| İsmet İnönü | |
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| In office November 11, 1938 – May 22, 1950 |
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| Preceded by | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
| Succeeded by | Celal Bayar as President, Suat Hayri Ürgüplü as Prime Minister in his last term as Prime Minister. This is a complete list of Presidents of Turkey consisting of the eleven Heads of state in the country's inception following the Turkish War of Independence Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Mahmut Celal Bayar ( May 16, 1883 &ndash August 22, 1986) was a Turkish Politician, Statesman and the third |
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| In office 1923 – 1924 1925–1937 1961–1965 |
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| Preceded by | Ali Fethi Okyar |
| Succeeded by | Bülent Ecevit |
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Leader of the Republican People's Party
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| In office 1938 – 1972 |
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| Preceded by | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
| Succeeded by | Bülent Ecevit |
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| In office 1920 – 1921 |
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| Succeeded by | Fevzi Çakmak |
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| In office 1922 – 1924 |
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| Preceded by | Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk |
| Succeeded by | Şükrü Kaya |
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| Born | September 24, 1884 İzmir |
| Died | December 25, 1973 (aged 89) Ankara |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Political party | Republican People's Party |
| Spouse | Mevhibe İnönü |
| Religion | Muslim |
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (September 24, 1884 – December 25, 1973) was a Turkish Army General,[1] Prime Minister and the second President of the Republic of Turkey. This is a chronological list of Prime Ministers of Turkey, since the establishment of that position in 1920, during the Turkish War of Independence. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Ali Fethi Okyar ( 29 April 1880 – 7 May 1943) was a Turkish diplomat and politician who also served as a military officer Mustafa Bülent Ecevit ( May 28, 1925 in Istanbul – November 5, 2006 in Ankara) was a Turkish Politician The Republican People's Party (Turkish Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi or CHP) is the oldest political party in the Republic of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Mustafa Bülent Ecevit ( May 28, 1925 in Istanbul – November 5, 2006 in Ankara) was a Turkish Politician Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak ( January 12, 1876 – April 12, 1950) was a Turkish soldier ( Field Marshal) prime minister and Following is a list of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. Following is a list of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. Şükrü Kaya (1883 - 1959 was an Ottoman civil servant and Turkish politician who served as government minister and minister of foreign affairs in. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language The Republican People's Party (Turkish Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi or CHP) is the oldest political party in the Republic of Turkey. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches For the army rank(s of General as opposed to the specific rank of Army General see General Army General is a title used in many This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. The President of Turkey ( Cumhurbaşkanı) is the Head of state of the Republic of Turkey.
He was born in İzmir to a family originally from Malatya. İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Malatya ( Hittite: Melid; Greek: Μαλάτεια Malateia; Armenian: Մալաթիա Malatia; Kurdish: [2][3] His father was Hacı Reşid Bey, a member of the Ottoman bureaucracy, an examining magistrate born in Malatya, and his mother was Cevriye Hanım, daughter of Russo-Turkish War refugees from Bulgaria. Malatya ( Hittite: Melid; Greek: Μαλάτεια Malateia; Armenian: Մալաթիա Malatia; Kurdish: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Due to his father's assignments, the family moved from one city to another. Thus, İsmet İnönü completed his primary education in Sivas. Sivas (the late-Classical and Medieval Sebastia, sometimes spelt Sebastea or Sebasteia, Greek: Σεβάστεια, Armenian His son, Erdal İnönü, was a Wigner medal winner mathematical physicist and a former deputy prime minister of Turkey, as well as the former leader of the Social Democracy Party and the Social Democratic Populist Party, and the honorary leader of the Social Democratic People's Party. Professor Dr Erdal İnönü ( June 6, 1926 &ndash October 31, 2007) was a Turkish Physicist and Politician The Wigner Medal, is an award designed "to recognize outstanding contributions to the understanding of physics through Group Theory " The Social Democratic Populist Party (Turkish) was the name of a former Turkish left social-democratic party which resulted from the fusion in 1985, of the The current Social Democratic People's Party (Sosyaldemokrat Halk Partisi or SHP is a Turkish left social-democratic political party established
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Early military career
İnönü graduated from the Military Academy in 1903 and received his first military assignment in the Ottoman army. A military academy or service academy (American English is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps of the Army the Navy Air Force Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish He joined the Committee of Union and Progress. He won his first military victories by suppressing two major revolts against the struggling Ottoman Empire, first in Rumelia and later in Yemen, whose leader was Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Rumelia or Rumeli ( Turkish: Rumeli ("Land of the Romans" from Rum: "Greek" "Roman" and El Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Yahya Muhammad Hamidaddin (or Imam Yahya) (1869—1948 became Imam of the Zaydis in 1904 and king of Yemen in 1926 He served as a military officer during the Balkan Wars on the Ottoman-Bulgarian front. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece During World War I, he served as a miralay (colonel) on the Ottoman eastern front in Syria, and was later appointed as the commander of the western fronts. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية He worked together with Mustafa Kemal Pasha during his assignment at the Caucasus front. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East
Independence war
After losing the Battle of Megiddo against General Edmund Allenby during the last days of World War I, he went to Anatolia to join the Turkish nationalist movement and was appointed the commander of the Turkish Western Army, a position in which he remained during the Turkish War of Independence. Field Marshal Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby 1st Viscount Allenby GCB GCMG GCVO ( April 23 1861 - May 14 1936 Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black He was promoted to brigadier general after the "Battles of İnönü", in which he successfully defeated the Greek Army in western Anatolia. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία During the Turkish War of Independence he was also a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM, usually referred to simply as Meclis - "the Parliament" is the Unicameral Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul.
İnönü changed careers when he was appointed the chief negotiator of the Turkish delegation at the Treaty of Lausanne. The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning He became famous for his resolve and stubbornness in defending Turkey's demands while conceding very little to the other side at the negotiating table, causing the peace conference to last longer than expected. Partially deaf, İnönü simply turned off his hearing aid when the British foreign secretary, Lord Curzon, launched into lengthy speeches opposing Turkish demands for recognition of the national pact, and then would restate the Turkish position as if the British foreign secretary had not said a thing. George Nathaniel Curzon 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC ( 11 January 1859 &ndash 20 March
Political career
İnönü later served as the Prime Minister of Turkey for several terms, maintaining the system that Atatürk had put in place. This is a chronological list of Prime Ministers of Turkey, since the establishment of that position in 1920, during the Turkish War of Independence. He acted after every major crisis (such as the rebellion of Sheikh Said or the attempted assassination of Atatürk in İzmir) to restore peace in the country. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman He successfully managed the economy, especially after the 1929 economic crisis, by implementing an economic plan inspired by the Five Year Plan of the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In doing so, he took much private property under government control. Due to his efforts, to this day, more than 70% of land in Turkey is still owned by the state, resembling now-defunct Soviet Union. Desiring a more liberal economic system, Atatürk fired Inönü from the government in 1937 and appointed Celal Bayar, the founder of the first Turkish bank Türkiye İş Bankası as Prime Minister. Mahmut Celal Bayar ( May 16, 1883 &ndash August 22, 1986) was a Turkish Politician, Statesman and the third Türkiye İş Bankası is Turkey 's first public bank and premiere national financial institution ranked 102nd in the “Top 1000 World Banks” survey of Financial
National Chief period
After the death of Atatürk, Inönü was viewed as the most appropriate candidate to succeed him, and was elected the second President of the Republic of Turkey. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Adana (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman This is a complete list of Presidents of Turkey consisting of the eleven Heads of state in the country's inception following the Turkish War of Independence Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Inönü was responsible for a 1942 "wealth" tax that was specifically designed to target minorities, minted his face on coins, stamps and banknotes, made the posting of his picture in schools and government offices obligatory, and enjoyed the official title of "Milli Sef", i. e. "National Chief".
World War II broke out in the first year of his presidency, and both the Allies and the Axis pressured Inönü to bring Turkey into the war on their side. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Germans sent Franz von Papen to Ankara, while Winston Churchill secretly met with Inönü inside a train wagon near Adana on January 30, 1943. (29 October 1879 2 May 1969 was a German nobleman Catholic monarchist Politician, General Staff officer and Diplomat Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Adana (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Inönü later met with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference on December 4-6, 1943. The Second Cairo Conference (codenamed "SEXTANT" of December 4 – December 6, 1943, held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed Until 1941, both Roosevelt and Churchill thought that Turkey's continuing neutrality would serve the interests of the Allies by blocking the Axis from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the Middle East. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. But the early victories of the Axis up to the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt and Churchill to re-evaluate a possible Turkish participation in the war on the side of the Allies. Turkey had maintained a decently-sized Army and Air Force throughout the war, and Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the Balkans. Roosevelt, on the other hand, still believed that a Turkish attack would be too risky, and an eventual Turkish failure would have disastrous effects for the Allies. Inönü knew very well the hardships which his country had suffered during 11 years of incessant war between 1911 and 1922 and was determined to keep Turkey out of another war as long as he could. Inönü also wanted assurances on financial and military aid for Turkey, as well as a guarantee that the United States and the United Kingdom would stand beside Turkey in the event of a Soviet invasion of the Turkish Straits after the war. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The term Turkish Straits (Türk Boğazları in northwestern Turkey refers to the two narrow Straits that connect the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean The fear of Soviet invasion and Stalin's unconcealed desire to control the Turkish Straits eventually caused Turkey to give up its principle of neutrality in foreign relations and join NATO in 1952. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The North Atlantic Treaty Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
It may be that Inönü's greatest political achievement was keeping his country out of World War II until February 1945, when Turkey entered the war on the side of the Allies against Germany and Japan. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.
Multi party period
Under international pressure to transform the country to a democratic state, Inönü resided over the infamous 1946 elections, in which votes were cast in the open with onlookers (most probably secret police) able to observe to which party the voters had cast their votes and ballots were tallied behind closed doors by only his own party's officials. In 1950, his party lost the first free elections in Turkish history, and Inönü presided over the peaceful transfer of power to the Democratic Party of Adnan Menderes. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ali Adnan Ertekin Menderes ( 1899 - September 17, 1961) was a Turkish liberal statesman and the first democratically elected leader İnönü served for ten years as the leader of the opposition before returning to power as Prime Minister after the 1961 election, held after the military coup-d'etat in 1960 in which he allegedly conspired. Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government particularly in a Westminster -based Parliamentary system Although the opposition was imprisoned during the 1961 elections, he still did not win a majority and had to form coalition governments until the 1965 elections. He lost both the 1965 and 1969 general elections to Süleyman Demirel and then in 1972 he lost his party's leadership race to Bülent Ecevit. Sami Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel, better known as Süleyman Demirel (born November 1, 1924) is a Turkish politician who served as prime Mustafa Bülent Ecevit ( May 28, 1925 in Istanbul – November 5, 2006 in Ankara) was a Turkish Politician
Ismet Inönü was by the standards of his time a highly educated man, speaking Arabic, English, French and German. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.
İnönü died in 1973. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. He was interred next to Atatürk's mausoleum at Anıtkabir in Ankara. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul.
Legacy
A university in Malatya[4] is named after İnönü, as is a stadium in Istanbul, home of the Beşiktaş football club. Malatya ( Hittite: Melid; Greek: Μαλάτεια Malateia; Armenian: Մալաթիա Malatia; Kurdish: Beşiktaş İnönü Stadium (Beşiktaş İnönü Stadyumu is the home of the football club Beşiktaş J Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (commonly Beşiktaş, bɛʃɪktɑːʃ ( English: Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club) is a professional Sports club
Trivia
For more than half of his life, İsmet İnönü was known as İsmet Pasha. Pasha or pacha, formerly bashaw, (paşa پاشا ( Persian: پاشا ( Armenian: Փաշա was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire He changed his name in the early 1930s when Atatürk decreed that all his countrymen had to have surnames. İsmet Pasha decided to take "İnönü", from the Central Anatolian town where he commanded his greatest battles as a general, known as the First Battle of İnönü and Second Battle of İnönü, which played an important role in the Turkish victory at the Turkish War of Independence. İnönü is a town and district of Eskişehir Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The First Battle of İnönü was the first battle of the in the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922, part of Turkish War of Independence. The Second Battle of İnönü took place in March 1921 near the Turkish village of İnönü during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922. The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı May 19, 1919 October 29, 1923) refers to the political and military resistance developed
Media
 Generals Mustafa Kemal and İsmet İnönü before the Battle of Dumlupınar, August 1922 |
 Roosevelt, Inönü and Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference on December 4-6, 1943 |
 Welcoming Winston Churchill to Turkey |
 With his wife Mevhibe İnönü, after dancing for the first time in his life, on his birthday, 24 September 1966 |
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(The sound file of the message by President İsmet İnönü on Kemal Atatürk, November 10, 1963)
- Image:IsmetInonu1963 text.pdf (The Text of the message by President İsmet İnönü on Atatürk)
See also
- Çankaya Köşkü - The Presidency of the Republic of Turkey
References
- ^ TSK Genel Kurmay Baskanlari
- ^ The Young Turks – Children of the Borderlands? - Erik Jan Zürcher (Universiteit Leiden)
- ^ Ismet Inonu: The Making of a Turkish Statesman - Metin Heper / Brill Academic Publishers
- ^ İnönü Üniversitesi-Malatya
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by n/a |
Chief of Turkish General Staff May 20, 1920–Agu 3, 1921 |
Succeeded by Fevzi Çakmak |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk |
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey Oct 26, 1922–Nov 21, 1924 |
Succeeded by Şükrü Kaya |
| Preceded by Ali Fethi Okyar |
Prime Minister of Turkey Nov 1, 1923–Nov 22, 1924 |
Succeeded by Ali Fethi Okyar |
| Preceded by Ali Fethi Okyar |
Prime Minister of Turkey Mar 4, 1925–Oct 25, 1937 |
Succeeded by Celal Bayar |
| Preceded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
President of Turkey Nov 11, 1938–Nov 22, 1950 |
Succeeded by Celal Bayar |
| Preceded by Emin Fahrettin Özdilek |
Prime Minister of Turkey Nov 20, 1961–Feb 20, 1965 |
Succeeded by Suat Hayri Ürgüplü |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
Leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) Nov 11, 1938–May 8, 1972 |
Succeeded by Bülent Ecevit |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | İnönü, İsmet |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | İnönü, Mustafa İsmet |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Turkish politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 24, 1884 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | İzmir |
| DATE OF DEATH | December 25, 1973 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Ankara |