Édouard Manet
portrait by Nadar
Birth name	Édouard Manet
Born	January 23, 1832(1832-01-23) Paris
Died	April 30, 1883 (aged 51) Paris
Nationality	French
Field	Painting
Movement	Realism, Impressionism
Works	The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863 Olympia , 1863 A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Le Bar aux Folies-Bergère), 1882

Édouard Manet (French IPA: [edwaʁ maˈnɛ]; January 23, 1832 – April 30, 1883) was a French painter. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Le déjeuner sur l'herbe ( The Lunch on the Grass in French originally titled Le Bain ( The Bath) is an Oil on canvas painting by Olympia is an oil on canvas painting by Édouard Manet in the Realism style A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, painted and exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1882, was the last major work by French painter Édouard Manet Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e One of the first nineteenth century artists to approach modern-life subjects, he was a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism. Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s

His early masterworks The Luncheon on the Grass and Olympia engendered great controversy, and served as rallying points for the young painters who would create Impressionism—today these are considered watershed paintings that mark the genesis of modern art. Le déjeuner sur l'herbe ( The Lunch on the Grass in French originally titled Le Bain ( The Bath) is an Oil on canvas painting by Olympia is an oil on canvas painting by Édouard Manet in the Realism style History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Music in the Tuileries 1.3 Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe) 1.4 Olympia 1.5 Life and times 1.6 Cafe scenes 1.7 Paintings of social activities 1.8 War 1.9 Paris 1.10 Late works 2 Private life 3 Gallery 4 Death 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

Biography

Early life

Édouard Manet was born in Paris on January 23, 1832, to an affluent and well connected family. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city His mother, Eugénie-Desirée Fournier, was the goddaughter of the Swedish crown prince, Charles Bernadotte, from whom the current Swedish monarchs are descended. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Charles XIV John ( Karl XIV Johan) born Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, later renamed Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (26 January 1763 &ndash 8 March 1844 His father, Auguste Manet, was a French judge who expected Édouard to pursue a career in law. His uncle, Charles Fournier, encouraged him to pursue painting and often took young Manet to the Louvre. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France ^[1] In 1845, following the advice of his uncle, Manet enrolled in a special course of drawing where he met Antonin Proust, future Minister of Fine Arts, and a subsequent life-long friend.

At his father's suggestion, in 1848 he sailed on a training vessel to Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil After twice failing the examination to join the navy,^[2] the elder Manet relented to his son's wishes to pursue an art education. From 1850 to 1856, Manet studied under the academic painter Thomas Couture, a painter of large historical paintings. Thomas Couture ( December 21, 1815 &ndash March 30, 1879) was an influential French history painter and teacher In his spare time he copied the old masters in the Louvre. " Old Master " (or " old master " is a term for a European painter of skill who worked before about 1800, or a painting by such The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France

From 1853 to 1856 he visited Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands, during which time he absorbed the influences of the Dutch painter Frans Hals, and the Spanish artists Diego Velázquez and Francisco José de Goya. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Frans Hals (c 1580– August 26, 1666) was a Dutch Golden Age painter especially famous for portraiture. Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez ( June 6, 1599 &ndash August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter who was the leading

In 1856, he opened his own studio. His style in this period was characterized by loose brush strokes, simplification of details, and the suppression of transitional tones. Adopting the current style of realism initiated by Gustave Courbet, he painted The Absinthe Drinker (1858-59) and other contemporary subjects such as beggars, singers, Gypsies, people in cafés, and bullfights. Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation For the French Admiral see Admiral Courbet (1828-1885 Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( 10 June 1819 &ndash Absinthe is traditionally a distilled, highly alcoholic (45%-75% ABV) beverage After his early years, he rarely painted religious, mythological, or historical subjects; examples include his Christ Mocked, now in the Art Institute of Chicago, and Christ with Angels, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Art Institute of Chicago is one of America's premier Fine art museums The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City,

Music in the Tuileries

Main article: Music in the Tuileries

Music in the Tuileries is an early example of Manet's painterly style, inspired by Hals and Velázquez, and it is a harbinger of his life-long interest in the subject of leisure. Music in the Tuileries is a painting by Édouard Manet. It is an early example of Manet's painterly style inspired by Frans Hals and Diego Velázquez Music in the Tuileries is a painting by Édouard Manet. It is an early example of Manet's painterly style inspired by Frans Hals and Diego Velázquez

While the picture was regarded as unfinished by some,^[1] the suggested atmosphere imparts a sense of what the Tuileries gardens were like at the time; one may imagine the music and conversation.

Here Manet has depicted his friends, artists, authors, and musicians who take part, and he has included a self-portrait among the subjects.

Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe)

Main article: The Luncheon on the Grass

A major early work is The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe). Le déjeuner sur l'herbe ( The Lunch on the Grass in French originally titled Le Bain ( The Bath) is an Oil on canvas painting by Le déjeuner sur l'herbe ( The Lunch on the Grass in French originally titled Le Bain ( The Bath) is an Oil on canvas painting by Le déjeuner sur l'herbe ( The Lunch on the Grass in French originally titled Le Bain ( The Bath) is an Oil on canvas painting by The Paris Salon rejected it for exhibition in 1863, but he exhibited it at the Salon des Refusés (Salon of the rejected) later in the year. The Salon (Salon or rarely Paris Salon (French Salon de Paris) beginning in 1725 was the official Art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts The Salon des Refusés, French for “exhibition of rejects” is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously Emperor Napoleon III had initiated The Salon des Refusés, after the Paris Salon rejected more than 4,000 paintings in 1863.

The painting's juxtaposition of fully-dressed men and a nude woman was controversial, as was its abbreviated, sketch-like handling—an innovation that distinguished Manet from Courbet. At the same time, Manet's composition reveals his study of the old masters, as the disposition of the main figures is derived from Marcantonio Raimondi's engraving of the Judgement of Paris (c. Marcantonio Raimondi, also simply Marcantonio, (c 1480 &ndash c Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it The Judgement of Paris is a story from Greek mythology, which was one of the events that led up to the Trojan War and (in slightly later versions of the story to 1515) based on a drawing by Raphael. Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and ^[1]

Scholars also cite two works as important precedents for Manet's painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe, Pastoral Concert, 1508, (col. the Louvre) and The Tempest both of which are famous Renaissance paintings attributed variously to Italian masters Giorgione or Titian (circa 1508). The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The Tempest (Italian La Tempesta) is a famous Renaissance painting by Italian master Giorgione dated between 1506 and 1508 The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Giorgione (c 1477 &ndash 1510 is the familiar name of Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco, an Italian painter a seminal artist of the High Renaissance Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c 1485 &ndash August 27 1576 better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian Circa (often abbreviated c, ca, ca or cca and sometimes Italicized to show it is Latin) means "about" ^[3] The Tempest is housed in the Gallerie dell'Accademia of Venice, Italy. The Tempest (Italian La Tempesta) is a famous Renaissance painting by Italian master Giorgione dated between 1506 and 1508 The Accademia is best known now as a museum gallery of pre-1800s art in Venice, Italy. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The mysterious and enigmatic painting also features a fully dressed man and a nude female in a rural setting. Nudity is the state of wearing no Clothing. The term' "nudity" can also occasionally be used to refer to wearing significantly less clothing than expected The man is standing to the left and gazing to the side, apparently at the woman, who is sitting in the grass, partially nude, breastfeeding a baby; darkening clouds and distant lightning herald an approaching storm. The relationship between the two figures is unclear. ^[4] The painting Pastoral Concert, c. 1508 in the collection of the Louvre depicts what appears to be two seated men, both fully dressed and gazing intently at each other in a pastoral setting; the figure on the left plays a lute while the figure on the right gazes attentively at him. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France In the foreground two naked women accompany the two seated male figures, drapery wrapped around bare legs; one nymph has a flute, the other a pitcher of water. In the background may be seen a distant house, a copse of trees and a shepherd who appears to be playing a pipe. Pipe describes a number of musical instruments historically referring to perforated wind instruments

Olympia

Main article: Olympia (painting)

As he had in Luncheon on the Grass, Manet again paraphrased a respected work by a Renaissance artist in the painting Olympia (1863), a nude portrayed in a style reminiscent of early studio photographs, but whose pose was based on Titian's Venus of Urbino (1538). Olympia is an oil on canvas painting by Édouard Manet in the Realism style Olympia is an oil on canvas painting by Édouard Manet in the Realism style The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Olympia is an oil on canvas painting by Édouard Manet in the Realism style Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c 1485 &ndash August 27 1576 better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian The Venus of Urbino (1538 is an Oil painting by the Italian master Titian.

Manet embarked on the canvas after being challenged to give the Salon a nude painting to display. The painting was controversial partly because the nude is wearing some small items of clothing such as an orchid in her hair, a bracelet, a ribbon around her neck, and mule slippers, all of which accentuated her nakedness, comfortable courtesan lifestyle and sexuality. The orchid, upswept hair, black cat, and bouquet of flowers were all recognized symbols of sexuality at the time. This modern Venus' body is thin, counter to prevailing standards; the painting's lack of idealism rankled viewers who noticed it despite its placement, high on the wall of the Salon. A fully-dressed servant is featured, exploiting the then-current theory that the Negress was a hyper-sexed tangent of the species. ^[1] That she is wearing the clothing of a servant to a courtesan here, furthers the sexual tension of the piece.

The flatness of Olympia is inspired by Japanese wood block art. Her flatness serves to make her more human and less voluptuous. Her body as well as her gaze is unabashedly confrontational. She defiantly looks out as her servant offers flowers from one of her male suitors. Although her hand rests on her leg, hiding her pubic area in a "frog" gesture - also another sex symbol, the reference to traditional female virtue is ironic; a notion of modesty is notoriously absent in this work. The alert black cat at the foot of the bed strikes a sexually rebellious note in contrast to that of the sleeping dog in Titian's portrayal of the goddess in his Venus of Urbino. Manet's uniquely frank (and largely unpopular) depiction of a self-assured prostitute was accepted by the Paris Salon in 1865. At the same time, his notoriety translated to popularity in the French avant-garde community.

"Olympia" immediately launched responses. Caricatures, sketches, and paintings, all addressed this nude. Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin, Gustave Courbet, Paul Cezanne, and Claude Monet all appreciated the painting's significance. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903 was a leading Post-Impressionist painter. For the French Admiral see Admiral Courbet (1828-1885 Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( 10 June 1819 &ndash Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder

As with Luncheon on the Grass, the painting raised the issue of prostitution within contemporary France and the roles of women within society. ^[1]

Life and times

The roughly painted style and photographic lighting in these works was seen as specifically modern, and as a challenge to the Renaissance works Manet copied or used as source material. His work is considered 'early modern', partially because of the black outlining of figures, which draws attention to the surface of the picture plane and the material quality of paint.

He became friends with the Impressionists Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Paul Cézanne, and Camille Pissarro, through another painter, Berthe Morisot, who was a member of the group and drew him into their activities. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in Alfred Sisley ( October 30, 1839 &ndash January 29, 1899) was an English Impressionist landscape painter who Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. Berthe Morisot ( January 14, 1841 &ndash March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris The grand niece of the painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Morisot's paintings first had been accepted in the Salon de Paris in 1864 and she continued to show in the salon for ten years. Jean-Honoré Fragonard ( April 5, 1732 &ndash August 22, 1806) was a French painter and Printmaker whose late Rococo The Salon (Salon or rarely Paris Salon (French Salon de Paris) beginning in 1725 was the official Art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts

Manet became the friend and colleague of Berthe Morisot in 1868. She is credited with convincing Manet to attempt plein air painting, which she had been practicing since she had been introduced to it by another friend of hers, Camille Corot. En plein air is a French expression which means "in the open air" and is particularly used to describe the act of Painting outdoors Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot ( July 17, 1796 &ndash February 22, 1875) was a French landscape painter and Printmaker They had a reciprocating relationship and Manet incorporated some of her techniques into his paintings. In 1874, she became his sister-in-law when she married his brother, Eugene.

Unlike the core Impressionist group, Manet maintained that modern artists should seek to exhibit at the Paris Salon rather than abandon it in favor of independent exhibitions. A Self-portrait is a representation of an artist drawn painted photographed or sculpted by the artist The Salon (Salon or rarely Paris Salon (French Salon de Paris) beginning in 1725 was the official Art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts Nevertheless, when Manet was excluded from the International exhibition of 1867, he set up his own exhibition. His mother worried that he would waste all his inheritance on this project, which was enormously expensive. While the exhibition earned poor reviews from the major critics, it also provided his first contacts with several future Impressionist painters, including Degas.

Although his own work influenced and anticipated the Impressionist style, he resisted involvement in Impressionist exhibitions, partly because he did not wish to be seen as the representative of a group identity, and partly because he preferred to exhibit at the Salon. Eva Gonzalès was his only formal student. Eva Gonzalès ( April 19, 1849 – May 6, 1883) was a French Impressionist painter

He was influenced by the Impressionists, especially Monet and Morisot. Their influence is seen in Manet's use of lighter colors, but he retained his distinctive use of black, uncharacteristic of Impressionist painting. He painted many outdoor (plein air) pieces, but always returned to what he considered the serious work of the studio. En plein air is a French expression which means "in the open air" and is particularly used to describe the act of Painting outdoors

Throughout his life, although resisted by art critics, Manet could number as his champions Émile Zola, who supported him publicly in the press, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Charles Baudelaire, who challenged him to depict life as it was. Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Stéphane Mallarmé (malaʁ'me ( March 18, 1842 – September 9, 1898) whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French Manet, in turn, drew or painted each of them.

Cafe scenes

Manet's paintings of cafe scenes are observations of social life in nineteenth century Paris. People are depicted drinking beer, listening to music, flirting, reading, or waiting. Many of these paintings were based on sketches executed on the spot. He often visited the Brasserie Reichshoffen on boulevard de Rochechourt, upon which he based At the Cafe in 1878. Several people are at the bar, and one woman confronts the viewer while others wait to be served. Such depictions represent the painted journal of a flâneur. The term flâneur comes from the French verb flâner, which means "to stroll" These are painted in a style which is loose, referencing Hals and Velázquez, yet they capture the mood and feeling of Parisian night life. Frans Hals (c 1580– August 26, 1666) was a Dutch Golden Age painter especially famous for portraiture. Velázquez, also Velazquez, Velásquez or Velasquez, is a surname of Spanish origin They are painted snapshots of bohemianism, urban working people, as well as some of the bourgeoisie. The term bohemian, of French origin was first used in the English language in the nineteenth century to describe the untraditional lifestyles of marginalized and impoverished Artists Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types

In Corner of a Cafe Concert, a man smokes while behind him a waitress serves drinks. In The Beer Drinkers a woman enjoys her beer in the company of a friend. In The Cafe Concert, shown at right, a sophisticated gentleman sits at a bar while a waitress stands resolutely in the background, sipping her drink. In The Waitress, a serving woman pauses for a moment behind a seated customer smoking a pipe, while a ballet dancer, with arms extended as she is about to turn, is on stage in the background.

Manet also sat at the restaurant on the Avenue de Clichy called Pere Lathuille's, which had a garden as well as the dining area. One of the paintings he produced here was, At Pere Lathuille's, in which a man displays an unrequited interest in a woman dining near him.

In Le Bon Bock, a large, cheerful, bearded man sits with a pipe in one hand and a glass of beer in the other, looking straight at the viewer. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea

Paintings of social activities

Manet also painted the upper class enjoying more formal social activities. In Masked ball at the Opera, Manet shows a lively crowd of people enjoying a party. A party is a Social gathering for Celebration and Recreation. Men stand with top hats and long black suits while talking to women with masks and costumes. He included portraits of his friends in this picture.

Manet depicted other popular activities in his work. In Racing at Longchamp, an unusual perspective is employed to underscore the furious energy of racehorses as they rush toward the viewer. In Skating Manet shows a well dressed woman in the foreground, while others skate behind her. Always there is the sense of active urban life continuing behind the subject, extending outside the frame of the canvas.

In View of the International Exhibition, soldiers relax, seated and standing, prosperous couples are talking. There is a gardener, a boy with a dog, a woman on horseback -— in short, a sample of the classes and ages of the people of Paris.

War

Manet's response to modern life included works devoted to war, in subjects that may be seen as updated interpretations of the genre of "history painting". ^[5] The first such work was the Battle of the Kearsarge and Alabama (1864), a sea skirmish from the American Civil War which took place off the French coast, and may have been witnessed by the artist. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South ^[6]

Of interest next was the French intervention in Mexico; from 1867 to 1869 Manet painted three versions of the Execution of Emperor Maximilian, an event which raised concerns regarding French foreign and domestic policy. ^[7] The several versions of the Execution are among Manet's largest paintings, which suggests that the theme was one which the painter regarded as most important. Its subject is the execution by Mexican firing squad of a Hapsburg emperor, who had been installed by Napoleon III. Neither the paintings nor a lithograph of the subject were permitted to be shown in France. ^[8] As an indictment of formalized slaughter the paintings look back to Goya,^[9] and anticipate Picasso's Guernica. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Guernica is a monumental Painting by Pablo Picasso, depicting the Nazi German Bombing of Guernica, Spain by twenty-eight

In January 1871 Manet traveled to Oloron-Sainte-Marie in the Pyrenees. Oloron-Sainte-Marie is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in southwestern France. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés In his absence his friends added his name to the "Féderation des artistes" (see:Courbet) of the Paris Commune. For the French Admiral see Admiral Courbet (1828-1885 Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( 10 June 1819 &ndash The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Manet stayed away from Paris, perhaps, until after the semaine sanglante. In a letter to Berthe Morisot at Cherbourg (June 10,1871) he writes :" We came back to Paris a few days ago. Berthe Morisot ( January 14, 1841 &ndash March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris . . ". (the semaine sanglante ended on 28 May). Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling

The Prints and Drawings Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest) has a watercolour/gouache (The Barricade) by Manet depicting a summary execution of Communards by Versailles troops based on a lithograph of the execution of Maximilian. The Museum of Fine Arts ( Szépművészeti Múzeum) is a museum in Heroes' Square, Budapest, Hungary, facing Watercolor ( US) or Watercolour ( UK) (and "aquarelle" in French is a Painting method Gouache, Pronounced "Gouash" (from the Italian guazzo, "water paint splash" or bodycolor (the term preferred by art historians The Communards were members and supporters of the short-lived 1871 Paris Commune formed in the wake of the Franco-Prussian War and France's defeat Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface Maximilian I Emperor of Mexico (Emperador Maximiliano I de México (6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867 (born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was a member of Austria A similar piece (The Barricade), oil on plywood, is held by a private collector.

On 18 March 1871 he wrote to his (confederate) friend Félix Bracquemond in Paris about his visit to Bordeaux, the provisory seat of the French National Assembly of the Third French Republic where Emile Zola introduced him to the sites: " I never imagined that France could be represented by such doddering old fools, not excepting that little twit Thiers. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Félix Bracquemond (1833 in Paris – 1914 in Sèvres) was a French impressionist painter and Etcher. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. . . " (There followed some colorful language unsuitable at social events. See "Manet by himself" 1991/2004. ) If this could be interpreted as support of the Commune a following letter to Bracquemond (March 21, 1871) expressed his idea more clearly: "Only party hacks and the ambitious, the Henrys of this world following on the heels of the Milliéres, the grotesque imitators of the Commune of 1793. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common . . " He knew the communard Lucien Henry to have been a former painters model and Millière, an insurance agent. "What an encouragement all these bloodthirsty caperings are for the arts! But there is at least one consolation in our misfortunes: that we're not politicians and have no desire to be elected as deputies". (The letters are published in Julliet Wilson-Bareau, ed. , "Manet by himself" UK: Times Warner, 2004. )

Paris

Manet depicted many scenes of the streets of Paris in his works. The Rue Mosnier Decked with Flags depicts red, white, and blue pennants covering buildings on either side of the street--another painting of the same title features a one-legged man walking with crutches. Again depicting the same street, but this time in a different context, is Rue Monsnier with Pavers, in which men repair the roadway while people and horses move past.

The Railway, widely known as The Gare Saint-Lazare, was painted in 1873. The setting is the urban landscape of Paris in the late nineteenth century. Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land including physical elements such as Landforms living elements of flora and fauna abstract elements such as lighting Using his favorite model in his last painting of her, a fellow painter, Victorine Meurent, also the model for Olympia and the Luncheon on the Grass, sits before an iron fence holding a sleeping puppy and an open book in her lap. Victorine Louise Meurent (1844-1927 was a French painter and a famous model for painters Next to her is a little girl with her back to the painter, who watches a train pass beneath them.

Instead of choosing the traditional natural view as background for an outdoor scene, Manet opts for the iron grating which “boldly stretches across the canvas” (Gay 106). The only evidence of the train is its white cloud of steam. In the distance, modern apartment buildings are seen. This arrangement compresses the foreground into a narrow focus. The traditional convention of deep space is ignored.

When the painting was first exhibited at the official Paris Salon of 1874: "Visitors and critics found its subject baffling, its composition incoherent, and its execution sketchy. Caricaturists ridiculed Manet’s picture, in which only a few recognized the symbol of modernity that it has become today"(Dervaux 1). A caricature is either a Portrait that exaggerates or distorts the essence of a person or thing to create an easily identifiable visual likeness or in literature a description The painting is currently displayed at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.^[10]

Late works

He completed painting his last major work, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Le Bar aux Folies-Bergère), in 1882 and it hung in the Salon that year. This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, painted and exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1882, was the last major work by French painter Édouard Manet A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, painted and exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1882, was the last major work by French painter Édouard Manet

In 1875, a French edition of Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven included lithographs by Manet and translation by Mallarmé. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, " The Raven " is a narrative poem by the American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845 ^[11]

In 1881, with pressure from his friend Antonin Proust, the French government awarded Manet the Légion d'honneur. Antonin Proust ( 15 March 1832 - 20 March 1905) was a French Journalist and Politician.

Private life

In 1863 Manet married Suzanne Leenhoff, a Dutch-born piano teacher of his own age with whom he had been romantically involved for approximately ten years. Leenhoff initially had been employed by Manet's father, Auguste, to teach Manet and his younger brother piano. She also may have been Auguste's mistress. In 1852, Leenhoff gave birth, out of wedlock, to a son, Leon Koella Leenhoff.

After the death of his father in 1862, Manet married Suzanne. Eleven-year-old Leon Leenhoff, whose father may have been either of the Manets, posed often for Manet. Most famously, he is the subject of the Boy Carrying a Sword of 1861 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). He also appears as the boy carrying a tray in the background of The Balcony. ^[12]

Gallery

Spanish Singer, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1860	Old Musician, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC 1862	Mlle. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. Victorine in the Costume of a Matador, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1862	Battle of the Kearsarge and the Alabama, Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1864
Dead Matador, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, 1864-1865	The Philosopher, (Beggar with Oysters), Art Institute of Chicago, 1864-1867	Young Flautist, or The Fifer, Musée d'Orsay, 1866	Woman with Parrot, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1866
Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, 1868	Portrait of Emile Zola, Musée d'Orsay, 1868	Breakfast in the Studio (the Black Jacket), New Pinakothek, Munich, Germany, 1868	The Balcony, Musée d'Orsay, 1868-1869
Boating, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1874	Portrait of Stéphane Mallarmé, Musée d'Orsay, 1876	Nana, 1877	Plum, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, 1878
In the Conservatory, National Gallery, Berlin, Germany, 1879	House in Rueil, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia 1882	Garden Path in Rueil, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Dijon, France 1882	Carnations and Clematis in a Crystal Vase, Musée d'Orsay, 1883

Death

Manet died of untreated syphilis and rheumatism, which he contracted in his forties. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia 's Fairmount Park, was established in 1876 This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. The Art Institute of Chicago is one of America's premier Fine art museums The Musée d'Orsay is a Museum in Paris, France, on the left bank of the Seine, housed in the former railway station the Gare The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, Maximilian I Emperor of Mexico (Emperador Maximiliano I de México (6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867 (born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was a member of Austria Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of The Musée d'Orsay is a Museum in Paris, France, on the left bank of the Seine, housed in the former railway station the Gare Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. The Musée d'Orsay is a Museum in Paris, France, on the left bank of the Seine, housed in the former railway station the Gare The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, Stéphane Mallarmé (malaʁ'me ( March 18, 1842 – September 9, 1898) whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French The Musée d'Orsay is a Museum in Paris, France, on the left bank of the Seine, housed in the former railway station the Gare Nana is a novel by the French naturalist author Émile Zola. Completed in 1880, Nana is the ninth installment in This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. The National Gallery of Victoria is an art gallery and museum in Melbourne Australia. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Dijon ( diʒɔ̃ is a city in eastern France, the capital of the Côte-d'Or departement and of the Bourgogne region The Musée d'Orsay is a Museum in Paris, France, on the left bank of the Seine, housed in the former railway station the Gare Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the Heart, Bones Joints Kidney, Skin The disease caused him considerable pain and partial paralysis from locomotor ataxia in the years prior to his death. Tabes dorsalis is a slow degeneration of the Nerve cells and nerve fibers that carry sensory information to the Brain.

His left foot was amputated because of gangrene, an operation followed eleven days later by his death. Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or Surgery. Please do not add warnings to this page about the pictures Wikipedia is not censored for taste and has a guideline preventing such warnings - WikipediaNo disclaimers in articles He died at the age of fifty-one in Paris in 1883, and is buried in the Cimetière de Passy in the city. The Passy Cemetery ( Fr: Cimetière de Passy is a famous cemetery located at 2 rue du Commandant Schlœsing in Passy, in the 16ème ''arrondissement''

In 2000, one of his paintings sold for over $20 million.

See also

• History of painting
• Western painting
• Category:Édouard Manet paintings

References

Further reading

• Edouard Manet: Rebel in a Frock Coat by Beth Archer Brombert (1996), ISBN 0316109479 and ISBN 0226075443 (1997 paperback)
• Manet by Françoise Cachin (1990 in French; English translation 1991), ISBN 0805017933
• The Drawings of Edouard Manet by Alain de Leiris (1969), ISBN 0520015479
• The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers by TJ Clark (1985), ISBN 0500281793 (2000 paperback edition)
• Manet: Painter of Modern Life by Françoise Cachin (1995), ISBN 050030050X

Short introductory works:

• Manet by Gilles Neret (2003; Taschen), ISBN 3822819492
• Manet by John Richardson (1992; Phaidon Colour Library), ISBN 071482755X
• Ross King. The Judgment of Paris: The Revolutionary Decade that Gave the World Impressionism. New York: Waller & Company, 2006 ISBN 0802714668.

External links

• Paintings by Edouard Manet
• Hecht Museum
• The Impressionsts: Manet at biography.com
• Édouard Manet at Olga's Gallery
• Works by Édouard Manet at Project Gutenberg
• Édouard Manet at Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut
• The Walters
• smARThistory: Olympia
• smARThistory: Boating
• Manet Gallery at MuseumSyndicate
• Manet works at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts
• Édouard Manet at allpaintings.org

Persondata
NAME	Manet, Édouard
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Artist
DATE OF BIRTH	January 23, 1832(1832-01-23)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Paris
DATE OF DEATH	April 30, 1883
PLACE OF DEATH	Paris

Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The Minneapolis Institute of Arts ( MIA) is an encyclopedic fine Art Museum located in the Whittier neighborhood of Minneapolis, Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

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