Ą (minuscule: ą) is a letter in the Polish alphabet and other languages. The Polish alphabet is the script of the Polish language. It is based on the Latin alphabet but uses Diacritics such as the kreska It is formed from the letter a and an ogonek. The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the
In Polish
In Polish ą comes after a in the alphabet but never appears at the start of a word. It usually represents a nasal o, more specifically IPA: [/ɔ̃/] or IPA: [/ɔw̃/]. A nasal vowel is a Vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through Nose as well as the Mouth.
Unlike in French, nasal vowels in Polish are asynchronous, meaning that they are pronounced as an oral vowel + a nasal semivowel, or a nasal vowel + a nasal semivowel. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people For instance, ą might be more accurately represented as [ɔw̃] but for the sake of simplicity, it is usually represented as /ɔ̃/.
Some examples,
- obowiązek ("duty", "obligation"), pronounced IPA: [ɔbɔˈvjɔ̃zɛk]
- robią ("They are making"), pronounced IPA: [ˈrɔbjɔ̃]
- wciąż ("still"), pronounced IPA: [ˈftɕɔ̃ʂ]
Before all stops and affricates, it is pronounced as an oral vowel + nasal consonant. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into The nasal consonant may be either m (before p or b) or n (all other cases). For example,
- kąpać ("to bathe") is pronounced IPA: [ˈkɔmpatɕ] rather than [ˈkɔ̃patɕ]
- pająk ("spider") is pronounced IPA: [ˈpajɔnk]
- Bądź cierpliwy! ("Be patient!") is pronounced IPA: [ˈbɔntɕ]
- oglądając ("(by) watching") is pronounced IPA: [ɔglɔnˈdajɔnts]
History
Polish ą evolved from long nasal a of medieval Polish, which developed into a short nasal o in the modern language. This medieval vowel, along with its short counterpart, evolved in turn from the merged nasal *ę and *ǫ of Late Proto-Slavic. Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged
Evolution| Late Proto-Slavic | /ẽ/ and /õ/, represented by ę and ǫ |
| Medieval Polish | long and short /ã/, written approximately as ø |
| Modern Polish | long /ã/ → short /ɔ̃/, written ą
short /ã/ → short /ɛ̃/, written ę |
Alternations
ą often alternates with ę, for example:
- tooth: ząb → zęby (teeth), thousand: tysiąc → tysięcy (thousands), snake: wąż → węże (snakes)
- husband in nominative: mąż → z mężem (with husband, in instrumental case)
- row in nominative: rząd → cztery razy z rzędu (four times in a row, in genitive case)
[but note that in words derived from rząd (government) the vowel does not change]
- weight: ciężar → ciążyć (to weigh down, to be a burden), month: miesiąc → miesięczny (monthly)
Audio examples
- wąż (help·info) (snake)
- mąż (help·info) (husband)
Other languages
Computer use
See also
Ę ( minuscule: ę) is a letter in the Polish alphabet and other languages The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other The instrumental case (also called the eighth case) is a Grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another Ę ( minuscule: ę) is a letter in the Polish alphabet and other languages See also Polish language For assistance in making phonetic transcriptions of Polish for Wikipedia articles see HelpIPA chart for Polish. The Polish alphabet is the script of the Polish language. It is based on the Latin alphabet but uses Diacritics such as the kreska The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the ISO 646 is an ISO standard that since 1972 has specified a 7- Bit character code from which several national standards are derived The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a (eɪ plural B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled bee or occasionally be (biː plural bees. C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cee or occasionally ce (siː D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled dee or occasionally de (diː E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled e (iː plural es or ees (also written E's E F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ef or eff (ɛf G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled gee or occasionally ge (dʒiː I is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English name is i (aɪ J is the tenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled kay (keɪ L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el or occasionally ell (ɛl M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled em (ɛm N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled en (ɛn O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin Alphabet. Its name in English is spelled o (oʊ plural usually o's or os; sometimes P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled pee or occasionally pe (piː Q is the seventeenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cue (kjuː R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (ɑr pronounced or) S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ess or occasionally es (ɛs generally es- T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled tee or occasionally te (tiː U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled u (juː V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled vee or occasionally ve (viː W is the twenty-third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled double-u (ˈdʌbljuː X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Z is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the modern Latin alphabet. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Á, á ( A - acute) is a letter of the Czech, Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, and Slovak languages Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the Ă ( Upper case) or ă ( Lower case) usually referred to in English as A-breve, is a letter used in standard Romanian language Ă ( Upper case) or ă ( Lower case) usually referred to in English as A-breve, is a letter used in standard Romanian language Ă ( Upper case) or ă ( Lower case) usually referred to in English as A-breve, is a letter used in standard Romanian language Ă ( Upper case) or ă ( Lower case) usually referred to in English as A-breve, is a letter used in standard Romanian language Ă ( Upper case) or ă ( Lower case) usually referred to in English as A-breve, is a letter used in standard Romanian language Â, â ( A - Circumflex) is a letter of the Romanian and Vietnamese alphabets Â, â ( A - Circumflex) is a letter of the Romanian and Vietnamese alphabets Â, â ( A - Circumflex) is a letter of the Romanian and Vietnamese alphabets Â, â ( A - Circumflex) is a letter of the Romanian and Vietnamese alphabets Â, â ( A - Circumflex) is a letter of the Romanian and Vietnamese alphabets Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular The letter Å represents various sounds in the Swedish, Finnish (although no native Finnish words contain the letter å Danish, Norwegian " Ä " or " ä " is a character which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets or the letter A with à / ã ( A - Tilde) is a letter used in some languages generally considered a variant of the letter A. Ȧ ( minuscule: ȧ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from A with the addition of a dot above the letter For A E van Vogt's novel see The World of Null-A. Ā, lowercase ā, is a Grapheme, a Latin A with a The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters in collating order Description The Vietnamese alphabet called Chữ Quốc Ngữ See also Grave accent Double acute accent International Phonetic Alphabet The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters in collating order Description The Vietnamese alphabet called Chữ Quốc Ngữ Ă ( Upper case) or ă ( Lower case) usually referred to in English as A-breve, is a letter used in standard Romanian language Â, â ( A - Circumflex) is a letter of the Romanian and Vietnamese alphabets Ḁ ( minuscule: ḁ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from A with the addition of a ring below the letter Turned a (capital ∀, lowercase ɐ or ɒ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet based upon the letter A. The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Ę ( minuscule: ę) is a letter in the Polish alphabet and other languages The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the The Latin alphabet originated in the 7th century BC, undergoing a history of 2500 years before emerging as one of the dominant Writing systems in use today Palaeography, palæography ( British) or paleography ( American) (from the Greek grc παλαιός palaiós, Variants of the Latin alphabet are used by the Writing systems of many languages throughout the world A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. Unicode as of version 51 defines the following ranges for encoding the Latin alphabet and derived characters See also Mapping of Unicode characters List of Latin letters. Basic alphabet Extensions and ligatures Letters with diacritics Digraphs trigraphs and tetragraphs
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