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Ł or ł, described in English as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Łacinka (Latin Belarusian), Wilamowicean, Navajo, Dene Suline Dogrib language alphabets, and of several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Polish alphabet is the script of the Polish language. It is based on the Latin alphabet but uses Diacritics such as the kreska The Kashubian alphabet (Kaszëbsczi alfabét/Kaszëbsczé abecadło is the script of the Kashubian language. The Sorbian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet but uses Diacritics such as the Acute accent and the Caron. The Belarusian Latin alphabet (also known as Latsinka (in BGN/PCGN) or Łacinka (in itself from лацінка, informal for the Latin alphabet The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova Navajo or Navaho ( native name: Diné bizaad) is an Athabaskan language (of Na-Dené stock spoken in the southwest United States by Dene Suline (also Dëne Sųłiné, Dene Sųłiné, Chipewyan, Dene Suliné, Dëne Suliné, Dene Soun’liné or just Dogrib (also Tłįchǫ Yatiì, jatîː is a Language spoken by the First Nations Tłįchǫ people of the Canadian territory An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. In Slavic languages, it represents the Lechitic–West Slavic continuation of Proto-Slavic non-palatal l (see dark L). The Lechitic languages include three languages spoken in Central Europe, mainly in Poland, and historically also in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, The West Slavic languages is a subdivision of the Slavic language group that includes Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian. Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth The Velarized Alveolar lateral approximant, which may actually be Pharyngealized, also known as dark l is a type of Consonantal sound In most non-European languages, it represents a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative or similar sound. The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet

Contents

In Polish

The first person to distinguish the two types of l in Polish was Jakub Pakoszowic who in 1440 proposed a letter resembling \ \ell to represent clear L. For dark L he suggested l with a stroke running in the opposite direction as the modern version. The latter was introduced in 1514-1515 by Stanisław Zaborowski in his Orthographia seu modus recte scribendi et legendi Polonicum idioma quam ultissimus. L with stroke originally represented a velarized alveolar lateral approximant[1], a pronunciation which is preserved in the eastern part of Poland[2] and among the Polish minority in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. The Velarized Alveolar lateral approximant, which may actually be Pharyngealized, also known as dark l is a type of Consonantal sound Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

In modern Polish, ł is normally pronounced /w/ (almost exactly as w in English as a consonant, as in were, will, firewall but not as in new or straw). [3] This pronunciation first appeared among peasants in the 16th century. It was considered an uncultured accent until the mid-20th century when this stigma gradually began to fade.

The shift to /w/ in Polish has affected all instances of dark L, even word-initially or intervocalically, e. g. ładny ("pretty, nice") is pronounced /ˈwadnɨ/, słowo ("word") is /ˈswɔvɔ/, and ciało ("body") is /ˈtɕawɔ/. In Polish Ł often alternates with clear L, particularly when forming masculine plurals, e. g. mały → mali (/ˈmawɨ/ → /ˈmali/), or due to declension, e. In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating g. from nominative to locative, tło → na tle (/twɔ/ → /tlɛ/). The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other Locative (also called the seventh case) is a Grammatical case which indicates a location

Other languages

In Belarusian Łacinka, ł corresponds to Cyrillic л, and is normally pronounced /ɫ/ (almost exactly as l in English pull), both in the 1929[4] and 1962 versions. The Belarusian Latin alphabet (also known as Latsinka (in BGN/PCGN) or Łacinka (in itself from лацінка, informal for the Latin alphabet The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by El (Л л is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /l/ unless it comes before a palatalizing vowel when it represents /lʲ/ except in Serbian [5]

In Navajo, ł is used for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (ɬ), like the Welsh Ll. Navajo or Navaho ( native name: Diné bizaad) is an Athabaskan language (of Na-Dené stock spoken in the southwest United States by The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Ll / ll is a digraph which occurs in several natural Languages In English In English, ll represents the same sound

In Venetian Language ł is used in substitution for l in many words in which the pronunciation of l has become different for several varieties of the language, such as becoming mute or becoming the sound of English a and the Venetian e. Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. For example: "la gondoła " can be pronounced as (in Venetian) "la gondola", or "la gòndoa", or "la gòndoea".

When writing Scandinavian dialects having the pronunciation of a retroflex flap for the standard languages' l, many authors employ ł. The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages The retroflex flap is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents

The Unicode codepoints for the letter are U+0142 for the lower case, and U+0141 for the capital. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's [6] In the LaTeX typesetting system l with stroke may be typeset with the command \l. LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ

References

  1. ^ Joseph Andrew Teslar & Jadwiga Teslar, A New Polish Grammar 8th Edition, Revised. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, Ltd. (1962): 4 - 5. "ł = English l hard, dental ; . . . It is true, of course, that the majority of Poles nowadays pronounce this sound with the lips, exactly like the English w. But this is a careless pronunciation leading eventually to the disappearance of a sound typically Polish (and Russian also ; it has already disappeared from the other Slavonic languages, Czech and Serbian). . . . In articulating l, your tongue . . . projects considerably beyond the horizontal line separating the gums from the teeth and touches the gums or the palate. To pronounce ł . . . the tongue should be held flat and rigid in the bottom of the mouth with the tip just bent upwards sufficiently to touch the edge of the front upper teeth. (On no account should the tongue extend beyond the line separating the teeth from the gums. ) Holding the tongue rigidly in this position, you should then pronounce one of the vowels a, o or u, consciously dropping the tongue on each occasion, and you will obtain the hard ł quite distinct from the soft l. "
  2. ^ Oscar E. Swan, First Year Polish 2nd Edition, Revised and Expanded. Columbus: Slavica Publishers (1983): xix. "ł (so-called barrel l) is not pronounced like an l except in Eastern dialects and, increasingly infrequently, in stage pronunciation. It is most often pronounced like English w in way, how. "łeb, dała, był, piłka. "
  3. ^ B. W. Mazur, Colloquial Polish. London: Routledge (1983): 5. "The sounds below exist in English but are pronounced or rendered differently: c . . . h[, ] ch . . . j . . . ł as w in wet[, ] łach ład słowo[; ] r . . . w"
  4. ^ Б. Тарашкевіч. Беларуская граматыка для школ. – Вільня : Беларуская друкарня ім. Фр. Скарыны, 1929 ; Мн.  : «Народная асвета», 1991 [факсімільн. ]. – Выданьне пятае пераробленае і пашыранае
  5. ^ Ян Станкевіч. Які мае быць парадак літараў беларускае абэцады [1962] // Ян Станкевіч. Збор твораў у двух тамах. Т. 2. – Мн. : Энцыклапедыкс, 2002. ISBN 985-6599-46-6
  6. ^ Unicode Character 'LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE' (U+0142). FileFormat. info. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor.

External links

The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
Letter L with diacritics
Ĺ弾ĻļḶḷḸḹḼḽḺḻŁłĿŀȽƚⱠⱡⱢɫɬᶅɭȴ
Letters using stroke sign

history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters
Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland ATypI is the Association Typographique Internationale, or the international Typography association ISO 646 is an ISO standard that since 1972 has specified a 7- Bit character code from which several national standards are derived The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a (eɪ plural B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled bee or occasionally be (biː plural bees. C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cee or occasionally ce (siː D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled dee or occasionally de (diː E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled e (iː plural es or ees (also written E's E F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ef or eff (ɛf G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled gee or occasionally ge (dʒiː I is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English name is i (aɪ J is the tenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled kay (keɪ L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el or occasionally ell (ɛl M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled em (ɛm N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled en (ɛn O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin Alphabet. Its name in English is spelled o (oʊ plural usually o's or os; sometimes P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled pee or occasionally pe (piː Q is the seventeenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cue (kjuː R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (ɑr pronounced or) S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ess or occasionally es (ɛs generally es- T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled tee or occasionally te (tiː U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled u (juː V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled vee or occasionally ve (viː W is the twenty-third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled double-u (ˈdʌbljuː X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Z is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the modern Latin alphabet. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Ḷ ( minuscule: ḷ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from L with a diacritical Dot below. Ḻ ( minuscule: ḻ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from L with the addition of a Combining macron below. An interpunct ( ·) is a small dot used for Interword separation in ancient Latin script, being perhaps the first consistent visual representation of word boundaries The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The palatal hook (  ̡ is a type of hook diacritic formerly used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent Palatalized consonants. The retroflex lateral approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a Grapheme. B with stroke ( Majuscule: Ƀ, minuscule: ƀ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from B with the addition of a Ȼ ( minuscule: ȼ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from C with the addition of a stroke through the letter Đ (lowercase đ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from D with the addition of a bar or stroke through the letter E with stroke (majuscule Ɇ minuscule ɇ is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from E with the addition of a diagonal stroke through the letter The g-stroke character Ǥ / ǥ is a letter of the Latin Skolt Sami alphabet denoting the partially voiced palatal spirant (i Ħ ( minuscule: ħ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from H with the addition of a bar. I-bar ( Majuscule: Ɨ, minuscule: ɨ) also called barred-i, is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from I J with stroke (majuscule Ɉ minuscule ɉ is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from J with the addition of a bar through the letter The " Ø " ( minuscule: " ø " is a Vowel and a letter used in the Danish, Faroese and Norwegian Ᵽ ( minuscule: ᵽ) or " p with stroke " is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from P with the addition of a stroke The open-mid central unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a Grapheme. The open-mid central rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Ƶ ( minuscule: ƶ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from Z with the addition of a stroke. The Latin alphabet originated in the 7th century BC, undergoing a history of 2500 years before emerging as one of the dominant Writing systems in use today Palaeography, palæography ( British) or paleography ( American) (from the Greek grc παλαιός palaiós, Variants of the Latin alphabet are used by the Writing systems of many languages throughout the world A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. Unicode as of version 51 defines the following ranges for encoding the Latin alphabet and derived characters See also Mapping of Unicode characters List of Latin letters. Basic alphabet Extensions and ligatures Letters with diacritics Digraphs trigraphs and tetragraphs
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