Crockett King of the Wild Frontier is a 1955 live-action Walt Disney Adventure film starring Fess Parker as Johnny Tremain is a 1957 film made by Walt Disney Pictures, based on the 1944 Newbery Medal -winning children's novel of the same Old Yeller ( 1957) is a Walt Disney Productions Feature film starring Tommy Kirk, Jeff York and Beverly Washburn Darby O'Gill and the Little People ( 1959) is a Walt Disney Pictures Feature film starring Albert Sharpe, Janet Munro, and The studio produced its first live-action contemporary comedy The Shaggy Dog in 1959 with Disney teen stars Annette Funicello and Tommy Kirk. Annette Joanne Funicello (born October 22, 1942) is an American Singer and Actress. Thomas Lee Kirk, better known as Tommy Kirk (born December 10, 1941, in Louisville Kentucky) is a former American Child actor

Established stars appeared in films that have come to be regarded as classics such as Sunset Boulevard (Gloria Swanson), All About Eve (Bette Davis), Some Like It Hot (Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon), High Noon (Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly), The Searchers (John Wayne), North by Northwest (Cary Grant), The Bridge on the River Kwai (David Niven), Singin' in the Rain (Gene Kelly and Donald O'Connor), White Christmas (Bing Crosby), and Ben-Hur (Charlton Heston), a film which holds (with Titanic and The Lord of the Rings) a record for most Academy Awards. Sunset Boulevard is a 1950 American Film noir classic Directed and co-written by Billy Wilder, it was named Gloria Swanson (March 27 1899 – April 4 1983 was an Academy Award -nominated Golden Globe -winning American Hollywood All About Eve is a Drama film, written and directed by Joseph L Ruth Elizabeth "Bette" Davis (April 5 1908 – October 6 1989 was an American actress of Film, Television and Theatre. Some Like It Hot is a 1959 Comedy film directed by Billy Wilder and starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1 1926 &ndash August 5 1962 baptized Norma Tony Curtis (born Bernard Schwartz June 3, 1925) is an American film actor John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon III (February 8 1925 &ndash June 27 2001 was an American Actor known principally for his comedic roles High Noon is a 1952 Western film directed by Fred Zinnemann and starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. Frank James “Gary” Cooper (May 7 &ndashMay 13) was an American film actor and iconic star Grace Patricia Kelly (later Grace Princess of Monaco; November 12 1929 &ndash September 14 1982 was an Academy Award -winning American film and The Searchers is a 1956 Epic Western film directed by John Ford, based on the 1954 novel by Alan Le May, which tells the story John Wayne ( May 26, 1907 &ndash June 11, 1979) was an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award -winning American North by Northwest ( 1959) is a suspense film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Cary Grant, Eva Marie Saint and The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 World War II film based on the novel The Bridge over the River Kwai by French writer James David Graham Niven (1 March 1910 – 29 July 1983 was an English Academy Award -winning Actor probably best known for his role as the punctuality-obsessed Singin' in the Rain is a 1952 Comedy Musical film starring Gene Kelly, Donald O'Connor, and Debbie Reynolds Eugene Curran “Gene” Kelly ( August 23, &ndash February 2,) was an American Dancer, Actor, Singer, director Donald David Dixon Ronald O’Connor ( August 28, 1925 &ndash September 27, 2003) was an American Dancer, Singer White Christmas is a 1954 Jukebox musical movie starring Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye that featured the songs of Irving Berlin Harry Lillis “Bing” Crosby ( May 3, 1903 &ndash October 14, 1977) was an Academy Award winning American Popular Ben-Hur (or Benhur is a 1959 Movie directed by William Wyler, and is the third film version of Lew Wallace 's novel Ben-Hur Charlton Heston (born John Charles Carter; October 4 1923 &ndash April 5 2008) was an American Actor of Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland The Lord of the Rings is an epic The Stanislavski method's natural approach to acting was exemplified in screen stars Marlon Brando and Paul Newman. Constantin Sergeyevich Stanislavski (Константин Marlon Brando Jr (April 3 1924 – July 1 2004 was an Academy Award -winning American Actor, whose body of work spanned over half a century Paul Leonard Newman (January 26 1925 &ndash September 26 2008 was an Academy Award Brando's performances in The Wild One and A Streetcar Named Desire influenced sales of T-shirts and motorcycles. The Wild One is a 1953 Outlaw biker film directed by László Benedek. A Streetcar Named Desire is a film adaptation of the play of the same name by Tennessee Williams.

European cinema experienced a renaissance in the fifties following the deprivations of World War II. The cinema of Europe has compared to the Cinema of the United States, the reputation of being more liberal when it comes to the representation of nudity and sexuality but less World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Italian director Federico Fellini won the first foreign language film Academy Award with La strada and garnered another Academy Award with Nights of Cabiria. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Federico Fellini, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( January 20 1920 &ndash October 31 1993) was an Italian Film The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is one of the Academy Awards of Merit, popularly known as the Oscars handed out annually by the U "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Nights of Cabiria ( Le notti di Cabiria) ( 1957) is an Italian Film directed by Federico Fellini. In 1955, Swedish director Ingmar Bergman earned a Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival with Smiles of a Summer Night and followed the film with masterpieces The Seventh Seal and Wild Strawberries. Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( pronounced) (14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 was a nine-time Academy Award -nominated Swedish film, stage The Cannes Film Festival (le Festival de Cannes founded in 1946 is one of the world's oldest most influential and prestigious Film festivals alongside Venice, Smiles of a Summer Night (Swedish Sommarnattens leende) is a 1955 film directed by Ingmar Bergman. For the Biblical concept see Seven seals. For the Rakim album see The Seventh Seal (Rakim album. Wild Strawberries is a 1957 Film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, about an old man recalling his past Jean Cocteau's Orphée, a film central to his Orphic Trilogy, starred Jean Marais and was released in 1950. Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 &ndash 11 October 1963 was a French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, Designer, Boxing Orpheus ( Orphée) is a 1950 French film directed by Jean Cocteau and starring Jean Marais. French director Claude Chabrol's Le Beau Serge is now widely considered the first film of the French New Wave. Claude Chabrol (klod ʃaˈbʁɔl in French (born 24 June 1930 Paris) is a French film director and has become well-known since his first film Le Beau Serge is a French film directed by Claude Chabrol, released in 1958 Synopsis Francois ( Jean-Claude Brialy) returns "Nouvelle Vague" redirects here For the music group of the same name see Nouvelle Vague (band. Notable European film stars of the period include Brigitte Bardot, Sophia Loren, Marcello Mastroianni, Max von Sydow, and Jean-Paul Belmondo. Brigitte Bardot ( (born 28 September 1934 is a French actress, former fashion model, Singer and animal welfare/rights activist Sophia Loren (born September 20 1934 is an Academy Award winning Italian film actress born Sofia Villani Scicolone Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni (September 28 1924 &ndash December 19 1996 was an Italian film actor (born 10 April 1929 is a well-known Swedish actor known in particular for his collaboration with filmmaker Ingmar Bergman. Jean-Paul Belmondo (born 9 April 1933 is a French Actor initially associated with the New Wave of the 1960s Japanese cinema reached its zenith with films from director Akira Kurosawa including Rashomon, Ikiru, Seven Samurai, Throne of Blood, and The Hidden Fortress. The cinema of Japan (日本映画 is a 1950 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa, working in close collaboration with Cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa. is a 1952 Japanese film written and directed by the acclaimed Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa. is a 1954 Japanese film co-written edited and directed by Akira Kurosawa. is a 1957 film directed by Akira Kurosawa, which transposes the plot of William Shakespeare's play Macbeth to medieval Japan. is a 1958 film directed by Akira Kurosawa and starring Toshirō Mifune as General Rokurota Makabe and Misa Uehara as Princess Yuki Other distinguished Japanese directors of the period were Yasujiro Ozu and Kenji Mizoguchi. was an influential Japanese Filmmaker. Marriage and family were among the most persistent themes in his body of work Kenji Mizoguchi (溝口 健二 Mizoguchi Kenji; May 16, 1898 &ndash August 24, 1956) was a prominent Japanese film Russian fantasy director Aleksandr Ptushko's mythological epics Sadko, Ilya Muromets, and Sampo were internationally acclaimed. Aleksandr Lukich Ptushko ( Александр Лукич Птушко; in Lugansk, currently Ukraine -- March 6, 1973 in Moscow Sadko (Садко was a legendary Hero of a Russian Bylina (epic tale with the same name a merchant and Gusli musician from Ilya Muromets ( Russian: Илья́ Му́ромец literally "Elijah of Murom " is a Kiev Rus mythical Hero In Finnish mythology, the Sampo was a magical artifact constructed by Ilmarinen that brought good fortune to its holder nobody knows exactly what

Television

Sales of television sets boomed in the fifties. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Shows aired monochromatically. Popular programs included Your Show of Shows, a live 90-minute weekly sketch comedy television series (1950-1954) with Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca, and Producers' Showcase (1954-1957), a 37-episode, multi-Emmy Award-winning, 90-minute NBC anthology series that featured A-list talent such as Margot Fonteyn in The Sleeping Beauty Ballet, Helen Hayes in The Skin of Our Teeth, and The Fourposter with original Broadway cast members Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy. Your Show of Shows was a live 90-minute Sketch comedy Television series appearing weekly in the United States on NBC, from 1950 Isaac Sidney "Sid" Caesar (born September 8, 1922) is an Emmy Award -winning American comic actor and writer known as the leading man Imogene Fernandez de Coca ( November 18[[ 908]] – June 2[[ 001]] was an American Emmy -winning comic actress best known for her role opposite Producers' Showcase was an Emmy Award -winning American Anthology Television series that was broadcast in compatible color by An anthology series is a radio or television series that has a different story and a different set of characters in every episode "Dame Margot" redirects here For the medieval trouvère see Dames Margot and Maroie. The Sleeping Beauty ( Спящая Красавица, Spyashchaya Krasavitsa) is a Ballet in a prologue and three acts Opus 66 by Pyotr Helen Hayes ( October 10, 1900 – March 17, 1993) was a two-time Academy Award -winning American Actress, whose The Skin of Our Teeth is a play by Thornton Wilder which won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The Fourposter is a 1951 play written by Jan de Hartog. The two-character story spans thirty-five years from 1890 to 1925 as it focuses on the trials and tribulations Hume Blake Cronyn, OC ( July 18, 1911 – June 15, 2003) was a Canadian - American Actor of Jessie Alice Tandy ( June 7, 1909 &ndash September 11, 1994) was a British - American stage and film actress Other anthology series included Lux Video Theatre, Fireside Theater. Lux Video Theatre is a weekly Television Anthology series, produced from 1950 until 1959 This program should not be confused with The Firesign Theatre. and Kraft Television Theater. Kraft Television Theatre is an American drama / anthology television series that began May 7, 1947 on NBC, airing at

Sitcoms offered a paternalistic, conservative vision of idealized middle class American life with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952-1966), Father Knows Best (1954-1960), and ABC's The Donna Reed Show (1958-1966) exemplifying the genre. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet was a long-running American Television series, airing on ABC from October 3, Father Knows Best was an American radio and television Sitcom of the 1950s and 1960s portrayed an idealized vision of Middle class The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. The Donna Reed Show is an American sitcom which aired on ABC from 1958 to 1966. Emmy-winning comedy I Love Lucy (1952-1957) starred husband and wife Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball and enjoyed such popularity that some businesses closed early on Monday nights in order to allow employees to hurry home for the show. I Love Lucy is an American Situation comedy, starring Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance and William Frawley Desi Arnaz (born Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III) ( March 2, 1917 – December 2, 1986) was a Cuban American Lucille Ball (August 6 1911 – April 26 1989 was an American comedienne, film television stage and radio Actress, model, film In Life of Riley (1953-1958), blue collar Chester A. The Life of Riley, with William Bendix in the title role was a popular Radio Situation comedy series of the 1940s that was adapted into a 1949 Riley (William Bendix) became the protype for a long line of bumbling television patriarchs that included Fred Flintstone and Archie Bunker. William Bendix ( January 14, 1906 – December 14, 1964) was an Academy Award -nominated American film Actor. Frederick J "Fred" Flintstone is a Fictional character who originated in the animated Sitcom The Flintstones on } Archibald "Archie" Bunker was a Fictional character in the long-running and top-rated American television Sitcom All in the Family The show's first incarnation for the DuMont Television Network lasted a season (1949-1950) and won television's first Emmy. The DuMont Television Network was the world's first commercial Television network, beginning operation in the United States in 1946 The Honeymooners (1955-1956) followed bus driver Ralph Kramden (Jackie Gleason) and his sewer-working sidekick Ed Norton (Art Carney) while archetypal suburban life was limned in Leave It to Beaver (1957-1963), purportedly the first sitcom to be told from a child's point of view and the first to strike a blow for television realism by displaying a toilet in an early episode. The Honeymooners debuted as a half-hour series on October 1 1955. Herbert Walton Gleason Jr, baptized John Herbert "Jackie" Gleason ( February 26, 1916 – June 24, 1987) was an Arthur William Matthew “Art” Carney ( November 4, 1918 – November 9, 2003) was an Academy Award - and Emmy Award -winning Leave It to Beaver is a 1950s and 1960s family-oriented American Television Situation comedy about an inquisitive Genre series were popular with Dragnet (1952) starring Jack Webb representing police procedural drama, British syndicated series The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955) starring Richard Greene representing historical drama, and Gunsmoke (1955) with James Arness and Amanda Blake representing the western. Dragnet, aka LA Dragnet (new title in USA is a long-running radio and television Police procedural drama about the cases of a dedicated John Randolph "Jack" Webb ( April 2 1920 &ndash December 23 1982) was an Emmy -nominated American Actor In Broadcasting, syndication is the sale of the right to broadcast Radio shows and Television shows to multiple individual stations without going through The Adventures of Robin Hood was a popular British Television series comprising 143 half-hour black and white episodes starring Richard Greene Richard Marius Joseph Greene ( 25 August, 1918 - 1 June, 1985) - some sources list his birth date as 1914 - was a noted English Gunsmoke is an American radio and television Western drama series created by director Norman MacDonnell and writer John Meston James Arness (born as James Aurness on May 26 1923, Minneapolis Minnesota) is an Emmy -nominated American Actor Amanda Blake ( February 20, 1929 &ndash August 16, 1989) was an American actress best known for the role of the red-haired saloon Mid-decade, Warner Bros. produced a clutch of five westerns with Maverick starring James Garner and Cheyenne starring Clint Walker leading the group in popularity. James Garner (born April 7 1928 is an American Film and Emmy -award winning Television Actor. Cheyenne is a western television series of 108 black-and-white episodes broadcast on ABC from 1955 to 1962. Norman Eugene "Clint" Walker (born May 30, 1927) is an American Actor best known for his cowboy role as "Cheyenne Bodie"

Musical programs distinguished the decade. Gian Carlo Menotti's Amahl and the Night Visitors, the first opera written for television, was performed on December 24, 1951 at the NBC studios in New York City, where it was telecast as the debut production of the Hallmark Hall of Fame. Amahl and the Night Visitors is an Opera in one act by Gian Carlo Menotti with an original English Libretto by the Composer. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Hallmark Hall of Fame is a long-running irregularly scheduled anthology program on American Television. The opera was performed live on or near Christmas Eve annually until the mid-sixties when a production starring Teresa Stratas was filmed and telecast for several years. Christmas Eve, December 24, is the day before Christmas Day, the celebrated birthday of Jesus. Teresa Stratas OC (born May 26 1938 Toronto Ontario) is a Canadian Soprano opera singer The Broadway musical Peter Pan was televised in 1955 on NBC with Mary Martin and Cyril Ritchard in their original roles as Peter Pan and Captain Hook. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Peter Pan is a musical adaptation of Sir J M Barrie 's renowned play Peter Pan and Barrie's own Novelization of it Mary Virginia Martin ( December 1, 1913 – November 3, 1990) was an American Tony Award -winning star of stage film Cyril Ritchard ( December 1, 1897 – December 18, 1977) was an Australian stage, screen and Television The telecast drew the largest ratings for a single television program up to that time, and was restaged in 1956 and 1960. On September 9, 1956, Elvis Presley made his first televised appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, while, the same year, musical film The Wizard of Oz starring Judy Garland saw its first telecast on November 3 on CBS. The Ed Sullivan Show was an American television Variety show that ran from June 20, 1948 to June 6, The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical - Fantasy film mainly directed by Victor Fleming and based on the 1900 children’s Judy Garland (born Frances Ethel Gumm; June 10 1922 – June 22 1969 was an American actress and singer Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Rogers and Hammerstein's Cinderella was written for a live television broadcast in 1957 and starred Julie Andrews. Richard Rodgers (1902 &ndash 1979 and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895 &ndash 1960 were a well-known American songwriting duo Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella is a musical written for Television by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II Dame Julie Elizabeth Andrews, DBE (born Julia Elizabeth Wells on October 1 1935) is an award-winning English Actress

Children's programs included the 19-season, Emmy-winning CBS dramatic series Lassie (1954-1973), sci-fi series Adventures of Superman (1952), variety show The Mickey Mouse Club (1955), anthology series Disneyland (1955), and live-action fairy tale anthology series Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958). CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. Lassie is an Emmy Award -winning American Television series that follows the adventures of a female rough collie named Lassie The first incarnation of the Walt Disney anthology television series, commonly called The Wonderful World of Disney, premiered on ABC on October 27 A fairy tale or fairy story is a fictional Story that may feature folkloric characters (such as fairies, enchantments]] often involving In 1958-61 Shirley Temple made a brief return to show business with a one-hour children's television series Bozo the Clown enjoyed widespread franchising in early television, making him the best-known clown character in the United States. Bozo the Clown is a Clown character whose widespread Franchising in early Television made him the best-known clown character in the United States Ding Dong School (1952), Captain Kangaroo (1955) and Romper Room were aimed at pre-schoolers. Ding Dong School was a half-hour children's TV show which aired on NBC on weekdays from November 1952 to 1956 and on WMAQ-TV a few months earlier Captain Kangaroo was a Children's television series which aired weekday mornings on the American Television network CBS from Romper Room is a children's Television series which ran in the United States from 1953 to 1994 as well as at various times in Canada, Australia Howdy Doody (1947-1960) was a pioneer in early color production during the period. Howdy Doody was a children's television program (with a decidedly frontier/western theme although other themes also colored the show Fury, Sky King, The Roy Rogers Show, Heckle and Jeckle, Mighty Mouse and similar live-action and animated half-hour shows held sway on Saturday mornings. Fury (a/k/a Brave Stallion in early syndication runs is an American Western Television series that aired on Sky King was a 1940s and 1950s American Radio and Television adventure series featuring Arizona rancher and aircraft The Roy Rogers Show was a Black and white American Television series that ran for six seasons from December 30, 1951 to Heckle and Jeckle was a theatrical Cartoon series created by Paul Terry, and released by his own studio Terrytoons. Mighty Mouse is an animated Superhero mouse character created by the Terrytoons studio for 20th Century Fox.

Quiz and panel shows included The $64,000 Question, What's My Line, I've Got a Secret, The Price is Right, Beat the Clock, Truth or Consequences, Queen for a Day, and Name That Tune. The $64000 Question was a popular United States Television Game show from 1955 to 1958 What's My Line? is a weekly panel Game show which was produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS For IGAS qua graphology organization see International Graphoanalysis Society I've Got a Secret is a weekly panel Game show produced Widely Known Facts The Price Is Right is an American Television Game show that is currently owned by the FremantleMedia Beat The Clock is also a song by Ghostface Killah from his album The Pretty Toney Album Beat the Clock is a Goodson-Todman Productions Truth or Consequences was an American quiz show, originally hosted on NBC Radio by Ralph Edwards (1940-57 and later on television Queen for a Day was an American radio and television show. It helped usher in American broadcast listeners' and viewers' fascination with big Name That Tune was a television Game show that put two contestants against each other to test their knowledge of Songs. The quiz show scandals of the period rocked the nation and were the result of the revelation that contestants were secretly given assistance by the producers to arrange the outcome of a supposedly fair competition. The American quiz show scandals of the 1950s were the result of the revelation that contestants of several popular Television Quiz shows were secretly

Newscasting and journalism were distinguished by NBC's Chet Huntley and David Brinkley, and CBS's Walter Cronkite. Chester Robert "Chet" Huntley ( December 10, 1911 - March 20, 1974) was an American Television newscaster David McClure Brinkley ( July 10 1920 &ndash June 11 2003) was an American Newscaster for NBC, and Walter Leland Cronkite Jr (born November 4 1916) is a retired American broadcast journalist, best known as Anchorman for the On July 7, 1952, the term "anchor" was coined to describe Cronkite's role at both the Democratic and Republican National Conventions, which marked the first nationally-televised convention coverage. Talk shows had their genesis in the decade with NBC's Today creating the much-sopied genre format. A talk show ( American) or chat show ( Global) is a Television or Radio program where one person or group of people come together to The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Today, also referred to as The Today Show, is an American morning news and talk show airing weekday mornings on NBC. The Tonight Show debuted in 1954 with Steve Allen as host. The Tonight Show with Jay Leno as appropriate --> The Tonight Show is a long-running Steve Allen, born Stephen Valentine Patrick William Allen ( December 26 1921 – October 30 2000) was an American The coronation of Elizabeth II was televised on June 2, 1953, highlighting the start of pan-European cooperation with regards to the exchange of TV programs. A coronation is a ceremony marking the investiture of a Monarch with regal power specifically involving the placement of a crown upon his or her head and the For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Academy Awards show was first televised in 1953 on NBC, and the show holds the distinction of having won the most Emmys in history, with 38 wins and 167 nominations. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film.

Comics

See also: 1950s in comics

Comic book audiences grew during and after World War II, with young adult males and returning GIs tending towards material depicting sex and violence. See also: 1940s in comics, other events of the 1950s, 1960s in comics and the List of years in comics Publications: 1950 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Newspaper comic strip reprint books such as Ace Comics and King Comics ended their decade-long runs while caped crimefighters and superheroes declined in popularity. Ace Comics is a comic book series published by David McKay Publications during and just prior to the Golden Age era of comics King Comics was a short-lived Comic book imprint of King Features Syndicate, and an attempt by King to publish comics of its own characters rather than through Attempts to bring out single character comic strip reprints, such as Flash Gordon, Steve Canyon, and Terry and the Pirates were unsuccessful. Flash Gordon is the hero of a Science fiction adventure Comic strip originally drawn by Alex Raymond, which was first published on January 7, Steve Canyon was a long-running American Adventure Comic strip by writer-artist Milton Caniff. The Golden Age of Comic Books gave way to the Silver Age with romance comics, horror comics, western comics, science fiction comics, and crime comics in demand. The Golden Age of Comic Books was a period in the history of American comic books generally thought as lasting from the 1930s until late 1940s during which Comic books The Silver Age of Comic Books was a period of artistic advancement and commercial success in mainstream American comic books predominantly those featuring the Superhero Romance comics are a Genre of US Comic books that were most popular during the Golden Age of Comics. Horror comics is a comic book genre that flourished briefly in America during the middle 1940s and early 1950s See also Comic books, Science fiction Science fiction comic s began as early as the 1930s in US newspapers Crime comics are a Genre of American Comic books that were popular in the 1940s and 1950s

Romance comics kicked-off in 1947 with Joe Simon and Jack Kirby's Young Romance and its companion title Young Love. Joseph H Simon (born October 11, 1913) is a Jewish-American Comic book Writer, Artist, editor, and publisher Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg, August 28, 1917 &ndash February 6, 1994) was an American Comic book While most romance comics of the period featured innocuous stories about youthful relationships, some ventured into grim tales of alcoholic spouses, two-timing, and wife-beating. The genre was hugely successful with more than 150 series published during the early 1950s. The 'good girl' comics of the period depicted the exploits of voluptuous young women in bosom-clinging sweaters or jungle heroines clad in animal skin bikinis. 'Headlight' covers featured young women bound with ropes or chains, their ample breasts swelling against torn clothing.

Horror comics enjoyed a heyday during the same period. While superheroes had been menaced by warlocks, zombies, and vampires in the employ of Nazis and the Japanese through the war years, it wasn't until 1946 that the horror genre was established with Avon's Eerie, the first out-and-out horror comic. Marvel, Harvey, and American Comics Group hopped aboard with the latter's Adventures Into the Unknown (1948) enjoying a twenty year run. In 1950, EC Comics published The Haunt of Fear, Tales from the Crypt, and The Vault of Horror with characters meeting gruesomely violent ends. Entertaining Comics, more commonly known as EC Comics, was an American Publisher of Comic books specializing in Crime fiction, The Haunt of Fear, Tales from the Crypt and The Vault of Horror are three bi-monthly horror comic anthology series Horror titles numbered in the dozens in the early years of the decade, most crudely scripted and drawn.

Western comics were fueled by television westerns. Dell Comics published a large number of western comics, dedicated to celebrities such as Roy Rogers, Gabby Hayes, The Lone Ranger, and Gene Autry. Dell Comics was the Comic book publishing arm of Dell Publishing, which got its start in Pulp magazines. Roy Rogers (born Leonard Franklin Slye) (November 5 1911 &ndash July 6 1998 was a singer and Cowboy Actor. George Francis 'Gabby' Hayes ( May 7, 1885 – February 9, 1969) was an American actor The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running Old-time radio and early Television show created by George W Orvon Gene Autry ( September 29 1907 &ndash October 2 1998) was an American performer who gained fame as The Singing Cowboy The Lone Ranger's pal, Tonto, had his own title. Dell also published titles based on popular television shows and films such as I Love Lucy and Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier. I Love Lucy is an American Situation comedy, starring Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance and William Frawley Davy Crockett King of the Wild Frontier is a 1955 live-action Walt Disney Adventure film starring Fess Parker as DC published several western titles while Marvel saw fifty different titles including The Rawhide Kid, The Arizona Kid, Kid Colt, and The Ringo Kid.

Science fiction comics were published in abundance. DC Comics picked-up on the public's interest in science and Outer Space with Strange Adventures and Mystery in Space. DC Comics is an American comic book and related media company Outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the escape velocities of Celestial bodies. Strange Adventures was the title of several American comic books published by DC Comics, most notably a long-running science fiction anthology that began Mystery in Space is the name of two Science fiction Comic book series published by DC Comics. EC Comics published Weird Science and Weird Fantasy. Entertaining Comics, more commonly known as EC Comics, was an American Publisher of Comic books specializing in Crime fiction, Weird Fantasy was a science fiction anthology comic that was part of the EC Comics line in the early 1950s

Public disapproval and the 1954 Senate subcommittee hearings

The Cold War era seemed to encourage witch-hunting and comics found themselves blamed for the alarming increase in juvenile deliquency and other social ills. In 1948, American children across the country piled their comic book collections in schoolyards, and, encouraged by parents, teachers, and clergymen, set them ablaze. In the same year, the media began kicking comic books around. John Mason Brown of the Saturday Review of Literature described comics as the "marijuana of the nursery; the bane of the bassinet; the horror of the house; the curse of kids, and a threat to the future. " Dr. Fredric Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent rallied opposition to violence, gore, and sex in comics, arguing that it was harmful to the children who made up a large segment of the comic book audience. Seduction of the Innocent is a book by Dr Frederic Wertham, published in 1954, that warned that Comic books were a bad form of popular Literature

The Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency hearings in April and June of 1954, focused specifically on graphic crime and horror comic books. The United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency was established by the United States Senate in 1953 to investigate the problem of Juvenile delinquency When publisher William Gaines contended that he sold only comic books of good taste, one of Gaines' comics cover was entered into evidence which showed an axe-wielding man holding aloft a severed woman's head. When asked if he considered the cover in "good taste", Gaines replied: "Yes, I do -- for the cover of a horror comic. "

Because of the unfavorable press coverage resulting from the hearings, the comic book industry adopted the Comics Code Authority (CCA), a self-regulatory ratings code that is still used by some publishers today in a modified form. The Comics Code Authority ( CCA) is part of the Comics Magazine Association of America (CMAA and was created to regulate the content of comic books in the United In the immediate aftermath of the hearings, several publishers were forced to revamp their schedules and drastically censor or even cancel many popular long-standing comic series.

Comics trivia

• Charles Schulz's Peanuts appeared for the first time on October 2, 1950 in seven US newspapers. Charles Monroe Schulz (November 26 1922 &ndash February 12 2000 was an American Cartoonist best known worldwide for his Peanuts Comic strip Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday Comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Superman's sweetheart Lois Lane received her own title. Lois Lane-Kent is the primary love interest in the DC Comics ’ Superman stories
• Classics Illustrated continued its literary adaptations, ending its run in the early 1970s after 169 titles. Classics Illustrated is a comic book series featuring adaptations of literary classics such as Moby Dick, Hamlet, and The This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. In 1953, Classics Illustrated Junior debuted with fairy tale adaptations for the younger set.

Toys

Popular toys of the period included Wham-O's Hula Hoop and its flying disc Frisbee, both introduced in 1957. Wham-O Inc is a Toy company currently located in California, USA. A hula hoop is a Toy Hoop, usually made of Plastic, that is twirled around the waist limbs or neck Kids got around on Schwinn bicycles and Radio Flyer wagons. The Schwinn Bicycle Company was founded by Ignaz Schwinn in Chicago in 1895 and became the dominant manufacturer of American Bicycles through Radio Flyer is an American Toy company best known for their popular red wagon. Nomura's 9" tall, tin, remote-controlled Robbie the Robot walked, moved his arms, and sported moving lighted pistols. Robby the Robot was a popular Fictional character who made a number of appearances in science fiction movies and television programs from 1956 onward Girls wanted Ohio Art Company's tin lithographed tea sets and Little Chefs Stoves, Ideal Toy Company's diaper-wetting Betsy Wetsy, and Mattel's 1959 adult-bodied fashion doll Barbie. Founded in 1908 The Ohio Art Company is principally engaged in two lines of business Ideal Toy Company was founded as Ideal Novelty and Toy Company in New York in 1907 by Morris and Rose Michtom after they had invented the Teddy bear Betsy Wetsy was a doll created by the Ideal Toy Company of New York, starting in the 1950s Mattel Inc ( is the world's largest Toy importing company based on revenue Barbie is a best-selling fashion Doll launched in 1959 The doll is produced by Mattel Inc Boys wanted Daisy BB guns, Lincoln Logs, and miniature Matchbox vehicles. BB guns are a type of Air gun designed to shoot projectiles called BB after the Birdshot pellet of approximately the same size Lincoln Logs are a Toy consisting of notched miniature logs about ¾ inches (1-2 cm) in Diameter. Matchbox is a Die cast toy brand currently owned by Mattel, Inc In 1955, Walt Disney's Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier saw the production of 'coonskin caps' and other frontier-themed toys. Davy Crockett King of the Wild Frontier is a 1955 live-action Walt Disney Adventure film starring Fess Parker as View-Masters, Silly Putty, and Slinky were bestsellers. Silly Putty (originally called Nutty Putty, and also marketing by other companies as Thinking Putty, Bouncing Putty) is the Crayola owned trademark A Slinky is a Coil -shaped Toy invented by mechanical engineer Richard James in Philadelphia Pennsylvania Mr. Potato Head, a toy of plastic face parts that could be stuck into a potato, was the first toy to be advertised on network television, and in its first year of production (1952) made over $4 million. Mr Potato Head is a popular children's Toy, first sold in 1952 by Hasbro, consisting of a Plastic model of a Potato which can be decorated Television shows and films generated show-related toys and books. Board games included Milton Bradley's Candyland (1949) and Chutes and Ladders. Milton Bradley ( November 8, 1836 – May 30, 1911) an American game pioneer was credited by many with launching the Snakes and ladders, or Chutes and ladders, is a classic children's Board game.

Literature

See also: List of years in literature#1950s

Beatniks and the beat generation, an anti-materialistic literary movement that began with Jack Kerouac in 1948 and stretched on into the early-mid 1960s, was at its zenith in the 1950s. This page gives a chronological list of years in literature (descending order with notable publications listed with their respective years Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Such groundbreaking literature as William S. Burroughs's Naked Lunch, Allen Ginsberg's Howl, William Golding's Lord of the Flies, Jack Kerouac's On the Road, and J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye were published. William Seward Burroughs II ( – ˈbʌroʊz was an American Novelist, Essayist, Social critic, painter and Spoken word Naked Lunch (sometimes referred to as The Naked Lunch) is a novel by William S Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. Howl and Other Poems is a collection of poetry by Allen Ginsberg. Sir William Gerald Golding ( 19 September, 1911 – 19 June, 1993) was a British novelist poet and Nobel Prize for Literature Lord of the Flies is an allegorical Novel by Nobel Prize -winning author William Golding. On the Road is a novel by American writer Jack Kerouac, written in April 1951 and published by Viking Press in 1957. Jerome David "J D" Salinger (born January 1 1919 (ˈsælɨndʒɚ is an American author best known for his 1951 Novel The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is a Novel by J D Salinger. First published in the United States in 1951 the novel has been a frequently Also published in this decade was J. R. R. Tolkien's epic The Lord of the Rings as well as C.S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia. The Lord of the Rings is an epic Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 This decade is also marked by some of the most famous works of science fiction by science fiction writers Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Theodore Sturgeon, A. E. van Vogt, and Robert A. Heinlein. Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE (16 December 1917–19 March 2008 was a British Science fiction Author, Inventor, and Theodore Sturgeon (born Edward Hamilton Waldo on February 26, 1918; died May 8, 1985) was an American Science fiction Alfred Elton van Vogt (April 26 1912 – January 26 2000 was a Canadian -born Science fiction author who was one of the most prolific Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. Other significant literary works included James Jones' From Here to Eternity, Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, John Cheever's The Wapshot Chronicle, Tennessee Williams' Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Arthur Miller's The Crucible, Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun, Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man, Saul Bellow's The Adventures of Augie March, Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, Richard Matheson's I Am Legend, John Knowles' A Separate Peace, Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, Grace Metalious' Peyton Place, and Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago. James Ramon Jones ( November 6, 1921 &ndash May 9, 1977) was an American author known for his explorations of World War From Here to Eternity is a 1953 Drama film based on the novel of the same name by James Jones. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. The Old Man and the Sea is a Novella (just over 100 pages in length by Ernest Hemingway, written in Cuba in 1951 and published in John Cheever ( May 27, 1912 &ndash June 18, 1982) was an American Novelist and Short story Writer The Wapshot Chronicle is a 1957 novel by John Cheever about an eccentric family who live in a Massachusetts fishing village Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26 1911 &ndash February 25 1983 better known as Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright who received many of the top theatrical Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a Tony -nominated play by Tennessee Williams. Arthur Asher Miller (October 17 1915 &ndash February 10 2005 was an American Playwright and Essayist. The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a play based upon the events in 1692, which led to the Salem Witch Trials, a series of hearings before Lorraine Hansberry ( May 19, 1930 - January 12, 1965) was an African American LGBT Playwright and Author A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959 Ralph Waldo Ellison ( March 1, 1914 &ndash April 16, 1994) was a Scholar and Writer. Invisible Man, a novel written by Ralph Waldo Ellison. It was the only novel that Ellison published during his lifetime and it won him the National Book Saul Bellow, born Solomon Bellows ( June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was an acclaimed Canadian -born American The Adventures of Augie March (1953 is a novel by Saul Bellow. Ray Douglas Bradbury (born August 22 1920 is an American mainstream, Fantasy, horror, Science fiction and mystery Fahrenheit 451 is a Dystopian Soft science fiction Novel authored by Ray Bradbury and first published in 1953 Richard Matheson (born February 20, 1926) is an American Author and Screenwriter, typically of fantasy, horror I Am Legend is a 1954 Science fiction Novel by Richard Matheson about the last man alive in a future Los Angeles California John Knowles was born on September 16, 1926 in Fairmont West Virginia and died on November 29, 2001 in Fort Lauderdale A Separate Peace is John Knowles ' first published novel released in 1959 Ayn Rand (ˈaɪn ˈrænd &ndash March 6 1982 born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum (Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум was a Russian born American Atlas Shrugged is a novel by Ayn Rand, first published in 1957 in the United States This page is about the novelist For his father the politician see Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov. Lolita (1955 is a Novel by Vladimir Nabokov, first written in English and published in 1955 in Paris, later translated by the author Grace Metalious ( September 8, 1924 &ndash February 25, 1964) was an American author best known for the controversial novel Peyton Place is a 1956 Novel by Grace Metalious. Selling sixty thousand copies within the first ten days of its release it was publishing's Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (Бори́с Леони́дович Пастерна́к ( — May 30, 1960) was a Nobel Prize -winning Soviet Doctor Zhivago ( Russian: Доктор Живаго, Doktor Zhivago) is a 20th century Novel by Boris Pasternak.

Art Movements

Abstract expressionism, the first art movement specifically American to gain worldwide influence, was responsible for putting New York City in the centre on the artistic world, a place previously owned by Paris, France. Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time or at least with the heyday The City of New York Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This movement acquired its name for combining the German expressionism's emotional intensity with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools such as Futurism, Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism. German Expressionism is the term used to refer to a number of related creative movements which emerged in Germany before the first world war which reached a peak in Berlin Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century ("House of Building" or "Building School" is the common term for the, a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts and was famous Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Jackson Pollock was one of the most influential painters of this movement, creating famous works such as No. 5, 1948. Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28 1912 &ndash August 11 1956 was an influential American painter and a major force in the abstract expressionist movement No 5 1948 is an abstract Painting by Jackson Pollock ( January 28, 1912 &ndash August 11, 1956

Pop art, with its roots in dadaism started to take form towards the end of the 1950s when some artists, after studying symbols and products of the world of propaganda in the United States, started to make them the main subject of their artistic work. Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people That way, they used the most ostensive components of popular culture, with powerful influence in the daily life of the second half of the 20th century. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — It was the return of a figurative art, in opposition to the abstract expressionism that dominated the aesthetic scene since the end of World War II. Figurative art describes Artwork - particularly paintings and sculptures - which are clearly derived from real object sources and are therefore by definition representational Pop art used iconography of television, photography, comics, cinema and advertising. Iconography is the branch of Art history which studies the identification description and the interpretation of the content of images Andy Warhol was the most known artist of this movement, and in spite of it having initiated in the 50s, its most famous works date of the later decade. For the song by David Bowie, see Andy Warhol (song. Andrew Warhola (August 6 1928 &ndash February 22 1987 known as Andy Warhol

Science and technology

• The Miller-Urey experiment showed in 1953 that under simulated conditions resembling those thought to be possible to have existed shortly after Earth was first created, many of the basic organic molecules that form the building blocks of life are able to spontaneously form. The Miller-Urey experiment (or Urey-Miller experiment) was an Experiment that simulated hypothetical conditions present on the Early Earth and tested Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Francis Crick, James D. Watson, and Rosalind Franklin discovered the helical structure of DNA at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in 1953. Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004 Ph Rosalind Elsie Franklin ( 25 July, 1920 Notting Hill, London – 16 April, 1958 Chelsea London) was an Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known The Cavendish Laboratory is the University of Cambridge 's Department of Physics, and is part of the university's School of Physical Sciences The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Bruce C. Heezen discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Bruce Charles Heezen ( April 11, 1924 – June 21, 1977) was an American geologist The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR is a Mid-ocean ridge, a Divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
• The first polio vaccine, developed by Jonas Salk, was introduced to the general public in 1955. Two polio Vaccines are used throughout the world to combat Poliomyelitis (or polio Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar)
• The first organ transplants were done in Boston and Paris in 1954. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar)
• The term artificial intelligence was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John McCarthy (born September 4, 1927, in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American Computer scientist and Cognitive
• Sputnik 1 was launched in 1957. Sputnik 1 ( "Спутник-1", "Satellite-1" ПС-1 ( PS-1, i Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar)
• BOAC brings into service the de Havilland Comet the world's first commercial jet airliner to reach production. The British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
• Fortran, perhaps the single most important milestone in the development of programming languages, was developed at IBM. Fortran (previously FORTRAN) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative Programming language that is especially suited to

Prizes

Albert Schweitzer is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1952. Albert Schweitzer, MD, OM, (January 14 1875 &ndash September 4 1965 was an Alsatian theologian, Musician, Philosopher The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1953 Churchill is given the Nobel Prize for literature. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature In 1955 Laxness is awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his work with Icelandic literature. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Halldór Kiljan Laxness ( (born Halldór Guðjónsson) ( April 23, 1902 — February 8, 1998) was a 20th century Icelandic Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Pulitzer Prize

Sports

• Lindsey Sloan (German football player, Olympic Gymnast)
• Alberto Ascari (Italian racing driver)
• Roger Bannister (English track and field athlete)
• Yogi Berra (American baseball player)
• Maureen Connolly (American tennis player)
• Colin Cowdrey (English cricketer)
• Juan Manuel Fangio (Argentinian racing driver)
• Tom Finney (English footballer)
• Neil Harvey (Australian cricketer)
• Gordie Howe (Canadian ice hockey player)
• Len Hutton (England cricketer)
• Mickey Mantle (American baseball player)
• Rocky Marciano (American boxer)
• Stanley Matthews (English footballer)
• Willie Mays (American baseball player)
• Ferenc Puskás (Hungarian footballer)
• Alfredo Di Stéfano (Argentinian footballer (but played for Spain))
• Real Madrid (Hegemony over European soccer)
• Maurice Richard (Canadian ice hockey player)
• Sugar Ray Robinson (American boxer)
• Bill Russell (American basketball player)
• Gary Sobers (West Indies cricketer)
• Brian Statham (England cricketer)
• Eduard Streltsov (Russian footballer)
• Frank Tyson (England cricketer)
• Frank Worrell (West Indies cricketer)
• Billy Wright (English footballer)
• Lev Yashin (Russian footballer)
• Jackie Robinson (American baseball player)
• Helmut Rahn (German footballer)
• Sepp Herberger (German football manager)
• Pelé (Brazilian footballer)
• Garrincha (Brazilian footballer)
• Jenniffer Rodriguez (American basketballer)

Olympics

• 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland
• 1952 Winter Olympics held in Oslo, Norway
• 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia
• 1956 Winter Olympics held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy

International issues

Middle East

Most of the countries of the Middle East continued in the national divisions created by former European empires. Alberto Ascari ( July 13, 1918 &ndash May 26, 1955) was an Italian Racing driver and twice Formula One Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister, CBE (born 23 March 1929 is an English former athlete best known as the first man to run the Mile in less than 4 Lawrence Peter "Yogi" Berra (born May 12 1925 in St Louis Missouri) is a former Major League Baseball player and manager Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Maureen Catherine ("Little Mo" Connolly (born September 17 1934 &ndash died June 21 1969 was an American Tennis player who was the first woman to win all four Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Michael Colin Cowdrey Baron Cowdrey of Tonbridge, Kt, CBE ( December 24, 1932 - December 4, 2000) was an English Juan Manuel Fangio ( Balcarce, June 24, 1911 - Buenos Aires, July 17, 1995) nicknamed "El Chueco" ("knock-kneed" Sir Thomas Finney, OBE (born 5 April 1922, Preston, Lancashire) is a former English footballer famous for his Robert Neil Harvey MBE (born 8 October 1928 is a former Australian Cricketer who represented the Australian cricket team between 1948 and 1963 Gordon "Gordie" Howe, OC (born March 31 1928 in Floral, Saskatchewan) is a former professional Ice hockey player from Canada Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. Sir Leonard Hutton (born June 23, 1916 in Fulneck near Pudsey, Yorkshire, died September 6, 1990 in Mickey Charles Mantle ( October 20, 1931 &ndash August 13, 1995) was an American Baseball player who was inducted Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Rocky Marciano ( September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969) born Rocco Francis Marchegiano, was the heavyweight champion of the world Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, Sir Stanley Matthews, CBE ( 1 February 1915 — February 23 2000) was an English football player Willie Howard Mays Jr (born May 6 1931 is a retired American Baseball player who played the majority of his career with the New York and San Francisco Giants Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Ferenc Purczeld Biró ( 2 April 1927 &ndash 17 November 2006) or "Ferenc Puskás", was a legendary Hungarian Alfredo di Stéfano Laulhé (born 4 July 1926 in Barracas, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine - Spanish former footballer and The Spanish National Football Team, commonly referred to as La Selección, is the national football team of Spain and is controlled by the es [[Spanish The Hon Joseph Henri Maurice "Rocket" Richard PC OC OQ ( August 4, 1921 &ndash May 27 Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. Sugar Ray Robinson' (born Walker Smith Jr, May 3 1921 – April 12 1989 was a professional boxer Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, William Felton "Bill" Russell (born February 12 1934 in Monroe, Louisiana) is a retired American professional Basketball Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Sir Garfield St Auburn Sobers, AO (born 28 July 1936 in Bridgetown, Barbados) often known as Garry Sobers (though earlier in his life he preferred John Brian "George" Statham CBE ( June 17, 1930, Denton, Manchester – June 10, 2000, Stockport Eduard Anatoliyevich Streltsov (Эдуард Анатольевич Стрельцов ( July 21, 1937 - July 20, 1990) was a Frank Holmes Tyson (born 6 June 1930 in Farnworth, near Bolton, Lancashire) was an England Cricketer of the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell (1 August 1924 Bank Hall St Michael Barbados – 13 March 1967 Kingston Jamaica) is sometimes referred to by his nickname William Ambrose "Billy" Wright, CBE (6 February 1924 – 3 September 1994 was an English footballer, who spent his whole career at Wolverhampton Lev Ivanovich Yashin (Лев Ива́нович Я́шин (22 October 1929 – 20 March 1990 was a Russian Soviet football goalkeeper, considered by many to be Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson (January 31 1919 – October 24 1972 was a Baseball player for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Helmut Rahn, known as Der Boss (The Boss ( 16 August 1929 in Essen – 14 August 2003) was a German football player Josef " Sepp " Herberger ( March 28, 1897 in Mannheim, Germany &mdash April 20, 1977 in Weinheim Manuel Francisco dos Santos (October 28 1933 &ndash January 20 1983 known by the nickname "Garrincha" ("little bird" was a Brazilian The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games, were a Winter Multi-sport event which was celebrated in (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event which was held in Melbourne Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The 1956 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VII Olympic Winter Games, were a Winter Multi-sport event which was celebrated in Cortina d'Ampezzo (Hayden is a town and municipality in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, northern Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest However, with the growing importance of their abundance of oil, the otherwise mostly impoverished states experienced an increase of wealth to mostly the elite aristocratic or later theocratic regimes. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being Elite (also spelled Élite) is taken originally from the Latin, eligere, "to elect"

The growth of the state of Israel continued. The State of Israel (מדינת ישראל Medinat Yisrael) was established in 1948 after nearly two thousand

Mahmoud Abbas became involved in Palestinian politics in Qatar. Mahmoud Abbas (محمود عباس (born March 26, 1935) also known by the kunya Abu Mazen (ابو مازن was elected President Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated

In 1958 American troops enter Lebanon on a peacekeeping mission. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية

Africa

Decolonization was occurring in Africa in the 1950s. Decolonization refers to the undoing of Colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country or jurisdiction In 1956 Sudan, Tunisia, and Morocco became independent. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1954 guerrillas started the Algerian War of Independence. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from

The Mau Mau began their terrorist attacks against the British in Kenya. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This led to concentration camps in Kenya, the retreat of the British, and the election of former terrorist Kenyatta as leader of Kenya. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial Jomo Kenyatta ( October 20, 1894 &ndash August 22, 1978) served as the first Prime Minister (1963&ndash1964 and President

Africa experienced the beginning of large-scale top-down economic interventions in the 1950s that failed to cause improvement and led to charitable exhaustion by the West as the century went on. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The widespread corruption was not dealt with and war, disease, and famine continue to be constant problems in this region.

Asia

The nations of the People's Republic of China and Indonesia began their history after their establishment in the late 1940s. The history of the People's Republic of China details the history of Mainland China since October 1, 1949, when after a near complete victory See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator Mao Zedong began to rise in prominence in China as he helped lead a revolution against the Nationalist government. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led In 1953 the French occupiers of Indochina tried to contain a growing communist insurgency against their rule led by Ho Chi Minh. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name After their defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 they were forced to cede independence the nations of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. For the 1992 film see Dien Bien Phu (film. For the 1954 battle see Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Vietnam however was divided between the communist north and American-influence south, and conflict continued. By 1953 the three-year war between North Korea, supported by the USSR and China (PRC), and South Korea, supported by the United States, had ended. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This war resulted in a permanent border between the north and south sections of this country.

After World War II the United States occupied Japan and assisted in its rebuilding. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Social changes took place, including democratic elections and universal suffrage.

Latin America

In the 1950s Latin America was the center of covert and overt conflict between the CIA and the KGB. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty Their varying collusion with national, populist, and elitist interests destabilized the region. The United States CIA orchestrated the overthrow of the Guatemalan government in 1952. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état was a Covert operation organized by the United States Central Intelligence Agency to overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1957 the military dictatorship of Venezuela was overthrown. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) This continued a pattern of regional revolution and warfare making extensive use of ground forces. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces

Europe

Post-war reconstruction succeeded, thanks to mostly the return of free-market capitalism in West Germany and elsewhere, combined with the facets of the West's post-war boom, while the non-corrupt implementation of the Marshall Plan slowed economic recovery with Keynesian-policy welfare states. The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger Europe continued to be divided into Western and Soviet bloc countries. The geographical point of this division came to be called the Iron Curtain. The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end It divided Germany into East and West Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( In 1955 West Germany joined NATO. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) The North Atlantic Treaty In 1956 Soviet troops marched into Hungary. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic

In 1957 the Treaty of Rome was part of the beginning of the process that led to the European Union. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc

The Soviet Union continued its domination of the territories it conquered during World War II. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Life was economically harsh. (See the Black Book of Communism. The Black Book of Communism Crimes Terror Repression is a book which describes a history of Repressions both Political and Civilian, by ) In 1953 Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, died and in the resulting power struggle head of the KGB Lavrenti Beria was denounced and executed. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria; Russian: Лаврентий Павлович Popular rebellions in East Germany in 1953 and Hungary in 1956 were brutally put down. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Caribbean

In 1957, Dr. François Duvalier came to power in an election in Haiti. Dr François Duvalier, known as " Papa Doc " ( April 14, 1907 – April 21, 1971) was the President of Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: He later declared himself president for life, and ruled until his death in 1971.

In 1959 Fidel Castro overthrew the corrupt Batista regime in Cuba, initiating widespread social reform on the island. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until The romance and popularity of the revolution, and such leader as the Argentinian Che Guevara gave it global appeal and recognition. Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed The United States was, however, now unable to meddle with either its social or economic development and was angered when Castro redistributed land that had been owned by American companies. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It would thus become involved in an embargo and clumsy attempts to overthrow Castro, with Cuba as a result moving closer to the Soviet Union. In international Commerce and politics, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

People

Entertainers

Actors: Montgomery Clift, Dorothy Dandridge, James Dean, Sandra Dee, Troy Donahue, Audrey Hepburn, Charlton Heston, Rock Hudson, Grace Kelly, Jerry Lewis, Sophia Loren, Sal Mineo, Jayne Mansfield, Jerry Mathers, Hayley Mills, Marilyn Monroe, Paul Newman, Kim Novak, Jon Provost, Debbie Reynolds, George Reeves, Steve Reeves,

Musicians: Perry Como, Paul Anka, Maria Callas, Bo Diddley, Ella Fitzgerald, Buddy Holly, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, Thelonious Monk, Elvis Presley, Joan Sutherland,

Others: Hugh Hefner (publisher), film directors Jacques Tati and Raj Kapoor, comics Ernie Kovacs and Steve Allen, television personalities Jack Paar, Dave Garroway, Gary Moore, and Johnny Carson,

Desi Arnaz Lucille Ball Jack Benny Chuck Berry Pat Boone Marlon Brando Yul Brynner June Carter Johnny Cash Clay Cole John Coltrane Tony Curtis Peter Cushing Dalida Miles Davis Diana Dors Kirk Douglas

Ava Gardner John Gregson Dizzy Gillespie The Goons Lionel Hampton Tony Hancock William Holden Dean Martin Charles Mingus Charlie Parker Patti Page Art Pepper Carl Perkins Jimmie Rodgers Gale Storm Jack Webb

World leaders

Prime Minister Robert Menzies (Australia) President Getúlio Vargas (Brazil) President Juscelino Kubitschek (Brazil) Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent (Canada) Prime Minister John Diefenbaker (Canada) Chairman Mao Zedong (People's Republic of China) President Chiang Kai-shek (Republic of China on Taiwan) King George VI (Commonwealth realms) Queen Elizabeth II (Commonwealth realms) President Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt) Emperor Haile Selassie (Ethiopia) President Vincent Auriol (France) President Rene Coty (France) President Charles de Gaulle (France) Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (India) Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion (Israel) Taoiseach John A. Costello (Ireland) Taoiseach Éamon de Valera (Ireland)

Taoiseach Seán Lemass (Ireland) Emperor Hirohito (Japan) Prime Minister George Borg Olivier (Malta) Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (Portugal) Francisco Franco (Spain) Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet Union) President Celal Bayar (Turkey) Prime Minister Adnan Menderes (Turkey) Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill (United Kingdom) Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden (United Kingdom) Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (United Kingdom) President Harry S. Truman (United States) President Dwight D. Eisenhower (United States) Pope Pius XII (Vatican) Pope John XXIII (Vatican) Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (West Germany) President Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)

External links

• FiftiesWeb - History, fashion, music, classic TV and more
• WWW-VL: 1950s History
• The 1950s Week-By-Week includes news, trends & pop culture
• Hollywood and The Movies During the 1950s
• The Literature & Culture of the American 1950s
• Remembering The 50s: Take a trip back to yesteryear and those fabulous fifties
• The Golden Age of Couture: Paris and London 1947-57, exhibition about 1950s fashion. Edward Montgomery Clift ( October 17, 1920 – July 23, 1966) was an American film actor Dorothy Jean Dandridge ( November 9, 1922 &ndash September 8, 1965) was an American Actress and Popular singer James Byron Dean ( February 8 1931 &ndash September 30 1955) was a two-time Oscar -nominated American Film Sandra Dee ( April 23 1942 - February 20 2005) was an American Film actress best known for her portrayal Troy Donahue ( January 27, 1936 – September 2, 2001) was an American Actor, known for being a Teen idol. Audrey Hepburn ( &ndash) was an English/Dutch Academy Award - Emmy Award - Tony Award - and Grammy Award -winning film and stage actress Charlton Heston (born John Charles Carter; October 4 1923 &ndash April 5 2008) was an American Actor of Rock Hudson (November 17 1925 &ndash October 2 1985 was an American Film and Television Actor, recognised as a romantic leading man during Grace Patricia Kelly (later Grace Princess of Monaco; November 12 1929 &ndash September 14 1982 was an Academy Award -winning American film and Jerry Lewis (born March 16, 1926) is an American Comedian, award-winning actor producer writer and director best-known for his slapstick Sophia Loren (born September 20 1934 is an Academy Award winning Italian film actress born Sofia Villani Scicolone Salvatore "Sal" Mineo Jr ( January 10, 1939 – February 12, 1976) was a Golden Globe -winning American Jayne Mansfield (April 19 1933 – June 29 1967 was an American actress working both on Broadway and in Hollywood. WikipediaPersondata --> Jerry Mathers (born June 2, 1948 in Sioux City Iowa) is an American television film Hayley Catherine Rose Vivien Mills (born April 18, 1946) is an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award -winning English actress Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1 1926 &ndash August 5 1962 baptized Norma Paul Leonard Newman (January 26 1925 &ndash September 26 2008 was an Academy Award Kim Novak (born February 13, 1933) is an American actress, who was one of her nation's most popular movie stars in the late 1950s Jon Provost (born Jonathan Provost on March 12, 1950, in Los Angeles, California) is a former Child actor of Film and Mary Frances "Debbie" Reynolds (born April 1, 1932) is an Academy Award -nominated American actress, Singer George Reeves ( January 5, 1914 &ndash June 16, 1959) was an American Actor, best known for his role as Superman in the Stephen L Reeves ( January 21, 1926 &ndash May 1, 2000) was an American bodybuilder, Actor, and author Pierino Ronald "Perry" Como ( May 18 1912 &ndash May 12 2001) was an Italian-American singer and television personality Paul Mustapha Abdi Anka, ( Arabic: بول مصطفى عبدي أنكا OC (born 30 July 1941, in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Bo Diddley ( December 30 1928 &ndash June 2 2008, born Ellas Otha Bates) was an original and influential American Ella Jane Fitzgerald (April 25 1917 &ndash June 15 1996 also known as " Lady Ella " and the "First Lady of Song" is considered one of the most influential Charles Hardin "Buddy" Holley (September 7 1936 – February 3 1959 was an American Singer-songwriter and a pioneer of Rock and roll. Rev Richard Wayne Penniman (born December 5 1932 better known by the Stage name Little Richard, is an American Singer, Songwriter Jerry Lee Lewis (born September 29, 1935) is an American Rock and roll and Country music Singer, Songwriter Thelonious Sphere Monk ( October 10, 1917 - February 17, 1982) was an American Jazz Pianist and Composer. WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> Dame Joan Alston Sutherland, OM, AC, DBE (born 7 November 1926 Hugh Marston Hefner (born April 9 1926 is an American Magazine Publisher, and best known as the editor-in-chief of Playboy magazine Jacques Tati (October 9 &ndashNovember 5) was a noted French comedic Filmmaker. Ranbirraj Kapoor 'The Show-man' ( Hindi: राज कपूर Rāj Kapūr December 14, 1924 - June 2, 1988) was an Indian Ernie Kovacs ( January 23, 1919 — January 13, 1962) was an American comedian whose Steve Allen, born Stephen Valentine Patrick William Allen ( December 26 1921 – October 30 2000) was an American Jack Harold Paar ( May 1, 1918 &ndash January 27, 2004) was an American Radio and Television talk show host David Cunningham Garroway ( July 13, 1913 – July 21, 1982) was the founding host of NBC 's Today Gary Moore (born Robert William Gary Moore, 4 April 1952, Belfast, Northern Ireland) is a Northern Irish Guitarist. John William “Johnny” Carson ( October 23, 1925 &ndash January 23, 2005) was an American Television host and Desi Arnaz (born Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III) ( March 2, 1917 – December 2, 1986) was a Cuban American Lucille Ball (August 6 1911 – April 26 1989 was an American comedienne, film television stage and radio Actress, model, film Jack Benny (born Benjamin Kubelsky February 14, 1894 - December 26, 1974) was an American Comedian, vaudevillian Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (born October 18 1926 in St Charles Eugene "Pat" Boone (born June 1 1934) is an American Singer whose smooth style made him a popular performer of the 1950s Marlon Brando Jr (April 3 1924 – July 1 2004 was an Academy Award -winning American Actor, whose body of work spanned over half a century Yul Brynner (July 11 1920 – October 10 1985 was a Russian born Actor of stage and film, perhaps best known for his portrayal of the Valerie June Carter Cash ( June 23, 1929 &ndash May 15, 2003) was a Singer, Songwriter, actress, comedienne Johnny Cash (born J R Cash; February 26 1932 - September 12 2003 was a Grammy Award -winning American country Singer-songwriter. Clay Cole is a former host and disk jockey best known for his eponymous television dance program The Clay Cole Show, which aired in New York City on Tony Curtis (born Bernard Schwartz June 3, 1925) is an American film actor Peter Wilton Cushing, OBE (26 May 1913—11 August 1994 was an English actor known for his many appearances in Hammer Films, in which he played Baron Frankenstein Dalida ( January 17, 1933 &ndash May 3, 1987) was an Egyptian born singer of Italian origin who lived most of her Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Diana Dors ( October 23, 1931 &ndash May 4, 1984) was an English actress and Sex symbol. Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch; December 9, Ava Lavinia Gardner ( December 24, 1922 – January 25, 1990) was an Academy Award -nominated American actress John Gregson ( 15 March 1919 – 8 January 1975) was a British actor John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie ( October 21 1917 &ndash January 6 1993) was an American Jazz Trumpeter The Goon Show was a British Radio comedy programme originally produced and broadcast by the BBC Home Service from 1951 to 1960 Lionel Leo Hampton ( April 20, 1908 &ndash August 31, 2002) was an American Jazz Vibraphonist, Percussionist Anthony John "Tony" Hancock (born 12 May 1924 &ndash 24 June 1968) was a popular British Actor and William Holden ( April 17, 1918 &ndash November 12, 1981) was an Academy Award -winning American film Actor Dean Martin (born Dino Paul Crocetti; June 7 1917 &ndash December 25 1995 was an American Singer, Film Actor, television personality Charles Mingus ( 22 April 1922 &ndash 5 January 1979) was an American Jazz Bassist, Composer, Clara Ann Fowler (born November 8, 1927) known by her professional name Patti Page, is an American singer one of the best-known female artists Art Pepper (b September 1 1925, Gardena California &ndash d June 15, 1982, Los Angeles California) born Arthur Carl Lee Perkins ( April 9, 1932 &ndash January 19, 1998) was an American pioneer of Rockabilly music a mix of Rhythm James Frederick Rodgers (born September 18 1933, Camas Washington) is an American singer sometimes classified as a Rock and Josephine Owaissa Cottle (born April 5, 1922) better known as Gale Storm, is an American actress John Randolph "Jack" Webb ( April 2 1920 &ndash December 23 1982) was an Emmy -nominated American Actor Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, QC (20 December 1894 - 15 May 1978 Australian politician was the twelfth person to serve For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (ʒeˈtulju doɾˈnɛlis vaɾgɐs April 19, 1882 – August 24, 1954) served as president of |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (JK ( September 12, 1902 – August 22, 1976) was a prominent Brazilian politician who was |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Louis Stephen St-Laurent PC CC QC ( Saint-Laurent or St-Laurent in French, baptized Louis-Étienne Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Haile Selassie I ( Ge'ez: am ኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ "Power of the Trinity " 23 July 1892 &ndash 27 August 1975 born Tafari Makonnen, was NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page For other meanings see also the disambiguation page Auriol Jules-Vincent Auriol ( 27 August, 1884 1 January, 1966 was a This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. René Jules Gustave Coty (20 March 1882 22 November 1962 was President of France from 1954 to 1959 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. For other persons named John Costello see John Costello John Aloysius Costello (Seán A Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Seán Francis Lemass (15 July 1899 &ndash 11 May 1971 was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and third Taoiseach of Ireland from 1959 until 1966 Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Giorgio Borg Olivier (Ġorġ Borġ Olivier ( 5 July 1911 - 29 October 1980) was twice Prime Minister of Malta (1950 to 1955 and Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Mahmut Celal Bayar ( May 16, 1883 &ndash August 22, 1986) was a Turkish Politician, Statesman and the third Ali Adnan Ertekin Menderes ( 1899 - September 17, 1961) was a Turkish liberal statesman and the first democratically elected leader Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Robert Anthony Eden 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 &ndash 14 January 1977 was a British Conservative Politician The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Pope The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Pope John (numberingBlessed The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer ( 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967 was a German Statesman. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Victoria and Albert Museum. The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection

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