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Jyotisha

Hindu swastika

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Śrauta (Devanagari श्रौत) traditions are conservative ritualistic traditions of historical Vedic religion in Hinduism, based on the body of Śruti literature. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is an umbrella term for a wide variety of related religious traditions native to India. Within Hinduism a large number of personalities or 'forms' are worshiped as Murtis. Hinduism comprises numerous Sects or denominations The main divisions in current Hinduism are Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism Hindu mythology is the large body of Mythology related to Hinduism, notably as contained in Sanskrit literature, such as the Sanskrit epics and Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious Artha ( Devanagari: अर्थ is a Sanskrit term meaning "purpose cause motive meaning notion" In Indian religions, Moksha ( Sanskrit: sa मोक्ष mokṣa) or Mukti ( Sanskrit: sa मुक्ति literally "release" Karma is a concept in Hinduism which explains Causality through a system where beneficial effects are derived from past beneficial actions Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the Bhakti ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion. Maya ( Sanskrit sa माया māyā) in Indian religions, has multiple meanings This article is about Hinduism. Puja or "pooja" may also refer to certain devotional practices performed by Balmikis Buddhists (see A Hindu temple or Mandir ( Sanskrit: मंदिर is a house of worship for Hindus followers of Hinduism. Literature regarded as central to the Hindu literary tradition was predominantly composed in Sanskrit, Indeed much of the morphology and linguistic "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" The following is a bibliography of Hindu scriptures and texts. The percentage of Hindu population of each country was taken from the US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2006. These are some of the most noteworthy Gurus and Saints of Hinduism (in alphabetical order A Hinduism is going through a phase of regeneration and reform through the vehicle of several contemporary movements collectively termed as Hindu reform movements. Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization and today there are several regional Indian Calendars, as This article deals with social and cultural criticism of Hinduism The following is a glossary of terms and concepts in Hinduism. Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions This article discusses the historical religious practices in the Vedic time period see Hinduism and Indian religions for details Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. If you are looking for the singer see Shruti Haasan. For other meanings see Śruti (disambiguation. They persist in a few places in India today although constituting a clear minority within Hinduism. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Śrauta is a vrddhi derivation of Śruti, just like Smarta is the vrddhi derivation of Smrti. Vrddhi (वृद्धि) is a Sanskrit word meaning "growth" (from) Smartism (or Smarta Sampradaya, Smarta Tradition, as termed in Sanskrit) is a denomination of the Hindu Smriti (Sanskrit स्मृति " that which is remembered " refers to a specific body of Hindu religious Scripture

Contents

Classification

Presently alive shrauta traditions are:

Practices

The Śrauta tradition as per the Vedas lays more emphasis on practice of the rituals rather than having a set of beliefs. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" The Samaveda ( Sanskrit: सामवेद sāmaveda, from sāman "melody" + veda "knowledge") is third (in the usual The Yajurveda ( Sanskrit यजुर्वेदः, a Tatpurusha compound of yajus "sacrificial formula' + veda The Yajurveda ( Sanskrit यजुर्वेदः, a Tatpurusha compound of yajus "sacrificial formula' + veda The Atharvaveda ( Sanskrit: अथर्ववेद atharvaveda, a Tatpurusha compound of {{IAST|atharvan}}, an ancient Rishi The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true The practices of the Śrauta tradition mainly consist of Yajnas. In Hinduism, Yajna ( Devanagari यज्ञ IAST yajña; also anglicized as Yagna, Yagya or Yadnya The Yajnas are divided into two categories, namely: nitya-karma and kaamya karma. In Hinduism, Yajna ( Devanagari यज्ञ IAST yajña; also anglicized as Yagna, Yagya or Yadnya Nitya karma refers to those karmas (or rituals which have to be performed daily by Hindus Kaamya karmas refer to those Karmas (or rituals in Hinduism which are performed with a specific objective in view Nitya-karma refers to those Yajnas that have to be performed daily or as per occasion. In Hinduism, Yajna ( Devanagari यज्ञ IAST yajña; also anglicized as Yagna, Yagya or Yadnya Kaamya-karma refers to those Yajnas performed with a particular purpose such as wishing for rain, cattle, overlordship or for a son (e. In Hinduism, Yajna ( Devanagari यज्ञ IAST yajña; also anglicized as Yagna, Yagya or Yadnya g. Putrakameshti). Putrakameshti is a special Yajna performed in Hinduism for the sake of having a child

Yajnas

Main article: Yajna

The Vedas describe 400 Yajnas[1]. In Hinduism, Yajna ( Devanagari यज्ञ IAST yajña; also anglicized as Yagna, Yagya or Yadnya "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. In Hinduism, Yajna ( Devanagari यज्ञ IAST yajña; also anglicized as Yagna, Yagya or Yadnya

A (late) subset of them are the Pancha Mahayajnas (Five Great Yajnas, see Taittiriya Aranyaka 2. The Aranyakas (Sanskrit आरण्यक āraṇyaka) are part of the Hindu śruti, the four Vedas these religious texts were composed in 10) namely:

Pantheon

Main articles: Hindu deities and Rigvedic deities

The pantheon in the Śrauta tradition consist of various gods and goddesses, known as Devas who represent natural forces or deified social concepts. Within Hinduism a large number of personalities or 'forms' are worshiped as Murtis. There are 1028 hymns in the Rigveda, most of them dedicated to specific deities. See also List of deities A deity is a Postulated Preternatural or Supernatural Being, who is always A goddess is a Female Deity. Many Cultures have goddesses Often deities are part of a polytheistic system that includes several deities Deva (देव in Devanagari script pronounced as /'d̪evə/ is the Sanskrit word for "god Deity " For instance, the deva Agni has one aspect as the flame. Deva (देव in Devanagari script pronounced as /'d̪evə/ is the Sanskrit word for "god Deity " Agni is a Hindu and Vedic deity. The word agni is Sanskrit for "fire" (noun cognate with Latin ignis (In recent, idiosyncratic interpretation, this flame symbolises the psychological power associated with Agni namely the power of will and Agni can be called God-will). [3].

Since Shrauta focuses on conservative Vedic rituals, the pantheon corresponds to the Rigvedic deities more than to that of mainstream (Puranic) Hinduism. There are 1028 hymns in the Rigveda, most of them dedicated to specific deities. For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" Among the most prominent deities are Agni, Indra, and Soma, as well as the All-gods (Viśve devāḥ), Ashvin, Ushas, Surya, Savitar, Parjanya, Rudra or Sarasvati (cf. Soma ( Sanskrit: सोम) or Haoma ( Avestan) from Proto-Indo-Iranian * sauma-, was a ritual drink of importance Saraswati (pronounced as; Sanskrit: sa सरस्वती sarasvatī; Malay: Saraswati Thai: สุรัสวดี is the Chamakam 6):

Oral tradition

Main article: Guru-shishya tradition

The word Śrauta is derived from the word Śruti meaning that which is heard. The Shri Rudram Chamakam ( Sanskrit श्रि रुद्रम् चमकम् is a Vedic Stotra dedicated to Rudra (an early epithet The guru-shishya tradition lineage or Parampara, is a spiritual relationship in traditional Hinduism where teachings are transmitted from a If you are looking for the singer see Shruti Haasan. For other meanings see Śruti (disambiguation. The Śrauta tradition of transmitting the Vedas consisted solely of oral tradition from the Guru (teacher) to the Shishya (student). "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore is a way for a society to transmit history, literature, law and other Knowledges A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others Vedic scholars have made use of manuscripts in order to teach the Vedas to their students at least since the Middle Ages, and of printed books since the advent of Western philology in British India, but the use of writing has always been clearly secondary to the commitment of the texts to memory. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British

Methods of recitation

Main article: Patha

The oral tradition of the Vedas consists of several ways of recitation. The oral tradition of the Vedas ( Śrauta) consists of several pathas, "recitations" or ways of chanting the Vedic Mantras Such traditions "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The students are first taught the Samhita Paatha. Here, paatha means a way of recitation. The other methods of chanting include: "pada", "krama", "jata", "mala", "sikha", "rekha", "dhvaja","danda", "ratha", "ghana" etc.

Some Veda reciters are called "ghanapaathins"; they have learnt the recitation of the texts up to the advanced stage called "ghana". "Paathin" means one who has learnt the "paatha". Ghanapaathins recite a mantra in different ways, with individual words repeated back and forth. Similarly, in the other methods of chanting like krama, jata, sikha, mala, and so on. The chief purpose of such methods is to ensure that even not even a syllable of a mantra is altered to the slightest extent. The words are braided together, so to speak, and recited back and forth[4].

Present situation of Śrauta tradition

Today the Śrauta tradition most prominent in Southern India, with communities in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, but also in some pockets of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and other states; the best known of these groups are the Nambudiri of Kerala, whose traditions were notably documented by Frits Staal. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. The Nambudiri Brahmins ( Malayalam: ml നമ്പൂതിരി ml-Latn nambũdiri, also transliterated Namputiri, Namboothiri) are the Frits Staal (born 1930 in the Netherlands) is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and South & Southeast Asian Studies at the University of California Berkeley. The Smarta tradition of Hinduism is more prevalent than the Shrauta one. Smartism (or Smarta Sampradaya, Smarta Tradition, as termed in Sanskrit) is a denomination of the Hindu Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Śrauta ( Devanagari sa श्रौत traditions are conservative Ritualistic traditions of Historical Vedic religion in Hinduism, based on Both traditions are not mutually exclusive; some Smartas continue to practise the Vedic rituals.

The Aupasana [5]is performed in many houses. Aupasana is a Yajna performed on a daily basis by Hindus who have been initiated during Marriage for this However the Śrauta tradition emphasises also on Agnihotra (whose performer is called Agnihotri), New and Full Moon sacrifices and a few more complex rituals. Agnihotra (अग्निहोत्र is a Vedic Yajña (ritual or sacrifice performed by Orthodox Hindu communities Qualities of Agnihotri ‘Agnihotri’ should be a Brahmin selected by God/Guru

Prominent Śrauti scholars and communities

Recent Śrauta yaagas

Some recent major Śrauta Yajñas:

References

  1. ^ Grhasthashrama
  2. ^ Libations at answers.com
  3. ^ Essentials of Krishna and Shukla Yajurveda- RL Kashyap; SAKSI, Bangalore, Karnataka ISBN 8179940322
  4. ^ Methods of Chanting
  5. ^ Aupasana
  6. ^ Veda at namboothiri.com
  7. ^ On a Vedic quest
  8. ^ Athiraathram.org
  9. ^ Athirathram.org
  10. ^ Somayaga2005.com
  11. ^ Somayagam.org
  12. ^ Somayaagam at namboothiri.com
  13. ^ Nakshatreshti Homam
  14. ^ Rare Vedic Yaaga

Further reading


See also

External links

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